# Canon Inc.

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**Canon Inc.** (Japanese: キヤノン株式会社;[note 1] [Hepburn](/source/Hepburn_romanization): *Kyanon [kabushiki gaisha](/source/Kabushiki_gaisha)*) is a Japanese [multinational corporation](/source/Multinational_corporation) headquartered in [Ōta](/source/%C5%8Cta,_Tokyo), [Tokyo](/source/Tokyo), specializing in optical, imaging, and industrial products, such as [lenses](/source/Lens), [cameras](/source/Camera), police equipment, [scanners](/source/Image_scanner), [printers](/source/Printer_(computing)), and [semiconductor manufacturing equipment](/source/Semiconductor_device_fabrication).[3]

Canon has a primary listing on the [Tokyo Stock Exchange](/source/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange) and is a constituent of the [TOPIX](/source/TOPIX) Core 30 and [Nikkei 225](/source/Nikkei_225) indexes. It used to have a secondary listing on the [New York Stock Exchange](/source/New_York_Stock_Exchange).

## Name

The company was originally named *Seikikōgaku kenkyūsho* (Japanese: 精機光学研究所, lit. 'Precision Optical Laboratory'). In 1934, it produced the *Kwanon*, a prototype for Japan's first-ever 35mm camera with a focal-plane-based shutter.[4] In 1947, the company name was changed to *Canon Camera Co., Inc.*,[4] shortened to *Canon Inc.* in 1969. The name Canon comes from Buddhist [bodhisattva](/source/Bodhisattva) *Kannon* (Japanese: 観音, lit. '[Guanyin](/source/Guanyin)'), previously transliterated as Kuanyin, Kwannon, or Kwanon in English.[5]

## History

### 1933–1970

The origins of Canon date back to the founding of **Precision Optical Instruments Laboratory** in Japan in 1933[4] by [Takeshi Mitarai](/source/Takeshi_Mitarai), [Goro Yoshida](/source/Goro_Yoshida), [Saburo Uchida](/source/Saburo_Uchida) and [Takeo Maeda](/source/Takeo_Maeda). It became the company **Precision Optical Instruments, Co., Ltd.** in 1937.[4] During its early years, the company did not have any facilities to produce its own optical glass, and its first cameras incorporated *Nikkor* lenses from Nippon Kogaku K.K. (later, the [Nikon Corporation](/source/Nikon)).[6]

Between 1933 and 1936, 'The Kwanon', a copy of the [Leica](/source/Leica_camera) design, Japan's first 35 mm focal-plane-shutter camera, was developed in prototype form.[7] In 1940, Canon developed Japan's first indirect X-ray camera. Canon introduced a field [zoom lens](/source/Zoom_lens) for [television broadcasting](/source/Television_broadcasting) in 1958, and in 1959 introduced the Reflex Zoom 8 and the [Canonflex](/source/Canon_Canonflex).

In 1961, Canon introduced the Rangefinder camera, [Canon 7](/source/Canon_7), and 50mm 1:0.95 lens in a special bayonet mount. In 1964, Canon introduced the 'Canola 130', the first Japanese made 10-key [calculator](/source/Calculator), a substantial improvement on the design of the British [Bell Punch](/source/Bell_Punch) company, which introduced the first fully electronic calculator two years earlier with the Sumlock Anita Mark 8 unit. In 1965, Canon introduced the [Canon Pellix](/source/Canon_Pellix), a [single lens reflex](/source/Single-lens_reflex_camera) (SLR) camera with a semi-transparent stationary mirror which enabled the taking of pictures through the mirror.

### 1970–2009

In 1971, Canon introduced the [Canon F-1](/source/Canon_F-1), a high-end SLR camera, and the [FD lens range](/source/Canon_FD_lens_mount). In 1976, Canon launched the [Canon AE-1](/source/Canon_AE-1), the world's first camera with an embedded micro-computer.[8]

Canon introduced its [Inkjet printer](/source/Inkjet_printer) using bubble-jet technology in 1985, one year after Hewlett-Packard. In 1987, Canon introduced its [Canon Electro-Optical System](/source/Canon_EOS) (EOS), named after the goddess of the dawn, along with the [Canon EOS 650](/source/Canon_EOS_650) autofocus SLR camera. Also in 1987, the Canon Foundation was established. In 1988, Canon introduced 'Kyosei philosophy'.[9] The EOS 1 Flagship Professional SLR line was launched in 1989.[10] In the same year the EOS RT, the world's first AF SLR with a fixed, semi-transparent pellicle mirror, was unveiled.

In 1992, Canon launched the [Canon EOS 5](/source/Canon_EOS_5), the first-ever camera with eye-controlled AF, and the PowerShot 600, its first digital camera.[11] In 1995, Canon introduced the first commercially available SLR lens with internal image stabilization, [Canon EF 75-300mm lens](/source/Canon_EF_75-300mm_lens) f/4–5.6 IS USM. The Canon EOS-RS was the world's fastest AF SLR camera with a continuous shooting speed of 10 frame/s at the time. Based on the EOS-1N, the EOS-1N RS had a fixed, semi-transparent pellicle mirror with a hard coat. In 1996, Canon introduced a pocket-sized digital camera with the [Advanced Photo System](/source/Advanced_Photo_System), named ELPH in America and IXUS in Europe. Canon entered the digital video camcorder market in 1997.[12]

In 2004, Canon introduced the XEED SX50 LCD projector.[13] Canon introduced its first high-definition [camcorder](/source/Camcorder) in 2005.[14]

In November 2009, Canon made a €730 million (US$1.1 billion) all-cash offer for the Dutch printer maker [Océ](/source/Canon_Production_Printing).[15] Canon had acquired majority ownership of Océ by March 2010,[16] and completed the acquisition of 100% of shares in Océ by the end of 2011.[17]

### 2010–2019

In 2010, Canon acquired Tereck Office Solutions, Inc.[18] On 16 March 2010, Canon announced that it was seeking to acquire a new .canon [generic top-level domain](/source/Generic_top-level_domain), acquiring it in February 2015 and using it for the first time on its global website in May 2016.[19][20]

In the third quarter of 2012, Canon's global market share for printers, copiers and multifunction devices was 20.90%.[21] In early 2013, Canon USA moved into a new US$500 million headquarters in [Melville, New York](/source/Melville,_New_York).[22][23]

In February 2014, Canon announced it would acquire [Texas](/source/Texas)-based Molecular Imprints Inc., a developer of nanoprint lithography systems, for an amount speculated to be around US$98 million.[24] On 13 June 2014, Canon announced it had acquired Danish IP Surveillance VMS software company Milestone Systems. Milestone provides open-platform software to allow video management from various vendors in a single interface; therefore the company will operate as a separate entity.[25]

On 10 February 2015, Canon announced that it had intentions to buy Swedish Security Camera maker [Axis Communications](/source/Axis_Communications) for US$2.83 billion.[26] On 23 February 2015, Axis Communications reacted to this news and confirmed that it had received a purchase proposal from Canon. The purchase was effectively completed in April 2015.[27] On 24 April 2015, Canon Europe announced it had acquired the London-based family photo sharing startup Lifecake.[28][29] In November 2015, in an effort to avoid the selling of gray-market camera gear, Canon USA filed litigation against a number of camera gear retailers. Retailers include Get It Digital, All New Shop and F&E Trading.[30]

In March 2016, Canon acquired [Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation](/source/Toshiba_Medical_Systems_Corporation) for US$5.9 billion.[31] On 28 March 2017, Canon Europe announced it had acquired the London-based printing startup Kite.[32][33] On 2 April 2019, Canon introduces two new UHDgc 2/3-inch Portable Zoom Lenses designed For 4K UHD Broadcast Cameras.[34]

### Since 2020

In July 2020, Canon recorded its first ever quarterly loss due to the [COVID-19](/source/Coronavirus_disease_2019) pandemic.[35] In September 2020, [Fujitsu](/source/Fujitsu) announced that it would provide Canon with a [Fujitsu Supercomputer PRIMEHPC FX1000](/source/Fugaku_(supercomputer)) unit, to assist with its no-prototype development manufacturing initiative.[36] In December 2020, Canon concluded its photographic-equipment print-ad series named "Wildlife as Canon Sees It". This series of ads began in 1981 in *[National Geographic](/source/National_Geographic_(magazine))* magazine.[37]

In October 2023, Canon introduced its new [nanoimprint lithography](/source/Nanoimprint_lithography) manufacturing systems, which it claims are simpler and more affordable than [ASML](/source/ASML_Holding)'s [extreme ultraviolet lithography](/source/Extreme_ultraviolet_lithography) systems. The system prints the desired circuit pattern onto the silicon wafer bypassing photolithography and can produce circuits equivalent to 5 [nm](/source/Nanometre) scale.[38][39]

## Products

See also: [List of Canon products](/source/List_of_Canon_products)

Canon's products include [cameras](/source/Camera) (including [compact digital camera](/source/Digital_camera), [video camera](/source/Video_camera), [film SLR](/source/Single-lens_reflex_camera) and [digital SLR](/source/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera)), [camcorders](/source/Camcorder), [lenses](/source/Lens), [broadcasting](/source/Broadcast) equipment and solutions (such as [free viewpoint](/source/Free_viewpoint_television) solution), professional displays, [projectors](/source/Projectors), manufacturing equipment (including [photolithography](/source/Photolithography) equipment such as [steppers](/source/Stepper), [scanners](/source/Image_scanner)), [printers](/source/Printer_(computing)), [photocopiers](/source/Photocopier), [image scanners](/source/Image_scanner), digital [microfilm scanners](/source/Microfilm_reader), [fax machines](/source/Fax), [binoculars](/source/Binoculars), [microscopes](/source/Microscopes), medical equipment (including diagnostic systems such as [ultrasound](/source/Medical_ultrasound), [X-ray](/source/X-ray), [CT](/source/CT_scan) and [MRI](/source/MRI) scanners and [ophthalmic equipment](/source/Ophthalmology)), [CCTV](/source/CCTV) solutions, [image sensors](/source/Image_sensor), [calculators](/source/Calculator), high precision positioning and measurement devices (such as [rotary encoders](/source/Rotary_encoder)), custom optical components, [handy terminals](/source/Portable_data_terminal), [mixed reality](/source/Mixed_reality) systems, software, and [space satellites](/source/Satellite).[40][41]

### Digital cameras

Main articles: [Canon PowerShot](/source/Canon_PowerShot), [Canon PowerShot G](/source/Canon_PowerShot_G), [Canon Digital IXUS](/source/Canon_Digital_IXUS), [Canon EOS](/source/Canon_EOS), [Canon EF lens mount](/source/Canon_EF_lens_mount), [Canon EF-S lens mount](/source/Canon_EF-S_lens_mount), [Canon EF-M lens mount](/source/Canon_EF-M_lens_mount) and [Canon RF lens mount](/source/Canon_RF_lens_mount)

Canon has been manufacturing and distributing digital cameras since 1984, starting with the RC-701. The RC series was followed by the PowerShot and Digital IXUS series of digital cameras. Canon also developed the EOS series of [digital single-lens reflex cameras](/source/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera) (DSLR) which includes high-end professional models.

Due to consumers switching from compact cameras to [smartphones](/source/Smartphones), Canon's Q1 2013 operating profit fell 34 percent year-on-year.[42]

### Flash units

Main article: [Canon EOS flash system](/source/Canon_EOS_flash_system)

Canon produces a range of high-output flash units for its DSLR cameras, including the 270EX II, 320EX, 430EX II, 430EX III-RT, 470EX-AI, 580EX, 580EX II, 600EX-RT, 600EXII-RT, EL-1, and EL-5 Speedlites. Canon also produces macro flash units, including the Macro Twin Lite and the Macro Ring Lite.

### Camcorders

Main article: [List of Canon camcorders](/source/List_of_Canon_camcorders)

### CMOS image sensor

Canon designs and manufactures [CMOS](/source/CMOS) image sensors in-house for its imaging products and it has three dedicated fabs in [Japan](/source/Japan). In 2016, Canon, the fifth-largest [image sensor](/source/Image_sensor) manufacturer in the world, decided to start selling the sensors to other companies.[43] However, it does not plan to sell [smartphone](/source/Smartphone) image sensors to focus on the niche markets such as industrial and space observation.

Although Canon had withdrawn from the so-called '[pixel count](/source/Image_resolution) race' in the 2000s, it has been on the cutting edge as to the image sensor resolution in recent years. A demo of a 250MP image sensor was revealed in 2015[44] and reported to be launched in 2020. In 2018, Canon launched a 120MP image sensor as a part of its latest B2B offerings.[45]

### Printers

For many years, Canon was the principal maker of the print engines found in industry-standard laser printers. The first models of [Apple LaserWriter](/source/LaserWriter) and the equivalent products made by HP used the Canon LBP-CX engine. The next models (LaserWriter II series, LaserJet II series) used the Canon LBP-SX engine. Later models used the Canon LBP-LX, LBP-EX, LBP-PX engines and many other Canon print engines.

Following Canon's acquisition of the Dutch digital printing manufacturer [Océ](/source/Oc%C3%A9) in 2010, Canon continued to develop and manufacture printing systems, initially under the Océ brand name. On 1 January 2020 the company Océ was officially renamed [Canon Production Printing](/source/Canon_Production_Printing).[46]

Canon has been sued over intentionally designing all-in-one printers that cannot scan when the printer is low on ink.[47] Canon settled the lawsuit in 2023 without admitting guilt.[47]

### Digital copiers

Canon's largest division in terms of revenue is its multifunction copier division. Canon distributes its consumer and home office imageCLASS line though retail outlets and professional-grade imageRUNNER series through subsidiary Canon Solutions America and independent distributors. The professional-grade series ranges from small table tops to large digital presses.

### Scanners

Canon manufactures a wide range of [flatbed scanners](/source/Flatbed_scanner), [film scanners](/source/Film_scanner) and [document scanners](/source/Document_scanner) for home and business use, including the Canon CanoScan 8800F. Some of its scanners employ LED inDirect Exposure (LiDE) technology, such that USB port is sufficient to power the scanner, and no additional power is required.

Current printers use the proprietary BJNP protocol (USB over IP port 8611).

### Calculators

Canon produced a range of calculators in various applications, including handheld calculators, desktop calculators, printing calculators and scientific calculators. One model was the 1964 Canola 130. It had 13 digits, a result of marketing research. The reason for the odd number of figures was based on selling it to the Japanese central bank. Given the low value of the Japanese Yen, 13 digits was a requirement of the banks.

The calculator was built by germanium transistors and the display was a light pipe which gave an odd format.[48]

### Projectors

Canon produces a range of projectors.[49]

### Presenters

Canon offers a range of wireless presenters, from advanced green [laser](/source/Laser) presenters with back-lit screen display to basic red laser presentation clickers.

### Virtual reality headset

Canon is developing a prototype [virtual reality](/source/Virtual_reality) headset (Canon VR). The headset offers a wider viewing angle (120°) than other VR devices but requires handles rather than a head strap. The headset is not yet available on the market.[50] As of 2020, Canon produces and sells high-end AR ([augmented reality](/source/Augmented_reality)) headsets for enterprise users.[51]

### Manufacturing equipment

Canon is one of the world's top producers of semiconductor and display manufacturing equipment. Its subsidiary [Canon Tokki](/source/Canon_Tokki) dominates the market of material deposition equipment, and instruments for manufacturing [OLED](/source/OLED) displays. Canon is also the leading manufacturer of display [photolithography](/source/Photolithography) equipment and one of the top 3 in the semiconductor lithography machine market. Once a leader of semiconductor lithography along with [Nikon](/source/Nikon), it has been dwarfed by [ASML](/source/ASML_Holding), and as of 2017 its share in the overall market was less than 5%.[citation needed]

## Discontinued products

### Computers

Main article: [Canon Computer Systems](/source/Canon_Computer_Systems)

Canon introduced two [MSX home computer](/source/MSX) models in 1983, the V-10 and the [V-20](/source/Canon_V-20). Both offered just the minimum range of the MSX standards without any additional features. The V-20 was able to receive shooting data from the T90 Canon camera with the Data Memory Back T90 expansion.

Canon also sold a Canon AS100 PC[52] for which you could get a color or monochrome display computer, shortly after the release of the [IBM PC](/source/IBM_PC). It was based on the [Intel 8088](/source/Intel_8088) processor and used [CP/M](/source/CP/M) or [MS-DOS](/source/MS-DOS). Options included an 8 MB hard drive.[53]

## Operations

As of 2020 , Canon is organized into four principal business segments:[54]

- The Office Business Unit (the products of which include copying machines, digital production printers, large format inkjet printers, laser printers and multi-function devices)
- The Imaging System Business Unit (the products of which include broadcasting equipment, calculators, compact digital cameras, digital SLR cameras, digital video camcorders, image scanners, interchangeable lenses, inkjet [multifunction printers](/source/Multifunction_printer) and single function inkjet printers)
- The Medical System Business Unit (the products of which include a broad range of medical equipment, such as [ophthalmic equipment](/source/Ophthalmology), [CT](/source/CT_scan), [ultrasound scanners](/source/Medical_ultrasound), and [MRI](/source/Magnetic_resonance_imaging))
- The Industry and Others Business Unit (the products of which include computers, handy terminals, magnetic heads, micromotors, flat panel display lithography equipment, semiconductor lithography equipment, and network cameras)

Canon Inc. has 383 subsidiaries as of 31 June 2017. The number includes second-generation subsidiaries, for example, [Canon IT Solutions Inc.](/source/Canon_IT_Solutions_Inc.)

Canon's world headquarters is located at 30-2 Shimomaruko 3-chome, Ota-ku, Tokyo 146–8501, Japan. Canon has regional headquarters in [America](/source/America), [Europe](/source/European_colonization_of_the_Americas), [Middle East](/source/Middle_East), [Africa](/source/Africa), [Japan](/source/Japan), [Asia](/source/Asia) and [Oceania](/source/Oceania) (including [Australia](/source/Australia) & [New Zealand](/source/New_Zealand)). Canon Europe has two principal subsidiaries: Canon Europa NV (based in [Amstelveen, Netherlands](/source/Amstelveen)) and Canon Europe Ltd. (based in [Uxbridge, UK](/source/Uxbridge)).

On 26 December 2003, Canon Inc. announced restructuring plans for three domestic Canon Group companies. The restructuring involved the merger of two companies and the spinning off of one.[55]

Canon generated total revenues of US$45,608 million in 2011, of which 53.9% was by the Office Business Unit, 36.9% by the Consumer Business Unit and 11.8% by the Industry and Others Business Unit.[56][a] In the same year, 31.3% of revenues were generated in Europe, 27.0% in the Americas, 22.2% in Asia and Oceania (excl. Japan) and 19.5% in Japan.[56]

Canon invested a total of US$3,946 million in research and development in 2011, equivalent to 8.7% of sales.[56] In 2011, Canon was granted 2,813 patents in the United States, the third-highest number of any company (after [IBM](/source/IBM) and [Samsung Electronics](/source/Samsung_Electronics)).[56]

## Environmental record

A report by the environmental organization Clean Air-Cool Planet puts Canon at the top of a list of 56 companies the survey conducted on climate-friendly companies.[57]

Canon has also launched three new calculators in Europe, called "Green Calculators", which are produced in part from recycled Canon copiers.[58]

The Canon Group has an environmental charter which looks at "offering products with a lower environmental burden through improvements in [resource efficiency](/source/Resource_efficiency), while eliminating anti-social activities that threaten the health and safety of mankind and the environment".[59] In 2020, Canon joined [WIPO GREEN](/source/WIPO_GREEN) as an official partner in an effort to address climate change.[60]

### Spreading global warming skepticism

While Canon's head office is committed to preventing [global warming](/source/Global_warming), its subsidiary, [The Canon Institute for Global Studies](/source/The_Canon_Institute_for_Global_Studies) (CIGS), has appointed anthropogenic [global warming skeptic](/source/Global_warming_skeptic) [Taishi Sugiyama](/source/Taishi_Sugiyama) as its research director, and has been disseminating anthropogenic global warming skepticism and anti-renewable energy theories.[61] When contacted by [The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian), Canon responded that the Canon Institute for Global Studies is not a business of the company and that it is not in a position to comment on the institute's activities or research.[62] However, CIGS was established in 2017 to commemorate the 70th anniversary of Canon Inc. and its chairman is Canon's CEO. This has been protested by the corporate watchdog group Action Speaks Louder and photographers in a “Cameras Don't Lie” contest.[63]

## Charitable activities

In 2008, Canon donated financial support to help the estimated 5 million people displaced by the earthquake that hit China's Sichuan province in May 2008.[64] RMB 1 million was donated to the Red Cross Society of China shortly after the earthquake. Canon Inc., Japan, soon followed with a donation of RMB 10 million.[64]

## Sponsorships

In 1983, Canon came as the first title sponsors of the English football league [The Football League](/source/The_Football_League), which was named The Canon League from 1983 to 1986, when the sponsorship was taken over by the *[Today](/source/Today_(UK_newspaper))* newspaper. Canon also sponsored Italian football club [Hellas Verona FC](/source/Hellas_Verona_FC) between 1982 and 1986[65] including during the [1984–85 Serie A](/source/1984%E2%80%9385_Serie_A) which they won.

From 1985 to 2002 Canon was title sponsor of the Greater Hartford Open, now [Travelers Championship](/source/Travelers_Championship).[66] In [Formula One](/source/Formula_One), Canon sponsored [Williams](/source/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering) between 1985 and 1993, while they won World Drivers Championships for [Nelson Piquet](/source/Nelson_Piquet) (1987), [Nigel Mansell](/source/Nigel_Mansell) (1992) and [Alain Prost](/source/Alain_Prost) (1993) and Four World Constructors Championships (1986, 1987, 1992, 1993). In the [2009 Singapore Grand Prix](/source/2009_Singapore_Grand_Prix), Canon sponsored [Brawn GP](/source/Brawn_GP).[67] Between 1992 and 1997 it also sponsored the [South Sydney Rabbitohs](/source/South_Sydney_Rabbitohs).[68] Since 2006, Canon has been helping the Red Cross provide support to 13 Red Cross National Societies across Europe, with focus on youth projects. Support from Canon includes financial contributions and donations of imaging equipment, including cameras, copying machines and digital radiography devices, as well as volunteer activities.[69][70]

Canon Europe has been a partner of [World Press Photo](/source/World_Press_Photo) for 16 years. World Press Photo promotes the professional standards in photography; organises the largest international contest for professional photojournalists; and acts as a worldwide platform for press photography.[71]

Canon Asia sponsored many competitions such as Canon Photomarathon and reality TV show *Photo Face-Off*. The latter is a reality TV show in which professional photographer [Justin Mott](/source/Justin_Mott) is the judge and competes against amateur photographers. Mott started filming season 3 in April 2016 and that season aired at the end of that same year.[72]

## See also

- [Canon Open](/source/Canon_Open)
- [Nikon](/source/Nikon)

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## External links

1. In Japanese, the name is written *Kiyanon* (キヤノン) for visual balance, though it’s pronounced *Kyanon* (キャノン, kʲaꜜnoɴ).

1. Percentages do not add up to 100% due to eliminations used in consolidated accounting.

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Canon Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_Inc.) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_Inc.?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.