# Caland system

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{{Short description|Word derivation rule in Proto-Indo-European}}
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The '''Caland system''' is a set of rules in the reconstructed [Proto-Indo-European language](/source/Proto-Indo-European_language) which describes how certain words, typically [adjectives](/source/Proto-Indo-European_adjectives), are derived from one another.<ref name="Fortson" /> It was named after Dutch Indologist [Willem Caland](/source/Willem_Caland) (1859–1932), who first formulated part of the system.

The [cognate](/source/cognate)s derived from these roots in different daughter languages often do not agree in formation, but show certain characteristic properties:<ref name="Meier-Brügger" /><ref name="caland-handout" />
*Adjectives are formed using [zero](/source/Indo-European_ablaut)-[ablaut](/source/Indo-European_ablaut) ''ro''-stems (i.e., word stems ending in {{wikt-lang|ine-x-proto|*-rós}}), {{wikt-lang|ine-x-proto|-us|u}}-stems, or [amphikinetic](/source/amphikinetic)<ref name="caland-handout" /> {{wikt-lang|ine-x-proto|-onts|nt}}-stems.
*Adjectives are sometimes formed using {{wikt-lang|ine-x-proto|-i|i}}-stems, especially in the first part of a compound.
*Corresponding [stative verb](/source/stative_verb)s {{wikt-lang|ine-x-proto|-éh₁ti|*-eh₁-}} often exist.

==Examples==

===Example 1===
{{wikt-lang|ine-x-proto|h₁lengʷʰ-|*h₁le(n)gʷʰ-}} 'light (in weight)':
*''ro''-stems: [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek) {{lang|grc-latn|elaphrós}} 'light, quick'; [Old High German](/source/Old_High_German) {{lang|goh|lungar}} 'fast'
*''u''-stems: Ancient Greek {{lang|grc-Latn|elakhús}} 'small'; Sanskrit {{lang|sa-Latn|laghú-, raghú-}} 'quick, light, small'; [Avestan](/source/Avestan) {{lang|ae-Latn|ragu-}} 'fast'; Latin {{lang|la|levis}} 'light' < {{lang|ine-x-proto|*h₁legʷʰ-us}}; [Lithuanian](/source/Lithuanian_language) {{lang|lt|lengvùs}} 'light'; [Old Church Slavonic](/source/Old_Church_Slavonic) {{lang|cu|легъкъ}} ({{lang|cu-Latn|legŭkŭ}}) 'light'

===Example 2===
{{wikt-lang|ine-x-proto|*h₂erǵ-}} 'white':
*''ro''-stems: Ancient Greek {{lang|grc-Latn|argós}} < {{lang|grc-Latn|*argrós}} 'white'; Sanskrit {{Transliteration|sa|ṛjrá-}} 'brilliant'
*''u''-stems: [Tocharian B](/source/Tocharian_B) {{lang|txb|ārkwi}} 'white'
*''i''-stems: Ancient Greek {{lang|grc-Latn|argi-kéraunos}} 'with bright lightning'
*''nt''-stems: Old Irish {{lang|sga|argat}}, Old Welsh {{lang|owl|argant}}, Latin {{lang|la|argentum}}

===Example 3===
{{wikt-lang|ine-x-proto|*h₁rewdʰ-}} 'red':
*''ro''-stems: Ancient Greek {{lang|grc-Latn|eruthrós}} 'red'; Latin {{lang|la|ruber}} 'red'; Tocharian B {{lang|txb|ratre}} 'red'; [Old East Slavic](/source/Old_East_Slavic) {{lang|cu|родръ}} ({{lang|cu-Latn|rodrŭ}}) 'red'
*''i''-stems: [Sanskrit](/source/Sanskrit) {{lang|sa-Latn|rudhiras}} (mixed with ''ro''-stem)
*''-eh₁'' verbs: [Latin](/source/Latin) {{lang|la|rubeō}} 'be red', Old High German {{lang|goh|rōtēn}} 'shine red'; [Old East Slavic](/source/Old_East_Slavic) {{lang|cu|ръдѣти сѧ}} ({{lang|cu-Latn|rŭděti sę}}) 'become red, be red'

===Example 4===
{{wikt-lang|ine-x-proto|*bʰerǵʰ-}} 'high':
*''ro''-stems: Tocharian B {{lang|txb|pärkare}} 'high'
*''u''-stems: [Hittite](/source/Hittite_language) {{lang|hit-Latn|parku-}} 'high'; [Armenian](/source/Armenian_language) {{Transliteration|hy|barjr}} 'high' < {{lang|ine-x-proto|-u-}}<ref name="caland-handout" />
*''i''-stems: Avestan {{lang|ae-Latn|bǝrǝzi-}} 'high' in compounds
*''nt''-stems: Sanskrit {{lang|sa-Latn|bṛhánt-}} 'high', Avestan {{lang|ae|bǝrǝzant-}} 'high', Germanic name ''Burgund-'', Old Irish name {{lang|sga|Brigit}}, Tocharian A {{lang|xto|koṃ-pärkānt}} 'sunrise'<ref name="caland-handout" />

===Example 5===
{{wikt-lang|ine-x-proto|*dʰewb-}} 'deep':
*''ro''-stems: Tocharian B {{lang|txb|tapre}} 'high' < {{lang|ine-x-proto|dʰub-ro-}}
*''u''-stems: Lithuanian {{lang|lt|dubùs}} 'hollow'

==References==
<references>

<ref name="caland-handout">{{cite book| first=John J. |last=Lowe |title=Caland Adjectives and Participles in Sanskrit and Proto-Indo-European| url=http://users.ox.ac.uk/~shug1472/Caland_handout.pdf| year=2011}}</ref>
<ref name="Meier-Brügger">{{cite book| first1=Michael |last1=Meier-Brügger |author1-link=Michael Meier-Brügger |first2=Matthias |last2=Fritz |first3=Manfred |last3=Mayrhofer |author3-link=Manfred Mayrhofer |title=Indo-European Linguistics |year=2003 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=3-11-017433-2 |location=Berlin; New York|at=W 206}}</ref>
<ref name="Fortson">{{cite book| title=Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction| url=https://archive.org/details/indoeuropeanlang00ivbe| url-access=limited| author=Benjamin W. Fortson| publisher=Blackwell Publishing| year=2004| isbn=1-4051-0316-7| pages=[https://archive.org/details/indoeuropeanlang00ivbe/page/n136 121], 123}}</ref>

</references>

{{Proto-Indo-European language}}

Category:Indo-European linguistics

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