# Butane

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Flammable organic fuel (C4H10)

Not to be confused with [butene](/source/Butene), [butyne](/source/Butyne), or [Bhutan](/source/Bhutan).

Butane Names Preferred IUPAC name Butane[3] Systematic IUPAC name Tetracarbane (never recommended)[3] Other names Butyl hydride[1] Quartane[2] R600 Identifiers CAS Number 106-97-8 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image Beilstein Reference 969129 ChEBI CHEBI:37808 Y ChEMBL ChEMBL134702 Y ChemSpider 7555 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.003.136 EC Number 203-448-7 E number E943a (glazing agents, ...) Gmelin Reference 1148 KEGG D03186 Y MeSH butane PubChem CID 7843 RTECS number EJ4200000 UNII 6LV4FOR43R Y UN number 1011 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID7024665 InChI InChI=1S/C4H10/c1-3-4-2/h3-4H2,1-2H3 Y Key: IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y SMILES CCCC Properties Chemical formula C4H10 Molar mass 58.124 g·mol−1 Appearance Colorless gas Odor Gasoline-like or natural gas-like[1] Density 2.48 kg/m3 (at 15 °C (59 °F)) Melting point −140 to −134 °C; −220 to −209 °F; 133 to 139 K Boiling point −1 to 1 °C; 30 to 34 °F; 272 to 274 K Solubility in water 61 mg/L (at 20 °C (68 °F)) log P 2.745 Vapor pressure ~170 kPa at 283 K [4] Henry's law constant (kH) 11 nmol Pa−1 kg−1 Magnetic susceptibility (χ) −57.4·10−6 cm3/mol Thermochemistry Heat capacity (C) 98.49 J/(K·mol) Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) −126.3–−124.9 kJ/mol Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) −2.8781–−2.8769 MJ/mol Hazards[5] GHS labelling: Pictograms Signal word Danger Hazard statements H220 Precautionary statements P203, P210, P222, P280, P377, P381, P403 NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 1 4 0 SA Flash point −60 °C (−76 °F; 213 K) Autoignition temperature 405 °C (761 °F; 678 K) Explosive limits 1.8–8.4% NIOSH (US health exposure limits): PEL (Permissible) none[1] REL (Recommended) TWA 800 ppm (1900 mg/m3)[1] IDLH (Immediate danger) 1600 ppm[1] Related compounds Related alkanes Propane Isobutane Pentane Related compounds Perfluorobutane Supplementary data page Butane (data page) Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references

Chemical compound

**Butane** ([/ˈbjuːteɪn/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English)) is an [alkane](/source/Alkane) with the formula C4H10. Butane exists as two [isomers](/source/Isomer), *n*-butane, CH3CH2CH2CH3 and [iso-butane](/source/Isobutane), (CH3)3CH. Both isomers are highly flammable, colorless, easily [liquefied](/source/Liquefy) [gases](/source/Gas) that quickly vaporize at room temperature and pressure. Butanes are a trace component of [natural gases](/source/Natural_gas), which contain higher concentrations of other hydrocarbons such as [propane](/source/Propane), [ethane](/source/Ethane), and especially [methane](/source/Methane). [Liquefied petroleum gas](/source/Liquefied_petroleum_gas) is a mixture of propane and some butanes.[6]

The name butane comes from the root [but-](/source/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry#Alkanes) (from [butyric acid](/source/Butyric_acid), named after the Greek word for [butter](/source/Butter)) and the suffix [-ane](/source/Alkanes) (for organic compounds).

## History

The first synthesis of butane was accidentally achieved by British chemist [Edward Frankland](/source/Edward_Frankland)[7] in 1849 from [ethyl iodide](/source/Ethyl_iodide) and [zinc](/source/Zinc), but he had not realized that the [ethyl radical](/source/Ethyl_radical) had [dimerized](/source/Dimerization), and thus misidentified the substance.[8]

Butane was discovered in crude petroleum in 1864 by [Edmund Ronalds](/source/Edmund_Ronalds), who was the first to describe its properties,[9][10] which he named "hydride of [butyl](/source/Butyl)",[11] based on the naming for the then-known [butyric acid](/source/Butyric_Acid), which had been named and described by the French chemist [Michel Eugène Chevreul](/source/Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul)[12] 40 years earlier. Other names arose in the 1860s: "butyl hydride",[13] "hydride of tetryl"[14] and "tetryl hydride",[15] "diethyl" or "ethyl ethylide"[16] and others. [August Wilhelm von Hofmann](/source/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann), in his 1866 systemic nomenclature, proposed the name "quartane",[2] and the modern name was introduced to English from German around 1874.[17]

Butane did not have much practical use until the 1910s, when W. Snelling identified butane and propane as components in gasoline. He found that if they were cooled, they could be stored in a volume-reduced liquified state in pressurized containers. In 1911, Snelling's liquified petroleum gas was publicly available, and his process for producing the mixture was patented in 1913.[18] Butane is one of the most produced industrial chemicals in the 21st century, with around 80 to 90 billion [lbs](/source/Pound_(mass)) (40 million US tons, 36 million [metric tons](/source/Tonne)) produced by the [United States](/source/United_States) every year.[19]

## Isomers

Common name normal butane unbranched butane n-butane isobutane i-butane IUPAC name butane methylpropane Molecular diagram Skeletal diagram

[Rotation](/source/Rotation) about the central C−C [bond](/source/Chemical_bond) produces four different [conformations](/source/Conformational_isomerism) (*trans*, *gauche*, *cis* and anticlinal) for *n*-butane.[20]

## Reactions

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Spectrum of the blue flame from a [butane torch](/source/Butane_torch) showing CH molecular [radical](/source/Radical_(chemistry)) band emission and C2 [Swan bands](/source/Swan_band)

When oxygen is plentiful, butane undergoes [complete combustion](/source/Complete_combustion) to form [carbon dioxide](/source/Carbon_dioxide) and [water vapor](/source/Water_vapor); when oxygen is limited, due to [incomplete combustion](/source/Incomplete_combustion), carbon ([soot](/source/Soot)) or [carbon monoxide](/source/Carbon_monoxide) may be formed instead of carbon dioxide. Butane is denser than air.

When there is sufficient oxygen:

- 2 C4H10 + 13 O2 → 8 CO2 + 10 H2O

When oxygen is limited:

- 2 C4H10 + 9 O2 → 8 CO + 10 H2O

By weight, butane contains about 49.5 [MJ](/source/Megajoule)/[kg](/source/Kilogram) (13.8 [kWh](/source/Kilowatt-hour)/kg; 22.5 MJ/[lb](/source/Pound_(mass)); 21,300 [Btu](/source/British_thermal_unit)/lb) or by liquid volume 29.7 [megajoules](/source/Megajoule) per [liter](/source/Litre) (8.3 kWh/L; 112 MJ/U.S. gal; 107,000 Btu/U.S. gal).

The maximum [adiabatic flame](/source/Adiabatic_flame) temperature of butane with air is 2,243 K (1,970 °C; 3,578 °F).

*n*-Butane is the feedstock for [DuPont](/source/DuPont)'s catalytic process for the preparation of [maleic anhydride](/source/Maleic_anhydride):

- 2 CH3CH2CH2CH3 + 7 O2 → 2 C2H2(CO)2O + 8 H2O

*n*-Butane, like all [hydrocarbons](/source/Hydrocarbon), undergoes [free radical](/source/Free_radical) chlorination providing both 1-chloro- and 2-chlorobutanes, as well as more highly chlorinated derivatives. The relative rates of the chlorinations are partially explained by the differing [bond dissociation energies](/source/Bond_dissociation_energies): 425 and 411 [kJ](/source/Joule)/[mol](/source/Mole_(unit)) for the two types of C-H bonds.

## Uses

Normal butane can be used for [gasoline](/source/Gasoline) blending, as a [fuel](/source/Fuel) gas, fragrance extraction solvent, either alone or in a mixture with [propane](/source/Propane), and as a feedstock for the manufacture of [ethylene](/source/Ethylene) and [butadiene](/source/Butadiene), a key ingredient of [synthetic rubber](/source/Synthetic_rubber). [Isobutane](/source/Isobutane) is primarily used by [refineries](/source/Refineries) to enhance (increase) the [octane](/source/Octane) number of motor gasoline.[21][22][23][24]

For gasoline blending, *n*-butane is the main component used to manipulate the [Reid vapor pressure](/source/Reid_vapor_pressure) (RVP). Since winter [fuel](/source/Fuel) require much higher vapor pressure for engines to start, refineries raise the RVP by blending more butane into the fuel.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] *n*-Butane has a relatively high [research octane number](/source/Octane_rating#Research_Octane_Number_(RON)) (RON) and [motor octane number](/source/Octane_rating#Motor_Octane_Number_(MON)) (MON), which are 93 and 92 respectively.[25]

When blended with [propane](/source/Propane) and other hydrocarbons, the mixture may be referred to commercially as [liquefied petroleum gas](/source/Liquefied_petroleum_gas) (LPG). It is used as a petrol component, as a feedstock for the production of base [petrochemicals](/source/Petrochemicals) in [steam cracking](/source/Steam_cracking), as fuel for cigarette [lighters](/source/Lighter) and as a [propellant](/source/Propellant) in [aerosol sprays](/source/Aerosol_spray) such as [deodorants](/source/Deodorant).[26]

Pure forms of butane, especially isobutane, are used as [refrigerants](/source/Refrigerant) and have largely replaced the [ozone-layer-depleting](/source/Ozone_depletion) [halomethanes](/source/Halomethane) in refrigerators, freezers, and air conditioning systems. The operating pressure for butane is lower than operating pressures for halomethanes such as [Freon-12](/source/Dichlorodifluoromethane) (R-12). Hence, R-12 systems, such as those in automotive air conditioning systems, when converted to pure butane, will function poorly. Instead, a mixture of isobutane and propane is used to give cooling system performance comparable to R-12.[27]

Butane is also used as lighter fuel for common [lighters](/source/Lighter) or [butane torches](/source/Butane_torch), and is sold bottled as a fuel for cooking, barbecues and camping stoves. In the 20th century, the [Braun](/source/Braun_(company)) company of [Germany](/source/Germany) made a cordless hair styling device product that used butane as its heat source to produce [steam](/source/Steam).[28]

As fuel, butane is often mixed with small amounts of [mercaptans](/source/Mercaptan) to give the unburned gas an offensive smell easily detected by the human nose. In this way, butane leaks can easily be identified. While [hydrogen sulfide](/source/Hydrogen_sulfide) and mercaptans are toxic, they are present in levels so low that [suffocation](/source/Suffocation) and [fire hazard](/source/Fire_hazard) by the butane becomes a concern far before [toxicity](/source/Toxicity).[29][30] Most commercially available butane also contains some contaminant oil, which can be removed by filtration. If not removed, it will otherwise leave a deposit at the point of ignition and may eventually block the uniform flow of gas.[31]

The butane used as a solvent for fragrance extraction does not contain these contaminants.[32] Butane gas can cause [gas explosions](/source/Gas_explosion) in poorly ventilated areas if leaks go unnoticed and are ignited by spark or flame.[5] Purified butane is used as a solvent in the industrial extraction of cannabis oils.

		- Butane fuel canisters for use in camping stoves

		- Butane lighter, showing liquid butane reservoir

		- An aerosol spray can, which may be using butane as a propellant

		- Butane gas cylinder used for cooking

## Health effects

Table from the 2010 ISCD study ranking various drugs (legal and illegal) based on statements by drug-harm experts. Butane was found to be the 14th overall most dangerous drug.[33]

Inhalation of butane can cause [euphoria](/source/Euphoria), [drowsiness](/source/Drowsiness), [unconsciousness](/source/Unconsciousness), [asphyxia](/source/Asphyxia), [cardiac arrhythmia](/source/Cardiac_arrhythmia), fluctuations in blood pressure and temporary memory loss, when abused directly from a highly pressurized container, and can result in death from [asphyxiation](/source/Asphyxiation) and [ventricular fibrillation](/source/Ventricular_fibrillation). Butane enters the blood supply, and within seconds, leads to intoxication.[34] Butane is the most commonly abused [volatile](/source/Volatile_substance_abuse) substance in the UK, and was the cause of 52% of solvent related deaths in 2000.[35] By spraying butane directly into the throat, the jet of fluid can cool rapidly to −20 °C (−4 °F) by expansion, causing prolonged [laryngospasm](/source/Laryngospasm).[36] ["Sudden sniffer's death"](/source/Intoxicative_inhalant#Sudden_sniffing_death_syndrome) syndrome, first described by Bass in 1970,[37] is the most common single cause of solvent related deaths, resulting in 55% of known fatal cases.[36]

## See also

- [Cyclobutane](/source/Cyclobutane)

- [Volatile substance abuse](/source/Volatile_substance_abuse)

- [Butane (data page)](/source/Butane_(data_page))

- [Industrial gas](/source/Industrial_gas)

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-multiple_36-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-multiple_36-1) Ramsey J, Anderson HR, Bloor K, et al. (1989). "An introduction to the practice, prevalence and chemical toxicology of volatile substance abuse". *Hum Toxicol*. **8** (4): 261–269. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1989HETox...8..261R](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989HETox...8..261R). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1177/096032718900800403](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F096032718900800403). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [2777265](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2777265). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [19617950](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19617950).

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## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Butane](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Butane).

- [International Chemical Safety Card 0232](http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0232.htm)

- [NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards](https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0068.html)

v t e Alkanes Methane (CH4) Ethane (C2H6) Propane (C3H8) Butane (C4H10) Pentane (C5H12) Hexane (C6H14) Heptane (C7H16) Octane (C8H18) Nonane (C9H20) Decane (C10H22) Undecane (C11H24) Dodecane (C12H26) Tridecane (C13H28) Tetradecane (C14H30) Pentadecane (C15H32) Hexadecane / Cetane (C16H34) Heptadecane (C17H36) Octadecane (C18H38) Nonadecane (C19H40) Eicosane (C20H42) Heneicosane (C21H44) Tetracosane (C24H50) Nonacosane (C29H60) Hentriacontane (C31H64) Pentatriacontane (C35H72) Hectane (C100H202) Higher alkanes List of alkanes

v t e Binary compounds of hydrogen Alkali metal (Group 1) hydrides LiH NaH KH RbH CsH Alkaline (Group 2) earth hydrides Monohydrides BeH MgH CaH SrH BaH Dihydrides BeH2 MgH2 CaH2 SrH2 BaH2 Group 13 hydrides Boranes BH3 BH B2H6 B2H2 B2H4 B4H10 B5H9 B5H11 B6H10 B6H12 B10H14 B18H22 Alanes AlH3 Al2H6 Gallanes GaH3 Ga2H6 Indiganes InH3 In2H6 Thallanes TlH3 Tl2H6 Nihonanes (predicted) NhH NhH3 Nh2H6 NhH5 Group 14 hydrides Hydrocarbons alkanes alkenes alkynes Cycloalkanes Cycloalkenes Cycloalkynes Annulenes CH CH2 CH3 C2H Silanes SiH4 Si2H6 Si3H8 Si4H10 Si5H12 Si6H14 Si7H16 Si8H18 Si9H20 Si10H22 more... Silenes Si2H4 Silynes Si2H2 SiH Germanes GeH4 Ge2H6 Ge3H8 Ge4H10 Ge5H12 Stannanes SnH4 Sn2H6 Plumbanes PbH4 Flerovanes (predicted) FlH FlH2 FlH4 Pnictogen (Group 15) hydrides Azanes NH3 N2H4 N3H5 N4H6 N5H7 N6H8 N7H9 N8H10 N9H11 N10H12 more... Azenes N2H2 N3H3 N4H4 Phosphanes PH3 P2H4 P3H5 P4H6 P5H7 P6H8 P7H9 P8H10 P9H11 P10H12 more... Phosphenes P2H2 P3H3 P4H4 Arsanes AsH3 As2H4 Stibanes SbH3 Bismuthanes BiH3 Moscovanes McH3 (predicted) HN3 NH HN5 (hypothetical) NH5 (hypothetical) Hydrogen chalcogenides (Group 16 hydrides) Polyoxidanes H2O H2O2 H2O3 H2O4 H2O5 more... Polysulfanes H2S H2S2 H2S3 H2S4 H2S5 H2S6 H2S7 H2S8 H2S9 H2S10 more... Selanes H2Se H2Se2 Tellanes H2Te H2Te2 Polanes PoH2 Livermoranes LvH2 (predicted) HO HO2 HO3 H2O+–O– (hypothetical) H2S+-S- HS HS2 HDO D2O T2O Hydrogen halides (Group 17 hydrides) HF HCl HBr HI HAt HTs (predicted) Transition metal hydrides ScH2 YH2 YH3 YH6 YH9 LuH2 LuH3 LrH3 (predicted) TiH2 TiH4 ZrH2 ZrH4 HfH2 HfH4 VH VH2 NbH NbH2 TaH TaH2 CrH CrH2 CrHx FeH FeH2 FeH5 CoH2 RhH2 IrH3 NiH PdHx (x < 1) PtHx (x< 1) DsH2 (predicted) CuH AgH AuH RgH (predicted) ZnH2 CdH2 HgH Hg2H2 HgH2 CnH2 (predicted) Lanthanide hydrides LaH2 LaH3 LaH10 CeH2 CeH3 PrH2 PrH3 NdH2 NdH3 SmH2 SmH3 EuH2 GdH2 GdH3 TbH2 TbH3 DyH2 DyH3 HoH2 HoH3 ErH2 ErH3 TmH2 TmH3 YbH2 Actinide hydrides AcH2 ThH2 ThH4 Th4H15 PaH3 UH3 UH4 NpH2 NpH3 PuH2 PuH3 AmH2 AmH3 CmH2 BkH2 BkH3 CfH2 CfH3 Exotic matter hydrides PsH

v t e E numbers Colors (E100–199) Preservatives (E200–299) Antioxidants & acidity regulators (E300–399) Thickeners, stabilisers & emulsifiers (E400–499) pH regulators & anticaking agents (E500–599) Flavour enhancers (E600–699) Miscellaneous (E900–999) Additional chemicals (E1100–1599) Waxes (E900–909) Synthetic glazes (E910–919) Improving agents (E920–929) Packaging gases (E930–949) Sweeteners (E950–969) Foaming agents (E990–999) Calcium peroxide (E930) Argon (E938) Helium (E939) Dichlorodifluoromethane (E940) Nitrogen (E941) Nitrous oxide (E942) Butane (E943a) Isobutane (E943b) Propane (E944) Oxygen (E948) Hydrogen (E949)

v t e GABAA receptor positive modulators Alcohols Brometone Butanol Chloralodol Chlorobutanol (cloretone) Ethanol (alcohol) (alcoholic drink) Ethchlorvynol Isobutanol Isopropanol Menthol Methanol Methylpentynol Pentanol Petrichloral Propanol tert-Butanol (2M2P) tert-Pentanol (2M2B) Tribromoethanol Trichloroethanol Triclofos Trifluoroethanol Barbiturates (-)-DMBB Allobarbital Alphenal Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbexaclone Barbital Benzobarbital Benzylbutylbarbiturate Brallobarbital Brophebarbital Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital Butalbital Buthalital Butobarbital Butallylonal Carbubarb Crotylbarbital Cyclobarbital Cyclopentobarbital Difebarbamate Enallylpropymal Ethallobarbital Eterobarb Febarbamate Heptabarb Heptobarbital Hexethal Hexobarbital Methallatal Metharbital Methitural Methohexital Methylphenobarbital Narcobarbital Nealbarbital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Phetharbital Primidone Probarbital Propallylonal Propylbarbital Proxibarbital Reposal Secobarbital Sigmodal Spirobarbital Talbutal Tetrabamate Tetrabarbital Thialbarbital Thiamylal Thiobarbital Thiobutabarbital Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital Valofane Vinbarbital Vinylbital Benzodiazepines 2-Oxoquazepam 3-Hydroxyphenazepam Adinazolam Alprazolam Arfendazam Avizafone Bentazepam Bretazenil Bromazepam Bromazolam Brotizolam Camazepam Carburazepam Chlordiazepoxide Ciclotizolam Cinazepam Cinolazepam Clazolam Climazolam Clobazam Clonazepam Clonazolam Cloniprazepam Clorazepate Clotiazepam Cloxazolam CP-1414S Cyprazepam Delorazepam Demoxepam Diazepam Diclazepam Dimdazenil Doxefazepam Elfazepam Estazolam Ethyl carfluzepate Ethyl dirazepate Ethyl loflazepate Etizolam FG-8205 Fletazepam Flubromazepam Flubromazolam Fludiazepam Flunitrazepam Flunitrazolam Flurazepam Flutazolam Flutemazepam Flutoprazepam Fosazepam Gidazepam Halazepam Haloxazolam Iclazepam Imidazenil Irazepine Ketazolam Lofendazam Lopirazepam Loprazolam Lorazepam Lormetazepam Meclonazepam Medazepam Menitrazepam Metaclazepam Mexazolam Midazolam Motrazepam N-Desalkylflurazepam Nifoxipam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Nitrazepate Nitrazolam Nordazepam Nortetrazepam Oxazepam Oxazolam Phenazepam Pinazepam Pivoxazepam Prazepam Premazepam Proflazepam Pyrazolam QH-II-66 Quazepam Reclazepam Remimazolam Rilmazafone Ripazepam Ro48-6791 Ro48-8684 SH-053-R-CH3-2′F Sulazepam Temazepam Tetrazepam Tolufazepam Triazolam Triflubazam Triflunordazepam (Ro5-2904) Tuclazepam Uldazepam Zapizolam Zolazepam Zomebazam Carbamates Carisbamate Carisoprodol Clocental Cyclarbamate Difebarbamate Emylcamate Ethinamate Febarbamate Felbamate Hexapropymate Hydroxyphenamate Lorbamate Mebutamate Meprobamate Nisobamate Pentabamate Phenprobamate Procymate Styramate Tetrabamate Tybamate Flavonoids 6-Methylapigenin Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin) Apigenin Baicalein Baicalin Catechin EGC EGCG Hispidulin Linarin Luteolin Rc-OMe Skullcap constituents (e.g., baicalin) Wogonin Imidazoles Etomidate Metomidate Methoxyetomidate Propoxate Isopropoxate Butomidate Iso-butomidate Sec-butomidate CF2-Etomidate CF3-Etomidate CF3-Propoxate Flutomidate 2,6-Dichloro-3-fluoroetomidate Kava constituents 10-Methoxyyangonin 11-Methoxyyangonin 11-Hydroxyyangonin Desmethoxyyangonin 11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain 7,8-Dihydroyangonin Kavain 5-Hydroxykavain 5,6-Dihydroyangonin 7,8-Dihydrokavain 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin 5,6-Dehydromethysticin Methysticin 7,8-Dihydromethysticin Yangonin Monoureides Acecarbromal Apronal (apronalide) Bromisoval Carbromal Capuride Ectylurea Neurosteroids Acebrochol Allopregnanolone (brexanolone) Alfadolone Alfaxalone 3α-Androstanediol Androstenol Androsterone Certain anabolic-androgenic steroids Cholesterol Cortisol (hydrocortisone) DHDOC 3α-DHP 5α-DHP 5β-DHP DHT Etiocholanolone ETX-155 Ganaxolone Hydroxydione LPCN-1154 Minaxolone NORA-520 ORG-20599 ORG-21465 P1-185 Posovolone PRAX-114 Pregnanolone (eltanolone) Progesterone Renanolone SAGE-105 SAGE-324 SAGE-516 SAGE-689 SAGE-872 Testosterone THDOC Zuranolone Nonbenzodiazepines Cyclopyrrolones: Eszopiclone Pagoclone Pazinaclone Suproclone Suriclone Zopiclone Imidazopyridines: Alpidem DS-1 Necopidem Saripidem Zolpidem Pyrazolopyrimidines: Divaplon Fasiplon Indiplon Lorediplon Ocinaplon Panadiplon Taniplon Zaleplon Others: Adipiplon AXS-17 (BAER-101, AZD-7325) CGS-8216 CGS-9896 CGS-13767 CGS-20625 CL-218,872 CP-615,003 CTP-354 ELB-139 GBLD-345 Imepitoin JM-1232 L-838,417 Lirequinil (Ro41-3696) Miltirone (rosmariquinone) NS-2664 NS-2710 NS-11394 NS-11821 Pipequaline ROD-188 RWJ-51204 SB-205,384 SX-3228 TGSC01AA TP-003 TPA-023 TP-13 U-89843A U-90042 Viqualine Y-23684 Phenols Cipepofol Fospropofol Propofol Propofol hemisuccinate Thymol Piperidinediones Glutethimide Methyprylon Piperidione Pyrithyldione Pyrazolopyridines Cartazolate Etazolate ICI-190,622 Tracazolate Quinazolinones Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone SL-164 Volatiles/gases Acetone Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Aliflurane Benzene Butane Butylene Centalun Chloral Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Chloroform Cryofluorane Desflurane Dichloralphenazone Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethyl chloride Ethylene Fluroxene Gasoline Halopropane Halothane Isoflurane Kerosine Methoxyflurane Methoxypropane Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Norflurane Paraldehyde Propane Propylene Roflurane Sevoflurane Synthane Teflurane Toluene Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) Trichloroethylene Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium bromide, sodium bromide) Carbamazepine Chloralose Chlormezanone Clomethiazole Darigabat DEABL Deuterated etifoxine Dihydroergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergosine, dihydroergotamine, ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine)) DS2 Efavirenz Etazepine Etifoxine Fenamates (e.g., flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, niflumic acid, tolfenamic acid) Fluoxetine Flupirtine Hopantenic acid KRM-II-81 Lanthanum Lavender oil Lignans (e.g., 4-O-methylhonokiol, honokiol, magnolol, obovatol) Loreclezole Menthyl isovalerate (validolum) Monastrol Nezavist (DCUK-Oet) Nicotinic acid Nicotinamide NTX-1955 (RO-7308480) Org 25,435 Phenytoin Propanidid Retigabine (ezogabine) Safranal Seproxetine Stiripentol Sulfonylalkanes (e.g., sulfonmethane (sulfonal), tetronal, trional) Terpenoids (e.g., borneol) Topiramate Valerian constituents (e.g., isovaleric acid, isovaleramide, valerenic acid, valerenol) Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators: α-Pinene MRK-409 (MK-0343) TCS-1105 TCS-1205 See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • GABA receptor modulators • GABA metabolism/transport modulators

Authority control databases International GND National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Israel Other Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Butane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butane) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butane?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.