# Candidula

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Candidula
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Candidula.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidula
> Source revision: 1355559349
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

***Candidula*** is a [genus](/source/Genus) of air-breathing [land snails](/source/Land_snail), [terrestrial](/source/Terrestrial_animal) [pulmonate](/source/Pulmonate) [gastropod](/source/Gastropod) [mollusks](/source/Mollusk) in the family [Geomitridae](/source/Geomitridae), .[2][3] the hairy snails and their allies.

The genus is characterized by the presence of a big dart sac, a sac containing an arrow-like structure found on a land snail's reproductive organs.

## Species

Species within the genus *Candidula [s.l.](/source/Sensu_lato)* include:[4][5]

- *[Candidula candidescens](/source/Candidula_candidescens)* A. J. Wagner, 1928 (taxon inquirendum)
- *[Candidula castriota](/source/Candidula_castriota)* Soós, 1924
- *[Candidula cavannae](/source/Candidula_cavannae)* (Paulucci, 1881)
- *[Candidula codia](/source/Candidula_codia)* (Bourguignat, 1859)
- *[Candidula conglomeratica](/source/Candidula_conglomeratica)* Bodon, Cianfanelli, Chueca & Pfenninger, 2020
- *[Candidula lernaea](/source/Candidula_lernaea)* Hausdorf, 1991
- †*[Candidula radigueli](/source/Candidula_radigueli)* (Bourguignat, 1869)
- †*[Candidula rechodia](/source/Candidula_rechodia)* (Bourguignat, 1862)
- *[Candidula rhabdotoides](/source/Candidula_rhabdotoides)* (A. J. Wagner, 1928)
- *[Candidula rugosiuscula](/source/Candidula_rugosiuscula)* (Michaud, 1831)
- † *[Candidula soosi](/source/Candidula_soosi)* (Gaál, 1910)
- *[Candidula syrensis](/source/Candidula_syrensis)* (Pfeiffer, 1846) (taxon inquirendum)
- *[Candidula unifasciata](/source/Candidula_unifasciata)* (Poiret, 1801) - type species
- *[Candidula verticillata](/source/Candidula_verticillata)* (Pfeiffer, 1871) (taxon inquirendum, generic affiliation unclear)

**Species brought into synonymy**

- *Candidula arganica* (Servain, 1880): synonym of *[Zarateana arganica](/source/Zarateana_arganica)* (Servain, 1880) (invalid combination)
- *Candidula belemensis* (Servain, 1880): synonym of *[Xeroplexa belemensis](/source/Xeroplexa_belemensis)* (Servain, 1880)
- *Candidula camporroblensis* (Fez, 1944): synonym of *[Backeljaia camporroblensis](/source/Backeljaia_camporroblensis)* (Fez, 1944) (invalid combination)
- *Candidula corbellai* Martínez-Ortí, 2011: synonym of *[Backeljaia corbellai](/source/Backeljaia_corbellai)* (Martínez-Ortí, 2011) (original combination)
- *Candidula coudensis* Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010: synonym of *[Xeroplexa coudensis](/source/Xeroplexa_coudensis)* (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010) (original combination)
- *Candidula fiorii* (Alzona & Alzona Bisacchi, 1938): synonym of *[Xerogyra fiorii](/source/Xerogyra_fiorii)* (Alzona & Alzona Bisachii, 1938) (invalid combination)
- *Candidula gigaxii* (Pfeiffer, 1847): synonym of *[Backeljaia gigaxii](/source/Backeljaia_gigaxii)* (L. Pfeiffer, 1847) (invalid combination)
- *Candidula grovesiana* (Paulucci, 1881): synonym of *[Xerogyra grovesiana](/source/Xerogyra_grovesiana)* (Paulucii, 1881) (invalid combination)
- *Candidula intersecta* (Poiret, 1801): synonym of *[Xeroplexa intersecta](/source/Xeroplexa_intersecta)* (Poiret, 1801) (invalid combination)
- *Candidula najerensis* (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950): synonym of *[Backeljaia najerensis](/source/Backeljaia_najerensis)* (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950) (invalid combination)
- *Candidula olisippensis* (Servain, 1880): synonym of *[Xeroplexa olisippensis](/source/Xeroplexa_olisippensis)* (Servain, 1880) (invalid combination)
- *Candidula rocandioi* (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950): synonym of *[Zarateana rocandioi](/source/Zarateana_rocandioi)* (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950) (invalid combination)
- *Candidula setubalensis* (Pfeiffer, 1850): synonym of *[Xeroplexa setubalensis](/source/Xeroplexa_setubalensis)* (L. Pfeiffer, 1850) (invalid combination)
- *Candidula spadae* (Calcara, 1845): synonym of *[Xerogyra spadae](/source/Xerogyra_spadae)* (Calcara, 1845) (invalid combination)
- † *Candidula striataformis* (Lörenthey, 1906): synonym of † [Helicella striataformis](/source/Helicella_striataformis) (Lörenthey, 1906)
- *Candidula ultima* (Mousson, 1872): synonym of *[Orexana ultima](/source/Orexana_ultima)* (Mousson, 1872) (invalid combination)

## Taxonomy

Molecular phylogenetic studies revealed the [polyphyly](/source/Polyphyly) of the genus being divided into at least six genera[6]

The species of *Candidula s.l.* should be classified as follows:

- *[Backeljaia](/source/Backeljaia)* - *Backeljaia camporroblensis* (Fez, 1944) - *Backeljaia corbellai* (Martínez-Ortí, 2011) - *Backeljaia gigaxii* (Pfeiffer, 1847) [type species](/source/Type_species) - *Backeljaia najerensis* (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950)
- *Candidula*
- *[Orexana](/source/Orexana)* - *[Orexana ultima](/source/Orexana_ultima)* (Mousson, 1872) [type species](/source/Type_species)
- *[Xerogyra](/source/Xerogyra)* - *Xerogyra fiorii* (Alzona & Alzona Bisacchi, 1938) - *Xerogyra grovesiana* (Paulucci, 1881) - *[Xerogyra spadae](/source/Xerogyra_spadae)* (Calcara, 1845)
- *[Xeroplexa](/source/Xeroplexa)* - *[Xeroplexa arrabidensis](/source/Xeroplexa_arrabidensis)* (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014) - *Xeroplexa belemensis* (Servain, 1880): synonym of [Xeroplexa belemensis](/source/Xeroplexa_belemensis) (Servain, 1880) - *[Xeroplexa carrapateirensis](/source/Xeroplexa_carrapateirensis)* (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014) - *Xeroplexa coudensis* (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010) - *Xeroplexa intersecta* (Poiret, 1801) - *Xeroplexa olisippensis* (Servain, 1880) - *[Xeroplexa ponsulensis](/source/Xeroplexa_ponsulensis)* (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014) - *[Xeroplexa scabiosula](/source/Xeroplexa_scabiosula)* (Locard, 1899) - *[Xeroplexa setubalensis](/source/Xeroplexa_setubalensis)* (Pfeiffer, 1850) [type species](/source/Type_species) - *Xeroplexa strucki* (Maltzan, 1886)
- *[Zarateana](/source/Zarateana)* - *[Zarateana arganica](/source/Zarateana_arganica)* (Servain, 1880) [type species](/source/Type_species) - *[Zarateana rocandioi](/source/Zarateana_rocandioi)* (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950)

## References

1. (in German) Kobelt W. (1871). *Catalog der im europäischen Faunengebiet lebenden Binnenconchylien. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der in Rossmässler's Sammlung enthaltenen Arten*. pp. I-XVI [= 1-16], 1–150. Cassel. page 22. [PDF](http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/digiref/ref-id-3417.pdf).

1. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Candidula Kobelt, 1871. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=426353](http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=426353) on 2020-07-25

1. Razkin, Oihana; Gómez-Moliner, Benjamín Juán; Prieto, Carlos Enrique; Martínez-Ortí, Alberto; Arrébola, José Ramón; Muñoz, Benito; Chueca, Luis Javier; Madeira, María José (February 2015). "Molecular phylogeny of the western Palaearctic Helicoidea (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora)". *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution*. **83**: 99–117. [doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.014](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.014). [PMID 25485783](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25485783)

1. Welter Schultes F.(2009). ["Genus summary for *Candidula*"](http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/genus?id=679). AnimalBase, Accessed 14 November 2014.

1. ["COL"](https://www.catalogueoflife.org/). *COL*. Retrieved 2026-03-06.

1. Chueca, Luis J.; Gómez-Moliner, Benjamín J.; Madeira, María José; Pfenninger, Markus (January 2018). "Molecular phylogeny of Candidula (Geomitridae) land snails inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers reveals the polyphyly of the genus". *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution*. **118**: 357–368. [doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.022](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.022). [PMID 29107619](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29107619)

- Bank, R. A. (2017). Classification of the Recent terrestrial Gastropoda of the World. Last update: July 16, 2017.

## External links

- [Monterosato, T. A. di. (1892). Molluschi terrestri delle isole adiacenti alla Sicilia. Atti della Reale Accademia di Scienze, Lettere e Belle Arti di Palermo. 3rd Series, 2: 1-34](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33036879)
- [Chueca, L. J., Gómez-Moliner, B. J., Madeira, M. J. & Pfenninger, M. (2018). Molecular phylogeny of Candidula (Geomitridae) land snails inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers reveals the polyphyly of the genus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 118: 357-368](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.022)

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Candidula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidula) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidula?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.