# Caliber System

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American logistics and transportation holding company

Caliber System Inc. Formerly Roadway Services Inc. (1982-1996) Industry Transportation Founded 1982; 44 years ago (1982) in Akron, Ohio Defunct January 1998 (1998-01) Fate Acquired by FedEx Successors FedEx Ground FedEx Freight FedEx Custom Critical FedEx Global Logistics Headquarters Akron, Ohio , United States

**Caliber System Inc.**, known until 1996 as **Roadway Services Inc.**, was a transportation holding company based in [Akron, Ohio](/source/Akron%2C_Ohio), United States. During its history, Caliber owned a number of logistics companies including [Roadway Express](/source/Roadway_Express), Viking Freight and Roadway Package System (RPS) among others. Roadway Express was spun off in 1995 and Caliber was acquired by [FedEx](/source/FedEx) in 1998 with subsidiaries becoming [FedEx Ground](/source/FedEx_Ground), FedEx Freight, FedEx Custom Critical and FedEx Global Logistics.

## History

### Foundation and diversification

A vintage Roadway Express truck

An original Coles Express truck. Coles was acquired by RSI in 1993.

**Roadway Services Inc. (RSI)** was created in 1982[1] as a holding company by national [less than truckload](/source/Less_than_truckload_shipping) (LTL) carrier [Roadway Express](/source/Roadway_Express). Roadway Express was initially RSI's only subsidiary but in 1984 the company acquired short-haul carrier Spartan Express Inc., then specialized truckload carrier Nationwide Carriers Inc., and finally in 1984, it purchased Roberts Express, a same-day critical trucking company, from [Emery Air Freight](/source/Emery_Worldwide).[2]

Logo of Roadway Package System (RPS)

With both truckload and LTL services available via its subsidiaries, in 1985 RSI founded a package delivery service, **Roadway Package System (RPS)** in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[3] RPS was intended to out-compete the package delivery services of [UPS](/source/United_Parcel_Service) by structuring itself for lower costs.[2] By 1988, RPS covered 70% of the US from 130 terminals.[1]

In the late 1980s and early 1990s RSI experienced both expansion and contraction as it acquired the largest western US regional carrier, Viking Freight, but closed the unprofitable Nationwide Carriers in 1989. In 1990, Viking subsidiary VFS Transportation was closed and Spartan was absorbed into Viking, operating as a subsidiary. At the same time Roadway Express continued its expansion with services to Europe in 1991 and a number of Pacific Rim ports soon after.[1] Also in 1991, RSI replaced [Pan Am Corp.](/source/Pan_Am) on the [Dow Jones Transportation Average](/source/Dow_Jones_Transportation_Average).[4] At the time, RSI was the third-largest motor freight carrier in the US.[5]

RSI launched Roadway Global Air in 1993

In 1993, RSI acquired Southwest regional LTL carrier [Central Freight Lines](/source/Central_Freight_Lines)[6] which it placed in its Roadway Regional Group along with Viking in the West, Viking subsidiary Spartan in the central and southern US and Cole's Express in New England.[7] RSI also expanded into air freight with its 1993 founding of **Roadway Global Air** (RGA) based in Indianapolis.[8][9]

### Roadway Express spinoff

Main article: [Roadway Express](/source/Roadway_Express)

While RSI's smaller regional carriers were all non-union, Roadway Express was unionized[10] and in April 1994 it was impacted by a nationwide strike of the [Teamsters Union](/source/International_Brotherhood_of_Teamsters). The strike was the result of a breakdown in negotiations between the Teamsters and Trucking Management Inc., a negotiating group which represented 23 large trucking companies including Roadway Express, [Consolidated Freightways](/source/Consolidated_Freightways), and [Yellow Freight](/source/YRC_Worldwide).[11] In the end, the strike lasted 24 days[2] and, according to the RSI, resulted in losses of US$68 million for the quarter at Roadway Express.[12]

The strike at Roadway Express highlighted the division's profitability imbalance when compared to RSI's non-union carriers. At the time, Roadway Express contributed over 40% of the parent company's US$5 billion annual revenue[10] but was less profitable than the other trucking units.[12] As a result, RSI announced in August 1995 that it would spin off Roadway Express as a separate, publicly traded company.[10] As an independent company, Roadway Express grew substantially achieving profits of US$21.8 million in its first year.[1] In 2003 Roadway was acquired by Yellow Freight to form [Yellow Roadway Corporation](/source/Yellow_Corporation).[13]

### Caliber System

An RGA Boeing 727. RGA operated for less than two years before it was shut down and its assets were sold to Burlington Air Express.

In November 1995, Roadway Services announced it was changing its name to **Caliber System**, effective in January 1996 and would move its stock listing from the Nasdaq to the NYSE under the new symbol "CBB."[14][15] It also rebranded Roadway Logistics and Roadway Technology to Caliber Logistics and Caliber Technology, respectively.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Caliber immediately began an effort to reorganize in an attempt to decrease costs. In November it shut down RGA and sold the assets to [Burlington Air Express](/source/Burlington_Air_Express).[16] Caliber said it had lost US$103 million on the venture.[9] In December it announced it would be consolidating its remaining trucking companies, Viking (with subsidiary Spartan), Central, and Cole's into a nationwide carrier named Viking Freight Inc.[6] But, Caliber continued to experience significant losses.[17]

Viking announced a wage freeze in July 1996 and in December said it would be eliminating 30 terminals and 1,500 jobs in a bid to reduce costs.[18] Despite positive performances from RPS, Roberts, and Caliber Logistics in Q1 1997, Caliber announced in March it would be selling or closing a large portion of the eastern operations of Viking leaving it as a west coast-focused carrier.[19]

Caliber reported Viking had seen losses of around US$127 million after having been unable to bring Viking to profitability since merging its smaller, regional carriers into a nationwide offering. The cuts were expected to include 4,000 jobs and 83 terminals in the eastern, southern, and central US. These areas had been primarily served by the former Coles and Spartan subsidiaries.[19] In June 1997, Caliber sold the assets that had formerly comprised Central to an investment group led by former Central leadership backed by trucking magnate and [Swift Transportation](/source/Swift_Transportation) co-founder [Jerry Moyes](/source/Jerry_Moyes). It was re-incorporated as Central Freight Lines and continued as an independent regional LTL carrier.[6]

### Acquisition by FedEx

In January 1998, Caliber System was acquired[20] by the newly formed FDX Corp., now [FedEx](/source/FedEx) Corp, a company formed by [Federal Express](/source/FedEx_Express) to serve as a holding company for its express business and its new, Caliber subsidiaries.[21] Following the acquisition, former Caliber subsidiary Roadway Express ([Nasdaq](/source/Nasdaq): [ROAD](https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/road)) took Caliber's place on the Dow Jones Transportation Average.[4]

## Fate of subsidiaries

Roadway Express eventually merged with rival Yellow

In the years prior to its acquisition by FedEx, Caliber had already spun off, sold, or shut down several major subsidiaries:

- **Nationwide Carriers**, its truckload subsidiary, shut down in 1988 and its operations were absorbed by Viking[22]

- **[Roadway Express](/source/Roadway_Express)** was spun off as an independent, publicly traded company in 1995. It was acquired by rival Yellow Corp. in 2003 to form **[Yellow Roadway Corporation](/source/Yellow_Corporation)**.[10][13]

- **Roadway Global Air** was shut down in 1995 and its assets were sold to **[Burlington Air Express](/source/Burlington_Air_Express)**.[16]

- **Spartan Express** had been made a subsidiary of Viking in 1990 and was merged into Viking in 1996. Its former operations were shut down in 1997 when Viking pulled out of the southeast.[23]

Central was reconstituted from its former assets

- **Coles Express** had been merged into Viking in 1996 and its former operations were shut down in 1997 when Viking pulled out of the northeast.[24][23]

- **[Central Freight Lines](/source/Central_Freight_Lines)** former assets (Viking's central operations) were sold to former Central management in 1997 and resumed independent operations.[24][6]

At the time of its acquisition by FedEx, Caliber had five major subsidiaries remaining:[21]

FedEx Ground delivery vehicle. RPS became FedEx Ground in 2000.

- **RPS** became **[FedEx Ground](/source/FedEx_Ground)** in January 2000 complementing FedEx's existing Federal Express courier business.[21]

Viking eventually became FedEx Freight

- **Viking** continued until 2002 when it was renamed **FedEx Freight West**, part of the new FedEx Freight brand along with [American Freightways](/source/American_Freightways), renamed FedEx Freight East. With the 2006 acquisition of [Watkins Motor Lines](/source/Watkins_Motor_Lines), all three were integrated into a single entity, **FedEx Freight**.[25]

- **Roberts** remained focused on same-day-critical trucking services and was renamed **FedEx Custom Critical** in January 2000.[21]

- **Caliber Logistics** and **Caliber Technology** were merged to form **FedEx Global Logistics** shortly after the acquisition.[21]

## See also

- [Trucking industry in the United States](/source/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States)

- [History of the trucking industry in the United States](/source/History_of_the_trucking_industry_in_the_United_States)

- [Package delivery in the United States](/source/Package_delivery#Package_delivery_in_the_United_States)

- [FedEx Express](/source/FedEx_Express)

- [Companies portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies)

- [Transport portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Transport)

- Media related to [Caliber System](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Caliber_System) at Wikimedia Commons

## References

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Yellow_YRC_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Yellow_YRC_13-1) Deutsch, Claudia H. (9 July 2003). ["No. 2 in Trucking, Yellow, Will Buy No. 1, Roadway"](https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/09/business/no-2-in-trucking-yellow-will-buy-no-1-roadway.html). *[New York Times](/source/New_York_Times)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200818103541/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/09/business/no-2-in-trucking-yellow-will-buy-no-1-roadway.html) from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 17 Aug 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Isidore, Chris (28 November 1995). ["Roadway Services plans to change its name"](https://www.joc.com/roadway-services-plans-change-its-name_19951128.html). *[Journal of Commerce](/source/Journal_of_Commerce)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210819192221/https://www.joc.com/roadway-services-plans-change-its-name_19951128.html) from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.

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v t e FedEx Corporation People Executives Frederick W. Smith (founder, chairman and CEO) Raj Subramaniam (president and COO) Robert B. Carter (CIO) Board of directors Tricia Griffith Kimberly A. Jabal Shirley Ann Jackson R. Brad Martin Fred Perpall Joshua Cooper Ramo Susan Schwab David P. Steiner Paul S. Walsh Operating units Express Caribbean Transport Services TNT Express Custom Critical Cross Border Ground Home Delivery Ground Economy Freight Freight Canada Logistics Air & Ocean Cargo Networks Customs Brokerage Forward Depots Supply Chain Services Customer Relations Delivery Manager Office Print and Ship Centers SameDay City Air hubs Memphis Indianapolis Fort Worth–Alliance Greensboro Newark Oakland Anchorage Cologne/Bonn Dubai–International Guangzhou Hong Kong Liège London–Stansted Miami Osaka–Kansai Paris–Charles de Gaulle Taipei–Taoyuan Tokyo–Narita Flight accidents Flight 14 Flight 80 Flight 087 Flight 630 Flight 647 Flight 705 Flight 910 Flight 1406 Flight 1478 Flight 8284 Related FedEx Air Carrier Police American Freightways Asia Airfreight Caliber System Cast Away FedEx Forum FedEx Institute of Technology FedEx Racing Flying Tiger Line Indianapolis FedEx shooting KIAC Zapmail

v t e Yellow Corporation Subsidiaries and divisions YRC Freight YRC Freight Canada YRC Regional New Penn Holland Reddaway HNRY Logistics Former subsidiaries Roadway Express YRC Reimer USF Dugan USF Bestway Glen Moore YRC Logistics Saia Jevic Transportation Related Caliber System Yellow Freight 300 Celadon Group

v t e Trucking industry in the United States Regulated by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Economy of the United States Regulations Commercial driver's license Electronic on-board recorder Federal Bridge Gross Weight Formula Hours of service International Registration Plan Motor Carrier Act of 1980 Motor carrier safety rating National Network Manufacturers Trucks AM General American LaFrance Autocar Bering Bremach Brockway BYD Auto Caterpillar Chase Chevrolet CCC CNH Industrial Dart Diamond Reo Diamond T Reo Dina Dodge Freightliner Ford GMC Hayes Fuso Hino Hyundai Motor America Hyzon International Isuzu Marmon-Herrington Mercedes-Benz Moreland Mack Nissan Oshkosh Paccar Kenworth Peterbilt Ram Trucks Selden Schacht Shyft Group Smith Spartan Sterling Tesla Tiger Truck Toyota Traffic UD Trucks VIA Volvo Ward LaFrance Western Star White Workhorse Group Engines Caterpillar Cummins Detroit Diesel Mack MaxxForce Mercedes-Benz Paccar Volvo Trailers Daseke Fontaine Fruehauf Great Dane Hyundai Translead Lufkin Trailers Utility Trailer Manufacturing Company Vanguard Wabash National Wilson Motor carriers Truckload Amazon Freight Averitt Express C. R. England Celadon CFI Covenant Crete CRST FFE Transportation Heartland Express J. B. Hunt Knight-Swift Landstar System Marten Transport PAM Transport Patriot Transportation Prime Roehl Transport Schneider Swift U.S. Xpress Werner Western Express Less than truckload (LTL) ABF Amazon Freight Averitt Express Con-way Freight Consolidated Freightways Estes Express Lines FedEx New England Motor Freight Old Dominion Freight Line R+L Carriers Saia Southeastern TForce Freight XPO Yellow Corporation Third-party logistics Access America Transport Amazon Freight American Lamprecht Transport C.H. Robinson Freightquote CaseStack Ryder Total Quality Logistics Trailer Bridge Trucker Path XPO Parcel National DHL FedEx UPS United States Postal Service Regional GLS LSO OnTrac (LaserShip) Movers Allied Atlas Bekins Gentle Giant Moving Company Global Interstate Mayflower National North American PODS Two Men and a Truck United Wheaton Truck stops BETO Junction Bowlin Travel Centers Dixie Travel Plaza Iowa 80 Love's Pilot Flying J Road Ranger Roady's TravelCenters of America Town Pump People Frederick W. Smith Iyman Faris J. Harwood Cochrane Jimmy Hoffa John Hunt Keith Jesperson Kelly Reno Reginald Denny Organizations American Moving & Storage Association American Trucking Associations DAT Solutions (Dial-A-Truck) International Brotherhood of Teamsters National Motor Freight Classification National Motor Freight Traffic Association National Private Truck Council SmartWay Transport Partnership Glossary of the American trucking industry Popular culture Film Black Dog Breakdown Breaker! Breaker! Convoy Duel F.I.S.T. High-Ballin' Joy Ride Maximum Overdrive Over The Top Smokey & the Bandit They Drive by Night The Gang's All Here The Great Smokey Roadblock Trucker White Line Fever Hoffa Television American Loggers American Trucker B. J. and the Bear Ice Road Truckers Movin' On Trick My Truck Music A Tombstone Every Mile Big Wheels in the Moonlight Bonnie Jean (Little Sister) Convoy Drivin' My Life Away East Bound and Down Eighteen Wheels and a Dozen Roses Giddyup Go Girl on the Billboard Movin' On Papa Loved Mama Phantom 309 Roll On Big Mama Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler) Six Days on the Road Teddy Bear The White Knight Radio Citizens band Dale Sommers Red Eye (Bill Mack) Road Dog Trucking (Dave Nemo) Video games 18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker 18 Wheels of Steel American Truck Simulator Big Rigs: Over the Road Racing Rig 'n' Roll The Rolling Memorial italics = Defunct company

v t e Logistics companies of the United States A-1 Express Delivery Service Access America Transport Air Cargo Inc. American Lamprecht Transport American Letter Mail Company Amtrak Express Associated Global Systems BAX Global Braun's Express C. H. Robinson Caliber System CaseStack Crowley Maritime CTSI-Global Deliv Dematic Doorman (company) Expeditors International Farrow (customs brokerage) FedEx Flagler Global Logistics Flexport FreightCenter Freightquote Gensteam Geodis USA Inc. Haven Inc. Kenco Group Landstar System LaserShip Lineage Logistics Liquidity Services Livingston International Logistics Management Institute Luggage Express MIQ Logistics Murphy Warehouse Company Naparex Navis Logistics Network PeriShip PLS Logistics Postmates Purolator International R+L Carriers Railway Express Agency Ryder Saltchuk Shyp Total Quality Logistics United Parcel Service United Van Lines UShip XPO Logistics Zipline International

Authority control databases VIAF

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Caliber System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliber_System) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliber_System?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.