# Calumet Region

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{{more citations needed|date=September 2023}}
{{Short description|Geographic area in northwest Indiana and northeast Illinois, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Coord|41.55|-87.45|display=title|region:US}}
The '''Calumet Region''' is the geographic area drained by the [Grand Calumet River](/source/Grand_Calumet_River) and the [Little Calumet River](/source/Little_Calumet_River) of northeastern [Illinois](/source/Illinois) and northwestern [Indiana](/source/Indiana) in the [United States](/source/United_States). It is part of the [Great Lakes Basin](/source/Great_Lakes_Basin), which eventually reaches the Atlantic Ocean. It is a sub-region of the greater [Northwest Indiana](/source/Northwest_Indiana) region and the even larger [Great Lakes region](/source/Great_Lakes_region).

This region includes the northern parts of [Lake](/source/Lake_County%2C_Indiana) and [Porter](/source/Porter_County%2C_Indiana) counties and the western portion of [La Porte](/source/LaPorte_County%2C_Indiana) county in Indiana, as well as the eastern counties of northern Illinois, [Will](/source/Will_County%2C_Illinois) and [Cook](/source/Cook_County%2C_Illinois).<ref name=Moore>{{cite book| last=Moore| first=Powell A.| title=The Calumet Region: Indiana's Last Frontier| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCYPAQAAIAAJ| year=1959| publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau| access-date=20 August 2015}}</ref>

Since much of this region is on the south shore of [Lake Michigan](/source/Lake_Michigan), it is sometimes referred to as the "South Shore". Because it was initially cut off from the rest of the state due to natural geographic barriers like the Kankakee Marsh to the south, the Calumet Region was the last-settled portion of Indiana.<ref name=Moore/>

The area is known for its industrial heritage and history as a center for production of [steel](/source/steel), [minerals](/source/minerals) and [chemicals](/source/Chemical_plant). The toxic byproducts of these industries present major issues for [public safety](/source/public_safety) and [natural resource management](/source/natural_resource_management) today.<ref>Reese, Sarah (2016), ''Northwest Indiana Times'' http://www.nwitimes.com/news/special-section/ec-lead/a-century-of-heavy-industry-transformed-east-chicago-s-calumet/article_2e8a104e-2ae9-5f42-9142-a74829c6ea85.html</ref> The region was a center for the [labor rights](/source/labor_rights) movement of the 1930s. The [Memorial Day massacre of 1937](/source/Memorial_Day_massacre_of_1937), where ten steelworkers' rights activists were killed by police officers during a demonstration, occurred on Chicago's southeast side.<ref>Franklin, Steven (2017), ''The Chicago Tribune'' http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/chi-chicagodays-republicsteelstrike-story-story.html</ref>

Today, Calumet is notable as a site of many [habitat restoration](/source/restoration_ecology) projects. The area contains many endangered [dune](/source/dune), [Swale](/source/Swale_(landform)), and [moraine](/source/moraine) based ecosystems.<ref>US Geological Survey, Great Lakes https://www.glsc.usgs.gov/publications/2002/1170</ref> Many [Forest Preserve District of Cook County](/source/Forest_Preserve_District_of_Cook_County) sites, such as Powderhorn Prairie, 95th/Dan Ryan Woods, and Eggers Grove are being restored under the care of volunteer stewards.<ref>Vaisvilas, Frank (2018). ''The Chicago Tribune'' http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/daily-southtown/news/ct-sta-winter-volunteers-st-0116-20170113-story.html</ref> In addition, nonprofit groups partner with the Forest Preserve District and [Chicago Park District](/source/Chicago_Park_District) to complete larger-scale restoration projects. Major partners include [The Field Museum](/source/The_Field_Museum), [the Wetlands Initiative](/source/the_Wetlands_Initiative), and local branches of [The Nature Conservancy](/source/The_Nature_Conservancy), [Green Corps](/source/Green_Corps) and the [Student Conservation Association](/source/Student_Conservation_Association).<ref>Calumet Stewardship Initiative http://www.calumetstewardship.org/member-organizations#.WfInHnZOmUk</ref> Many of these sites have become host to locally rare and threatened species like [Blanding's turtle](/source/Blanding's_turtle), [Wilson's phalarope](/source/Wilson's_phalarope) and the [least weasel](/source/least_weasel).<ref>Dorworth, Leslie (2010). ''Grist'' http://grist.org/article/2010-07-07-cleanup-efforts-bring-life-back-to-grand-calumet-river/</ref>

==Cities==
The Calumet Region includes the Indiana cities of [Gary](/source/Gary%2C_Indiana), [East Chicago](/source/East_Chicago%2C_Indiana), [Hammond](/source/Hammond%2C_Indiana), [Highland](/source/Highland%2C_Lake_County%2C_Indiana), [Griffith](/source/Griffith%2C_Indiana), [Munster](/source/Munster%2C_Indiana), [Merrillville](/source/Merrillville%2C_Indiana), [Schererville](/source/Schererville%2C_Indiana), [Hobart](/source/Hobart%2C_Indiana), [Whiting](/source/Whiting%2C_Indiana), [Crown Point](/source/Crown_Point%2C_Indiana), [Dyer](/source/Dyer%2C_Indiana), [Saint John](/source/Saint_John%2C_Indiana), and [Valparaiso](/source/Valparaiso%2C_Indiana).

In Illinois a number of cities and villages lie in the Calumet watershed including: the southernmost part of [Chicago](/source/Chicago), [Lansing](/source/Lansing%2C_Illinois), [Calumet City](/source/Calumet_City%2C_Illinois), [South Holland](/source/South_Holland%2C_Illinois), [Riverdale](/source/Riverdale%2C_Illinois), [Burnham](/source/Burnham%2C_Illinois), [Calumet Park](/source/Calumet_Park%2C_Illinois), and [Blue Island](/source/Blue_Island%2C_Illinois)

==Townships==
The Calumet Region includes land from the following Indiana townships in Porter County: [Portage](/source/Portage_Township%2C_Porter_County%2C_Indiana), [Union](/source/Union_Township%2C_Porter_County%2C_Indiana), [Westchester](/source/Westchester_Township%2C_Porter_County%2C_Indiana), [Liberty](/source/Liberty_Township%2C_Porter_County%2C_Indiana), [Center](/source/Center_Township%2C_Porter_County%2C_Indiana), [Pine](/source/Pine_Township%2C_Porter_County%2C_Indiana), [Jackson](/source/Jackson_Township%2C_Porter_County%2C_Indiana), [Washington](/source/Washington_Township%2C_Porter_County%2C_Indiana). It includes land located within the following townships of Lake County: [North](/source/North_Township%2C_Lake_County%2C_Indiana), [St. John](/source/St._John_Township%2C_Lake_County%2C_Indiana), [Calumet](/source/Calumet_Township%2C_Lake_County%2C_Indiana), [Hobart](/source/Hobart_Township%2C_Lake_County%2C_Indiana), and [Ross](/source/Ross_Township%2C_Lake_County%2C_Indiana). It also includes [Coolspring Township](/source/Coolspring_Township%2C_LaPorte_County%2C_Indiana) in La Porte County.

==Origin==
The name ''Calumet'' is said to come from French interpretations of either the [Potawatomi](/source/Potawatomi) name for the rivers and lake in question (“low body of deep, still water”)<ref>[https://wiki.epa.gov/watershed2/index.php/Calumet_River-Frontal_Lake_Michigan Calumet River-Frontal Lake Michigan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021080920/https://wiki.epa.gov/watershed2/index.php/Calumet_River-Frontal_Lake_Michigan |date=2015-10-21 }}, Watershed Central Wiki, U.S. EPA, quoting from the "City of Chicago Calumet Land Use Plan"</ref> or is a corruption of the Old French term ''Chalemel'', which means "reed". The word appears on early maps as ''Cal-La-Mick'', ''Kil-La-Mick'', ''Calumic'', etc.<ref name=Moore/>

==History==
{{US Census population
|1890=96371
|1900=120193
|1910=172749
|1920=254761
|1930=367850
|1940=409813
|1950=513073
|1960=699003
|1970=770744 
|1980=792395
|1990=750103
|2000=786077
|2010=819537
|estyear=2015
|estimate=813915
|estref=<ref name="US Census QuickFacts">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/18111,18091,18127,18089,18073|title=US Census QuickFacts|access-date=June 24, 2016}}</ref>
|align-fn=center 
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census (Calumet Region in Indiana)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html |title=Census of Population and Housing |author=United States Census Bureau |author-link=United States Census Bureau |access-date=June 24, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507121432/http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html |archive-date=May 7, 2015 }}</ref>
}}
The first known print reference to refer to this area as a distinct geographical region is the 1755 map created by John Mitchell. In this map, however, he referred to the geographic region as "Quadoche", a name that the [Iroquois](/source/Iroquois) had given to the [Potawatomi](/source/Potawatomi) that were known to occupy the region at that point in time.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Meyer| first=Alfred H.| title= Circulation and Settlement Patterns of the Calumet region of Northwest Indiana and Northeast Illinois (The First Stage of Occupance-the Pottawatomie and the Fur Trader-1830)| journal= Annals of the Association of American Geographers|date=September 1954 |volume=54 |issue=3 | pages=245–274|doi=10.1080/00045605409352136}}</ref>

==See also==
* [Ceremonial pipe](/source/Ceremonial_pipe) - aka "Calumet" in [French](/source/French_language), [colonial-era](/source/European_colonization_of_the_Americas) terminology
* [Wolf Lake (Indiana–Illinois)](/source/Wolf_Lake_(Indiana%E2%80%93Illinois))

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Category:Regions of Indiana
Category:Regions of Illinois

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Calumet Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calumet_Region) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calumet_Region?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.