# Candelariales > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Candelariales > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Candelariales.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candelariales > Source revision: 1346980755 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Order of fungi}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date=April 2026}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Candelariella.coralliza2.-.lindsey.jpg | image_caption = ''[Candelariella coralliza](/source/Candelariella_coralliza)'' | parent_authority = Voglmayr & Jaklitsch (2018) | taxon = Candelariales | authority = Miadl., Lutzoni & [Lumbsch](/source/Lumbsch) (2007) | subdivision_ranks = Families | subdivision = [Candelariaceae](/source/Candelariaceae)
[Pycnoraceae](/source/Pycnoraceae) }} The '''Candelariales''' are an [order](/source/order_(biology)) of [fungi](/source/fungi) in the [monotypic](/source/monotypic) class '''Candelariomycetes'''. It contains the families [Candelariaceae](/source/Candelariaceae) and [Pycnoraceae](/source/Pycnoraceae). The order was [circumscribed](/source/circumscription_(taxonomy)) by Jolanta Miadlikowska, François Lutzoni, and [Helge Thorsten Lumbsch](/source/Helge_Thorsten_Lumbsch) as part of a comprehensive [phylogenetic](/source/phylogenetic) classification of the kingdom Fungi published in 2007. The class Candelariomycetes was proposed in 2018 by Hermann Voglmayr and Walter Jaklitsch. ==Taxonomy== The yellow "candle-wax" lichens now grouped in Candelariomycetes were long treated as part of the large class [Lecanoromycetes](/source/Lecanoromycetes). A multigene study of lichen-forming fungi published in 2007 first recognized them as a distinct order, Candelariales – comprising the families Candelariaceae and Pycnoraceae – but still left the group inside Lecanoromycetes. Even earlier, Miądlikowska and co-workers had informally coined the name "'''Candelariomycetidae'''" in 2006 for this [lineage](/source/lineage_(evolution)), but that name was not then [validly published](/source/validly_published_name) under the [botanical code](/source/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae%2C_fungi%2C_and_plants). Lücking, Timdal, and Westberg later validly published Candelariomycetidae in 2017 as a new monotypic subclass within Lecanoromycetes, containing the single order Candelariales and its two families, [Candelariaceae](/source/Candelariaceae) and [Pycnoraceae](/source/Pycnoraceae). They designated Candelariales as the type order and ''[Candelaria](/source/Candelaria_(lichen))'' as the [type genus](/source/type_genus). In the circumscription, the subclass was characterized as a group of mostly [crustose](/source/crustose_lichen) to [squamulose lichen](/source/squamulose_lichen)s that are often bright yellow, with a green {{lichengloss|chlorococcoid}} photobiont and no [cephalodia](/source/cephalodia). The group includes species growing on rock, bark, [bryophyte](/source/bryophyte)s, soil, or, in the case of Pycnoraceae, typically on wood. The subclass is difficult to separate [morphologically](/source/morphology_(biology)) from other lecanoromycete subclasses, apart from the distinctive ''Candelaria''-type ascus with a broad [amyloid](/source/amyloid_(mycology)) ring in the lower part of the {{lichengloss|tholus}}, it is defined chiefly by [molecular phylogenetic](/source/molecular_phylogenetics) evidence rather than by a unique set of outward structural features. Subsequent [DNA](/source/DNA) analyses that combined [ribosomal](/source/ribosome) ([nrSSU](/source/18S_ribosomal_RNA), [nrLSU](/source/nrLSU), [mtSSU](/source/mtSSU)) and protein-coding ([RPB1](/source/RPB1), [RPB2](/source/RPB2)) gene sequences from nearly every recognised class of [Leotiomyceta](/source/Leotiomyceta) showed that Candelariales never groups with the lecanoroid core. Instead, it forms an isolated, well-supported branch in which Pycnoraceae is placed as the [sister](/source/sister_group) family (closest relative) to Candelariaceae. In the best-scoring [maximum-likelihood](/source/maximum_likelihood_estimation) tree the class received 88% [bootstrap](/source/bootstrapping_(statistics)) support (79% under [parsimony](/source/maximum_parsimony_(phylogenetics))) and a [posterior probability](/source/posterior_probability) of 1.0, values that molecular systematists regard as strong evidence of a genuine evolutionary grouping. Recognising this consistent phylogenetic independence, Voglmayr and Jaklitsch erected the new class Candelariomycetes in 2018 (published 2019), with Candelariales as its [type](/source/type_(biology)) order and ''Candelaria'' as the nomenclatural [type genus](/source/type_genus). Although different analyses place the class variously near [Eurotiomycetes](/source/Eurotiomycetes), [Arthoniomycetes](/source/Arthoniomycetes) or [Dothideomycetes](/source/Dothideomycetes), none recover it within Lecanoromycetes when a broad taxon sample is used; the lineage is therefore now treated as one of the younger, small classes of filamentous Ascomycota. ==Description== Members of the Candelariomycetes are readily recognised in the field by their vivid lemon- to orange-yellow thalli. The vegetative body ([thallus](/source/thallus)) ranges from a paper-thin crust tightly appressed to the [substrate](/source/substrate_(biology)) to small, scale-like lobes ({{lichengloss|squamules}}) that may pile up into tiny, leaf-like [rosettes](/source/rosette_(botany)). In a few species the thallus is reduced or absent and the fungus grows directly on other lichens. A green, spherical alga (a {{lichengloss|chlorococcoid}} photobiont) provides [photosynthetic](/source/photosynthesis) energy, and unlike some other lichen groups no [cyanobacteria](/source/cyanobacteria)l "cephalodia" are formed. The bright colour comes from [pulvinic acid](/source/pulvinic_acid) pigments in the Candelariaceae or, in the wood-inhabiting Pycnoraceae, from [depsidic](/source/depside) compounds such as [alectorialic acid](/source/alectorialic_acid). Most species colonise bark or [siliceous rock](/source/siliceous_rock) in well-lit, nutrient-enriched habitats; a few grow on mosses, soil, or old timber. The [cosmopolitan](/source/cosmopolitan_distribution) species ''[Candelaria concolor](/source/Candelaria_concolor)''—common on street trees and fence rails—illustrates the group's tolerance of urban conditions. [Sexual reproduction](/source/Sexual_reproduction) takes place in [apothecia](/source/apothecia), the tiny, often disc-shaped fruiting bodies that dot the thallus surface. These apothecia usually carry a narrow rim of thallus tissue ({{lichengloss|lecanorine}} margin) in Candelariaceae or a blackened rim without algal cells ({{lichengloss|lecideine}}) in Pycnoraceae. Inside, unbranched [paraphyses](/source/paraphyses) (slender sterile filaments) are imbued with starch-like ([amyloid](/source/amyloid_(mycology))) material that turns blue in [iodine](/source/iodine)-based [staining](/source/staining)—a useful diagnostic character. The spore sacs ([asci](/source/ascus)) are club-shaped, also amyloid, and contain eight to as many as sixty-four colourless, smooth [ascospore](/source/ascospore)s. These ascospores are [ellipsoid](/source/ellipsoid) to lemon-shaped and lack cross-walls or show, at most, one to three indistinct [septa](/source/septum). When sexual spores are not being produced, many species form minute flask-shaped [pycnidia](/source/pycnidia) that exude colourless, single-celled [conidia](/source/conidia). In the 2017 subclass concept of the Candelariomycetidae, the group was defined in part by its green algal partner, absence of cephalodia, clavate asci that may contain from eight to sixty-four spores, and hyaline, simple to indistinctly septate ascospores. ==References== {{Reflist|refs= {{cite journal |display-authors=6 |last1=Hibbett |first1=David S. |last2=Binder |first2=Manfred |last3=Bischoff |first3=Joseph F. |last4=Blackwell |first4=Meredith |last5=Cannon |first5=Paul F. |last6=Eriksson |first6=Ove E.|last7=Huhndorf|first7=Sabine|last8=James|first8=Timothy|last9=Kirk|first9=Paul M.|last10=Lücking|first10=Robert|last11=Thorsten Lumbsch|first11=H.|last12=Lutzoni|first12=François|last13=Matheny|first13=P. Brandon|last14=McLaughlin|first14=David J.|last15=Powell|first15=Martha J.|last16=Redhead|first16=Scott|last17=Schoch|first17=Conrad L.|last18=Spatafora|first18=Joseph W.|last19=Stalpers|first19=Joost A.|last20=Vilgalys|first20=Rytas|last21=Aime|first21=M. 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