# Campanian
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{{Short description|Geologic age in the Late Cretaceous}}
{{About|the geological age|Campanian ignimbrite|Phlegraean Fields|the ancient people|Campanians|the dialect|Campanian dialect}}
{{Infobox geologic timespan
| name = Campanian
| color = Campanian
| time_start = 83.6
| time_start_uncertainty = 0.2
| time_end = 72.2
| time_end_uncertainty = 0.2
| image_map =
| caption_map =
| image_outcrop =
| caption_outcrop =
| image_art =
| caption_art =
| timeline = Cretaceous
| formerly_part_of =
| partially_contained_in =
| partially_contains =
| name_formality = Formal
| name_accept_date =
| alternate_spellings =
| synonym1 =
| synonym1_coined =
| synonym2 =
| synonym2_coined =
| synonym3 =
| synonym3_coined =
| nicknames =
| former_names =
| proposed_names =
| celestial_body = earth
| usage = Global ([ICS](/source/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy))
| timescales_used = ICS Time Scale
| formerly_used_by =
| not_used_by =
| chrono_unit = Age
| strat_unit = Stage
| proposed_by =
| type_section =
| timespan_formality = Formal
| lower_boundary_def = Base of [Chron](/source/Chronozone) C33r[{{cite journal |last1=Jarvis |first1=Ian |display-authors = etal |title=Carbon isotopes, palynology and stratigraphy of the Santonian–Campanian boundary: The GSSP auxiliary sections, Seaford Head (England) and Bocieniec (Poland), and correlation between the Boreal and Tethyan realms |journal= Cretaceous Research|date=2023 |volume=143 |article-number=105415 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105415 |bibcode=2023CrRes.14305415J |s2cid=253436620 |doi-access=free |hdl=10871/133015 |hdl-access=free }}]
| lower_gssp_location = Bottaccione, [Gubbio](/source/Gubbio), Italy[{{cite journal |title=The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Campanian Stage at Bottaccione (Gubbio, Italy) and its Auxiliary Sections: Seaford Head (UK), Bocieniec (Poland), Postalm (Austria), Smoky Hill, Kansas (U.S.A), Tepayac (Mexico) |journal=Episodes |date=1 February 2023 |page=6 |doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2022/022048 |url=https://www.episodes.org/journal/view.html?uid=2319&vmd=Full |access-date=27 March 2023 |last1=Gale |first1=Andy |last2=Batenburg |first2=Sietske |last3=Coccioni |first3=Rodolfo |last4=Dubicka |first4=Zofia |last5=Erba |first5=Elisabetta |last6=Falzoni |first6=Francesca |last7=Haggart |first7=Jim |last8=Hasegawa |first8=Takishi |last9=Ifrim |first9=Christina |last10=Jarvis |first10=Ian |last11=Jenkyns |first11=Hugh |last12=Jurowska |first12=Agata |last13=Kennedy |first13=Jim |last14=Maron |first14=Matteo |last15=Muttoni |first15=Giovanni |last16=Pearce |first16=Martin |last17=Petrizzo |first17=Maria Rose |last18=Premoli-Silva |first18=Isabella |last19=Thibault |first19=Nicolas |last20=Voigt |first20=Silke |last21=Wagreich |first21=Michael |last22=Walaszczyk |first22=Irek |volume=46 |issue=3 |doi-access=free |s2cid=256539746 |hdl=2434/968946 |hdl-access=free }}]
| lower_gssp_accept_date = October 2022[{{cite web |title=Campanian GSSP Ratified by IUGS |url=https://cretaceous.stratigraphy.org/news/campanian_gssp |website=Subcommission on Cretaceous Stratigraphy |publisher=International Commission on Stratigraphy |access-date=14 January 2023}}]
| upper_boundary_def = Mean of 12 biostratigraphic criteria
| upper_gssp_location = Grande Carrière quarry, [Landes](/source/Landes_(department)), France
| upper_gssp_coords = {{Coord|43.6795|N|1.1133|W|display=inline}}
| upper_gssp_accept_date = February 2001[{{cite journal|last=Odin|first=Gilles S.|author2=Michèle A. Lamaurelle |title=The global Campanian-Maastrichtian stage boundary|journal=Episodes|year=2001|volume=24|issue=4|pages=229–238|doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i4/002|doi-access=free}}]
| o2 =
| co2 =
| temp =
| sea_level =
}}
The '''Campanian''' is the fifth of six [ages](/source/age_(geology)) of the [Late Cretaceous](/source/Late_Cretaceous) [epoch](/source/epoch_(geology)) on the [geologic timescale](/source/geologic_timescale) of the [International Commission on Stratigraphy](/source/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy) (ICS). In [chronostratigraphy](/source/chronostratigraphy), it is the fifth of six [stages](/source/stage_(stratigraphy)) in the [Upper Cretaceous](/source/Upper_Cretaceous) [Series](/source/series_(stratigraphy)). Campanian spans the time from 83.6 (± 0.2) to 72.2 (± 0.2) million years ago. It is preceded by the [Santonian](/source/Santonian) and it is followed by the [Maastrichtian](/source/Maastrichtian).[{{cite book |editor1-last=Gradstein |editor1-first=F.M. |editor2-last=Ogg |editor2-first=J.G. |editor3-last=Smith |editor3-first=A.G. |title=A geologic time scale 2004 |date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-0-521-78142-8}}]
The Campanian was an age when a worldwide [sea level rise](/source/marine_transgression) covered many coastal areas. The [morphology](/source/geomorphology) of some of these areas has been preserved: it is an [unconformity](/source/unconformity) beneath a cover of marine [sedimentary rock](/source/sedimentary_rock)s.[{{cite journal |last1=Lidmar-Bergström |first1=Karna |last2=Bonow |first2=Johan M. |last3=Japsen |first3=Peter |author-link=Karna Lidmar-Bergström|date=2013 |title=Stratigraphic Landscape Analysis and geomorphological paradigms: Scandinavia as an example of Phanerozoic uplift and subsidence |journal=[Global and Planetary Change](/source/Global_and_Planetary_Change) |volume=100 |pages=153–171 |doi= 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.10.015|bibcode=2013GPC...100..153L }}][{{cite journal |last1=Surlyk |first1=Finn |last2=Sørensen |first2=Anne Mehlin |date=2010 |title=An early Campanian rocky shore at Ivö Klack, southern Sweden |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=567–576 |doi= 10.1016/j.cretres.2010.07.006|bibcode=2010CrRes..31..567S }}]
== Etymology ==
The Campanian was introduced in scientific literature by [Henri Coquand](/source/Henri_Coquand) in 1857. It is named after the French village of [Champagne](/source/Champagne%2C_Charente-Maritime) in the department of [Charente-Maritime](/source/Charente-Maritime). The original [type locality](/source/type_locality_(geology)) was a series of [outcrop](/source/outcrop)s near the village of [Aubeterre-sur-Dronne](/source/Aubeterre-sur-Dronne) in the same region.[{{cite journal |last1=Hancock |first1=J.M. |last2=Gale |first2=A.S. |year=1996 |title=The Campanian Stage |journal=Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre |volume=66 |pages=103–109 |url=https://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-of-the-royal-belgian-institute-of-natural-sciences-earth-sciences/66-sup-1996/irscnb_p4087_00da07p_66-sup_bulletin-11-red.pdf |access-date=27 September 2021}}]
== Definition ==
The base of the Campanian Stage is defined as a place in the stratigraphic column where the [extinction](/source/extinction) of [crinoid](/source/crinoid) species ''[Marsupites](/source/Marsupites) testudinarius'' is located. A [GSSP](/source/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point) was ratified for the base of the Campanian in October 2022, having been placed in Bottaccione, [Gubbio](/source/Gubbio), Italy.[{{Citation|last1=Ogg|first1=J. G.|title=Chapter 27 - Cretaceous|date=2012-01-01|work=The Geologic Time Scale|pages=793–853|editor-last=Gradstein|editor-first=Felix M.|place=Boston|publisher=Elsevier|language=en|doi=10.1016/b978-0-444-59425-9.00027-5|isbn=978-0-444-59425-9|last2=Hinnov|first2=L. A.|last3=Huang|first3=C.|editor2-last=Ogg|editor2-first=James G.|editor3-last=Schmitz|editor3-first=Mark D.|editor4-last=Ogg|editor4-first=Gabi M.}}] In the [Tethys domain](/source/Tethys_Ocean), the Campanian encompasses six ammonite [biozone](/source/biozone)s. They are, from young to old:[{{cite journal |last1=Hancock |first1=Jake M. |title=Ammonite scales for the Cretaceous system |journal=Cretaceous Research |date=June 1991 |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=259–291 |doi=10.1016/0195-6671(91)90037-D|bibcode=1991CrRes..12..259H }}]
* zone of ''[Nostoceras](/source/Nostoceras) hyatti''
* zone of ''[Didymoceras](/source/Didymoceras) chayennense''
* zone of ''[Bostrychoceras](/source/Bostrychoceras) polyplocum''
* zone of ''[Hoplitoplacenticeras](/source/Hoplitoplacenticeras) marroti'' / ''Hoplitoplacenticeras vari''
* zone of ''[Delawarella](/source/Delawarella) delawarensis''
* zone of ''[Placenticeras](/source/Placenticeras) bidorsatum''
== Paleontology ==
{{Main|:Category:Campanian life}}
{{See also|List of vertebrate fauna of the Campanian stage}}
During the Campanian age, a [radiation](/source/Evolutionary_radiation) among [dinosaur](/source/dinosaur) species occurred. In North America, for example, the number of known dinosaur [genera](/source/genera) rises from four at the base of the Campanian to forty-eight in the upper part. This development is sometimes referred to as the "Campanian Explosion". However, it is not yet clear if the event is artificial, i.e. the low number of genera in the lower Campanian can be caused by a lower preservation chance for fossils in deposits of that age. The generally warm climates and large continental area covered in shallow sea during the Campanian probably favoured the dinosaurs. In the following Maastrichtian stage, the number of North American dinosaur genera found is 30% less than in the upper Campanian.[See Weishampel ''et al.'' (2004)]
== See also ==
* [Late Campanian Event](/source/Late_Campanian_Event)
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* Varricchio, D. J. 2001. Late Cretaceous oviraptorosaur (Theropoda) dinosaurs from Montana. pp. 42–57 in D. H. Tanke and K. Carpenter (eds.), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Indianapolis, Indiana.
* {{aut|[Weishampel, D.B.](/source/David_B._Weishampel); Barrett, P.M.; Coria, R.A.; Le Loueff, J.; Xu, X.; Zhao, X.; Sahni, A.; Gomani, E.M.P. & Noto, C.N.}}; '''2004''': ''Dinosaur distribution'', in: {{aut|Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P. & Osmólska, H.}} (''eds.''): ''The Dinosauria'', University of California Press, Berkeley (2nd ed.), {{ISBN|0-520-24209-2}}, pp 517–606.
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100822060927/http://www.stratigraphy.org/bak/geowhen/stages/Campanian.html GeoWhen Database – Campanian]
* [http://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu/charts/Timeslices/3_Late_Cret.pdf Late Cretaceous timescale], at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040511104934/http://norges.uio.no/timescale/Fig18.1_Cret_colA.pdf Stratigraphic chart of the Late Cretaceous], at the website of Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy
* [http://www.foraminifera.eu/querydb.php?stage=Campanian&aktion=suche Campanian Microfossils: 75+ images of Foraminifera]
{{Cretaceous Footer}}
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Category:Campanian
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Category:Geological ages
Category:Cretaceous geochronology
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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Campanian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanian) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanian?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.