# Canonical territory

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A **canonical territory** is, in some [Christian denominations](/source/Christian_denominations), a geographical area seen as belonging to a particular [bishop](/source/Bishop) or [Church](/source/Christian_denomination) as its own when it comes to ecclesiastical matters, whether by tradition or by [canon law](/source/Canon_law). The concept is found both in the [Eastern Orthodox Church](/source/Eastern_Orthodox_Church) and [Catholic Church](/source/Catholic_Church).

According to Andriy Mykhaleyko, the expression "canonical territory" is "rather difficult to define as it can refer to a variety of different aspects, from an [ecclesiological](/source/Ecclesiological), [geographical](/source/Geographical), and [cultural](/source/Cultural) entity to the territorial or canonical [jurisdiction of a church](/source/Ecclesiastical_jurisdiction) as an expression of its local community, or the [pastoral](/source/Pastoral_care) [theological](/source/Theological) care of the faithful in a particular territory."[1]

## Historical background

### Canons of the Apostles

Further information: [Canons of the Apostles](/source/Canons_of_the_Apostles)

Bishop [Hilarion Alfeyev](/source/Hilarion_Alfeyev), of the [Russian Orthodox Church](/source/Russian_Orthodox_Church), asserts that:

[t]he model of church organization that was formed during the first three centuries of Christianity was based on the principle of "one city-one bishop-one Church", which foresaw the assignment of a certain ecclesiastical territory to one concrete bishop." In accordance with this principle, the "[Canons of the Apostles](/source/Canons_of_the_Apostles)" and other canonical decrees of the ancient Church point to the inadmissibility of violating the boundaries of ecclesiastical territories by bishops or clergy.[2]

Some [canons](/source/Canon_(canon_law)) of the Canons of the Apostles state that:[2]

1. the [bishop](/source/Bishop) should not leave his diocese and go over to another without authorization (can. 14);
1. the bishop may not [ordain](/source/Ordination) outside the boundaries of his [diocese](/source/Diocese) (can. 35);
1. when transferring to another city, [excommunicated](/source/Excommunicated) clergymen or laymen cannot be accepted into communion by another bishop (can. 12);
1. clergymen who go over to another diocese without the consent of their bishop are deprived of the right to serve (can. 15);
1. prohibition of serving or excommunication of a clergyman imposed by one bishop cannot by removed by another bishop (can. 16, 32).

"In defining the boundaries of ecclesiastical territories, the Fathers of the ancient undivided Church took into account civil territorial divisions established by secular authorities," according to Alfeyev. He adds: "[a]lthough the principle of having ecclesiastical territories correspond to civil ones was accepted as a guiding principle in the ancient Church, it was never absolutized or viewed as having no alternatives." Alfeyev cites the conflict between two bishops, [Basil of Caesarea](/source/Basil_of_Caesarea) and [Anthimus of Tyana](/source/Anthimus_of_Tyana), as an example.[2]

## Present situation

### Eastern Orthodoxy

Even before the [2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism](/source/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism), the issue of canonical territory had proven to be a significant point of dispute between the [Moscow Patriarchate](/source/Russian_Orthodox_Church) and the [Ecumenical Patriarchate](/source/Ecumenical_Patriarchate) over [Ukraine](/source/Ukraine).

#### Russian Orthodox Church

See also: [1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism](/source/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism)

The meaning of canonical territory in the context of the Russian Orthodox Church "is not self-evident, and no detailed explanation of it is given in any official document."[3]: 21 The Russian Orthodox Church defines the geographic extent of its canonical territory as including all the territory within [China](/source/China), [Japan](/source/Japan), and the [post-Soviet states](/source/Post-Soviet_states) excluding [Armenia](/source/Armenia) and [Georgia](/source/Georgia_(country)).[3]: 21[4][a] It statutes define its sphere of jurisdiction as including "also [Eastern] Orthodox Christians [living in other countries](/source/Diaspora)" outside of its canonical territory.[4][b] The geographic extent of the canonical territory defined by the Russian Orthodox Church is disputed by other Eastern Orthodox Churches.[5][6]

#### Phyletism

In [diaspora](/source/Diaspora) countries such as [France](/source/France) and the [United States](/source/United_States), problems with canonical territory have often given rise to the problem of [phyletism](/source/Phyletism), which is defined as the principle of nationalities applied in the ecclesiastical domain and the confusion between Church and nation.

### Catholic Church

#### Eastern Catholic Churches

Canonical territories are mentioned numerous times in the [Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches](/source/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches).[c]

In the [Eastern Catholic Churches](/source/Eastern_Catholic_Churches) that have the rank of [patriarchate](/source/Patriarchate), the patriarchal synod elects bishops for the patriarchate's canonical territory. Bishops who head [eparchies](/source/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy) situated outside that territory are appointed by the [Pope](/source/Pope).[7]

## Notes

1. As of 2013 the Russian Orthodox Church statutes list its canonical territory as within the states of [Azerbaijan](/source/Azerbaijan), [Belarus](/source/Belarus), [China](/source/China), [Estonia](/source/Estonia), [Japan](/source/Japan), [Kazakhstan](/source/Kazakhstan), [Kyrgyzstan](/source/Kyrgyzstan), [Latvia](/source/Latvia), [Lithuania](/source/Lithuania), [Moldova](/source/Moldova), [Russian Federation](/source/Russian_Federation), [Tajikistan](/source/Tajikistan), [Turkmenistan](/source/Turkmenistan), [Ukraine](/source/Ukraine), and [Uzbekistan](/source/Uzbekistan).[4]

1. As of 2015 the Russian language typical edition includes the phrase *voluntarily joining* ("на добровольно входящих в") which the English edition phrase, "also Orthodox Christians living in other countries," does not include.[4][8]

1. Examples of CCEO canons that speak of the canonical territory of a *[sui iris](/source/Sui_iris)* church include 57, 78, 86, 102, 132, 133, 138-140, 143, 146-150.

## References

1. Mykhaleyko, Andriy (2019-12-01). ["The New Independent Orthodox Church in Ukraine"](https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/soeu-2019-0037/html). *Comparative Southeast European Studies*. **67** (4): 476–499. [doi:10.1515/soeu-2019-0037](https://doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2019-0037). [ISSN 2364-933X](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2364-933X). [S2CID 211229487](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211229487)

1. Alfeyev, Hilarion (2006-01-27). ["The canonical territories of the local Orthodox churches – part I"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070930160216/http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/articles6/HilarionOneBishop.php). *orthodoxytoday.org*. Bonita Springs, FL: Johannes Jacobse. Archived from [the original](http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/articles6/HilarionOneBishop.php) on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2015-10-12.

1. Wasmuth, Jennifer (2014). "Russian Orthodoxy between state and nation". *Eastern Orthodox encounters of identity and otherness: values, self-reflection, dialogue*. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137382849.

1. Russian Orthodox Church (2013). ["Statute of the Russian Orthodox Church adopted by the Bishops' Council in 2000, amended by the Bishops' Council in 2008 and 2011 and adopted as amended by the Bishops' Council in 2013"](https://mospat.ru/en/documents/ustav/i/). *mospat.ru*. Moscow: Russian Orthodox Church. Department for External Church Relations. §I ¶3. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150627091015/https://mospat.ru/en/documents/ustav/i/) 2015-06-27 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2015-10-12.

1. Kalistchuk, Yurij (2010-09-24). ["To the clergy and faithful of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada on the presence of the Holy Relics of Great Knyaz' Volodymyr of Kyiv in Canada"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151012124153/http://www.uocc.ca/en-ca/news/releases/Relics%20of%20St.%20Volodymyr%20letter%20to%20web-page.pdf). *uocc.ca*. Winnipeg: Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada. Archived from [the original](http://www.uocc.ca/en-ca/news/releases/Relics%20of%20St.%20Volodymyr%20letter%20to%20web-page.pdf) on 2015-10-12. Retrieved 2015-10-12.

1. Buciora, Jaroslaw (2011-04-04). ["The Moscow Patriarchate's utopian vision of Russian civilization"](http://risu.org.ua/en/index/studios/studies_of_religions/41614/). *risu.org.ua*. Lviv, UA: Religious Information Service of Ukraine. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110821041209/http://risu.org.ua/en/index/studios/studies_of_religions/41614) 2011-08-21 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2015-10-12.

1. [Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 181](http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P51.HTM) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204622/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P51.HTM) March 4, 2016 at the Wayback Machine

1. Русская Православная Церковь (2013). ["Устав Русской Православной Церкви принят на Архиерейском Соборе 2000 г. определениями Архиерейских Соборов 2008 и 2011 гг. В текст устава был внесен ряд поправок. Архиерейский Собор 2013 г. Принял исправленную и дополненную редакцию устава."](https://mospat.ru/ru/documents/ustav/i/) (in Russian). *mospat.ru*. Москва: Русская Православная Церковь. Отдел внешних церковных связей. §I ¶3. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150626163747/https://mospat.ru/ru/documents/ustav/i/) 2015-06-26 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2015-10-12.

## Further reading

- Preda, Radu (Spring 2008). "Christianity and the Limits of Europe: A Social-Theological Approach". *Eurolimes*. **5**: 120–150. Oradea University Press. [CiteSeerX 10.1.1.468.2680](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.468.2680). [ISSN 1841-9259](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1841-9259)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Canonical territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_territory) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_territory?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.