# Buserite

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{{Short description|Hydrated layered manganese-oxide mineral}}
'''Buserite''' is a hydrated layered [manganese](/source/Manganese_oxide)-[oxide mineral](/source/oxide_minerals) with nominal chemical formula {{chem2|MnO2*''n''H2O}}.  It  was named after [Swiss](/source/Swiss_people) chemist professor Wilhelm Buser (1917-1959), who first identified it in 1952 in deep-sea [manganese nodule](/source/manganese_nodule)s. Buser named it 10 [Å](/source/Angstrom) [manganate](/source/manganate) because the periodicity in the layer stacking direction was 10 [Å](/source/Angstrom). It was renamed buserite in 1970 by the nomenclature commission of the [International Mineralogical Association](/source/International_Mineralogical_Association) (IMA).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://classicgems.net/gem_buserite.htm|title=Buserite|website=classicgems.net|access-date=2021-04-30}}</ref> 

More recent crystallographic studies have shown that buserite is not a distinct mineral species, but a two-water layer form of the one-water layer phyllomanganate [birnessite](/source/birnessite), which has a characteristic periodicity of 7 [Å](/source/Angstrom) perpendicularly to the MnO<sub>2</sub> layers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Kuma|first=Kenshi|last2=Usui|first2=Akira|last3=Paplawsky|first3=William|last4=Gedulin|first4=Benjamin|last5=Arrhenius|first5=Gustaf|date=1994|title=Crystal structures of synthetic 7 Å and 10 Å manganates substituted by mono- and divalent cations|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0026461X00014936/type/journal_article|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|language=en|volume=58|issue=|pages=425–447|doi=10.1180/minmag.1994.058.392.08|issn=|hdl=2115/53250|hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|authorlink=Victor Drits|last=Drits|first=V. A.|last2=Silvester|first2=E.|last3=Gorshkov|first3=Anatoli I.|last4=[Manceau](/source/Alain_Manceau)|first4=A|display-authors=1|date=1997|title=Structure of synthetic monoclinic Na-rich birnessite and hexagonal birnessite; I, Results from X-ray diffraction and selected-area electron diffraction|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-1997-9-1012|journal=American Mineralogist|volume=82|pages=946–961|doi=10.2138/am-1997-9-1012|url-access=subscription}}</ref> When taken out of [water](/source/water), buserite may lose one layer of water and transform into [birnessite](/source/birnessite). Some buserite minerals are resistant to [dehydration](/source/Dehydration_reaction) to various degrees, however, depending on the structure of the interlayer. Buserite of marine [ferromanganese nodules](/source/ferromanganese_nodules) transforms into birnessite upon heating to 110 °C for several hours.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Usui|first=Akira|date=1995|title=Geochemistry and Mineralogy of a Modern Buserite Deposit from a Hot Spring in Hokkaido, Japan|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.1995.0430114|journal=Clays and Clay Minerals|volume=43|issue=|pages=116–127|doi=10.1346/ccmn.1995.0430114|issn=|url-access=subscription}}</ref> 

Natural buserite is most often finely grained and poorly-crystallized. The MnO<sub>2</sub> layers are generally stacked at random like in vernadite, which is a turbostratic [birnessite](/source/birnessite). For this reason, buserite is also named 10 [Å](/source/Angstrom) vernadite in the literature.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=[Manceau](/source/Alain_Manceau)|first=Alain|last2=Lanson|first2=Martine|last3=Geoffroy|first3=Nicolas|date=2007|title=Natural speciation of Ni, Zn, Ba, and As in ferromanganese coatings on quartz using X-ray fluorescence, absorption, and diffraction|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.08.036|journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta|volume=71|issue=1|pages=95–128|doi=10.1016/j.gca.2006.08.036|issn=|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The relationship between the [crystal structure](/source/crystal_structure) and the properties of hydrated phyllomanganates were studied by Newton and Kwon (2018) using molecular simulations:<ref name="NewtonKwon2018">{{cite journal|last1=Newton|first1=Aric G.|last2=Kwon|first2=Kideok D.|title=Molecular simulations of hydrated phyllomanganates|journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta|volume=235|year=2018|pages=208–223|issn=00167037|doi=10.1016/j.gca.2018.05.021|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Buserite reacts strongly with trace metals due to the presence of octahedral Mn<sup>4+</sup> vacancies in the MnO<sub>2</sub> layer.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Silvester|first=Ewen|last2=[Manceau](/source/Alain_Manceau)|first2=Alain|last3=Drits|first3=Victor A.|date=1997|title=Structure of synthetic monoclinic Na-rich birnessite and hexagonal birnessite; II, Results from chemical studies and EXAFS spectroscopy|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ammin/article/82/9-10/962-978/43365|journal=American Mineralogist|language=en|volume=82|issue=|pages=962–978|doi=10.2138/am-1997-9-1013|issn=|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The defective structure of phyllomanganates from the buserite-birnessite family affords them a key geochemical role in many environmental systems that affect soil and water composition via [cation exchange](/source/Ion_exchange) and [adsorption](/source/adsorption) of trace metals. Slight variations in their structural and [chemical composition](/source/chemical_composition) often result in a dramatic difference in their [chemical reactivity](/source/Reactivity_(chemistry)).

The enrichment in Co<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup> and Cu<sup>2+</sup> of 10 [Å](/source/Angstrom) vernadite in [manganese nodule](/source/manganese_nodule)s is manifold.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=[Manceau](/source/Alain_Manceau)|first=A.|last2=Lanson|first2=M.|last3=Takahashi|first3=Y.|date=2014|title=Mineralogy and crystal chemistry of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu in a deep-sea Pacific polymetallic nodule|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.2138/am-2014-4742/html|journal=American Mineralogist|language=en|volume=99|issue=|pages=2068–2083|doi=10.2138/am-2014-4742|issn=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

Category:Manganese minerals
Category:Oxide minerals
{{oxide-mineral-stub}}

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Buserite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buserite) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buserite?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.