# Burmanniales

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{{Short description|Former order of flowering plants}}[[File:Burmannia disticha.jpg|thumb|''Burmannia disticha'' <small>[L](/source/Carl_Linnaeus).</small><br>(Type species)]]'''Burmanniales''' <small>[Mart.](/source/Mart.)</small>{{sfn|Martius|1835|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32164#page/35/mode/1up Consp. Regn. Veg.: 9. Sep–Oct 1835]}}{{sfn|Reveal|2005}} (Burmanniales <small>[Blume](/source/Carl_Ludwig_Blume)</small>,{{sfn|Blume|1827|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/97559#page/43/mode/1up i p.&nbsp;27]}}{{sfn|Reveal|2007}} Burmanniales <small>[Heintze](/source/August_Heintze)</small>{{sfn|Heintze|1927|loc=pp.&nbsp;6, 159}}{{sfn|Reveal|1997}}){{efn|The [botanical authority](/source/botanical_authority) was attributed to Heintze by Hoogland and Reveal in 2005, {{sfn|Hoogland|Reveal|2005}} but subsequently revised to Martius in view of changes to the [International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants](/source/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae%2C_fungi%2C_and_plants) (ICN) at the [Vienna Botanical Congress](/source/International_Botanical_Congress) that year.{{sfn|Reveal|2005}} However the authority has also been attributed to Blume, by the same author.{{sfn|Reveal|2007}} The [Angiosperm Phylogeny Web](/source/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Web) gives Martius.{{sfn|Stevens|2015|loc=[http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/dioscorealesweb.htm Dioscoreales]}}}} was an [order](/source/Order_(biology)) of [monocotyledons](/source/monocotyledons), subsequently discontinued.

== Description ==
Small [perennial](/source/perennial) or [annual](/source/annual_plant) [mycorrhizal](/source/mycorrhizal) [herbs](/source/herbaceous) that are [achlorophyllous](/source/achlorophyllous) (lacking [chlorophyll](/source/chlorophyll)) and [mycotrophic](/source/mycotrophic) or less often [autotrophic](/source/autotrophic).{{sfn|Takhtajan|2009|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oumyfO-NHuUC&pg=PA636 Burmanniales pp.&nbsp;636–638]}}

== Systematics and taxonomy ==
[Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius](/source/Carl_Friedrich_Philipp_von_Martius) listed the ''ordo'' (that is, family){{efn|The term ''Ordo'' at that time was closer to what we now understand as Family, rather than [Order](/source/Order_(biology)).{{sfn|ICN|2011|loc=[http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=art18 18.2 Names of families and subfamilies, tribes and subtribes]}}{{sfn|Candolle|1813|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88297#page/204/mode/1up Des familles et des tribus pp.&nbsp;192–195]}}}} [Burmanniaceae](/source/Burmanniaceae) in 1835 and consequently has been cited as an authority, although he acknowledged earlier descriptions by [Carl Ludwig Blume](/source/Carl_Ludwig_Blume) (1827) and [John Lindley](/source/John_Lindley) (1830).{{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/325/mode/1up Burmanniae]}}

In 1927 Heintze elevated the Burmanniaceae family to the rank of the Burmanniales order.{{sfn|Heintze|1927|loc=p.&nbsp;6}} Subsequent authors have followed this, including Lawrence 1951,{{sfn|Lawrence|1951|loc=p.&nbsp;431}} [Hutchinson](/source/John_Hutchinson_(botanist)) 1973,{{sfn|Hutchinson|1973}} [Dahlgren](/source/Rolf_Dahlgren) 1980{{sfn|Dahlgren|1980}}) and [Thorne](/source/Robert_F_Thorne) 1992.{{sfn|Thorne|1992}} Johri ''et al.'' treat the 17 families of order [Liliiflorae](/source/Liliiflorae) as distributed over 5 [suborders](/source/suborders), including Burmanniineae <small>[Engl](/source/Adolf_Engler).</small>. The latter suborder was then considered to contain two families, Burmanniaceae and [Corsiaceae](/source/Corsiaceae).{{sfn|Johri|Ambegaokar|Srivastava|1992}} As [circumscribed](/source/Circumscription_(taxonomy)) by [Dahlgren](/source/Rolf_Dahlgren) (''[sensu](/source/sensu)'' Dahlgren) it was one of five orders belonging to the [superorder](/source/superorder) [Liliiflorae](/source/Liliiflorae) and was composed of three [families](/source/Family_(taxonomy)), Burmanniaceae (the [type](/source/type_(biology)) family), [Thismiaceae](/source/Thismiaceae), and Corsiaceae.{{sfn|Dahlgren|Clifford|Yeo|1985|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8YLuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA215 Burmanniales pp.&nbsp;215–219]}} Later, Burmanniales was included by [Takhtajan](/source/Takhtajan) in the 2009 revision of [his system](/source/Takhtajan_system) with the same family structure, as an order of superorder [Lilianae](/source/Lilianae) (as the Liliiflorae were renamed).{{sfn|Takhtajan|2009|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oumyfO-NHuUC&pg=PA636 Burmanniales pp.&nbsp;636–638]}}

=== Phylogeny ===
Historically the Burmanniales were considered the closest to the [orchids](/source/orchids), being [epigynous](/source/epigynous) with small seeds, although this was not supported when subjected to [cladistic](/source/cladistic) analysis,{{sfn|Rasmussen|1995}}{{sfn|Rasmussen|2000|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YzQBUQqLS0YC&pg=PA432 p.&nbsp;432]}} suggesting these characteristics were actually [convergent](/source/convergent_evolution).{{sfn|Chase|2004}} [Phylogenetic analysis](/source/Phylogenetic_analysis) showed that Burmanniales was actually [polyphyletic](/source/polyphyletic),{{sfn|Neyland|2002}}{{sfn|Neyland|Hennigan|2003}} resulting in a redistribution of the families between the [Liliales](/source/Liliales) and [Dioscoreales](/source/Dioscoreales) orders. With the type family Burmanniaceae placed in Dioscoreales (together with Thismiaceae), the Burmanniales order became redundant and was discontinued.

=== Etymology ===
The name is derived by [typification](/source/typification) from the [type genus](/source/type_genus) ''[Burmannia](/source/Burmannia_(plant))'', named after the Dutch botanist [Johannes Burman](/source/Johannes_Burman) (1707–1779),{{sfn|Quattrocchi|2000|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=A68qyOyhOdkC&pg=PA377 i p.&nbsp;377]}} followed by the [suffix](/source/suffix) -iales, to indicate the rank of order.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}

=== Books ===
* {{cite book|last1=Blume|first1=Carl Ludwig|authorlink=Carl Ludwig Blume|title=Enumeratio plantarum Javae et insularum adjacentium : minus cognitarum vel novarum ex herbariis Reinwardtii, Kuhlii, Hasseltii et Blumii |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/44901#/summary|date=1827–1830|publisher=van Leeuwen|location=Leiden|language=latin|ref={{harvid|Blume|1827}}}}
* {{cite book|last1 =  Candolle|first1=A. P. de|year = 1813|authorlink=A. P. de Candolle|title = Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/39705#/summary|access-date=5 February 2014|language=french}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dahlgren |first1=R.M. |last2=Clifford |first2=H.T. |last3=Yeo |first3=P.F. |authorlink=Rolf Dahlgren|title=The families of the monocotyledons: Structure, evolution and taxonomy |year=1985 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=Berlin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC|isbn= 978-3-642-64903-5| access-date=10 February 2014}}
* {{cite book|last1=Heintze|first1=August|authorlink=August Heintze|title=Cormofyternas Fylogeni (Phylogenie der cormophyten)|date=1927|publisher=[Håkan Ohlssons boktryckeri](/source/%3Asv%3AH%C3%A5kan_Ohlssons_boktryckeri)|location=Lund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sSRVAAAAMAAJ|access-date=10 January 2016|language=german}}
* {{cite book|last=Hutchinson|first=John|authorlink=John Hutchinson (botanist)|title=The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols|date=1973|edition=3rd|publisher=[Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press)|isbn=978-3-87429-160-6}}
* {{cite book|last1=Johri|first1=B.M.|last2=Ambegaokar|first2=K.B.|last3=Srivastava|first3=P.S.|title=Comparative embryology of angiosperms|date=1992|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-642-76395-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0MHuCAAAQBAJ|access-date=10 January 2016}}
* {{cite book|last1=Lawrence|first1=George Hill Mathewson|title=Taxonomy of vascular plants|date=1951|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/taxonomyofvascul0000lawr_a3w9|url-access=registration|access-date=10 January 2016}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|authorlink=John Lindley|title=An introduction to the natural system of botany: or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom : together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy|year=1830|publisher=Longman|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7551#/summary|access-date=2 February 2014}}
* {{cite book|last1=Martius|first1=Karl Friedrich Philipp von|authorlink=Karl Martius|title=Conspectus regni vegetabilis: secundum characteres morphologicos praesertim carpicos in classes ordines et familias digesti...|date= 1835|publisher=Schrag|location=[Nuremberg](/source/Nuremberg)|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7730#/summary|access-date=9 January 2016|language=latin, german}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Rudall |editor1-first=P.J. |editor2-last=Cribb |editor2-first=P.J. |editor3-last=Cutler |editor3-first=D.F. |editor4-last=Humphries |editor4-first=C.J. |editor-link=Paula Rudall|year=1995 |title=Monocotyledons: systematics and evolution (Proceedings of the International Symposium on Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution, Kew 1993)|publisher=[Royal Botanic Gardens](/source/Royal_Botanic_Gardens_Kew) |location=Kew |isbn=978-0-947643-85-0 |url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/M/bo9856357.html |access-date=14 January 2014 |ref={{harvid|Rudall et al|1995}} }}
* {{cite book|last1=Quattrocchi|first1=Umberto|title=CRC world dictionary of plant names: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology|date=2000|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-2673-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A68qyOyhOdkC}}
* {{cite book |last= Takhtajan|first=Armen Leonovich |authorlink=Takhtadzhi︠a︡n|title=Flowering Plants |year=2009 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-9609-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oumyfO-NHuUC|access-date=7 January 2014}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last= Wilson|editor1-first= K. L. |editor2-last=Morrison |editor2-first=D. A.|title=Monocots: Systematics and evolution (Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons, Sydney, Australia 1998)|year=2000|publisher=[CSIRO](/source/CSIRO)|location=Collingwood, Australia|url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/2424.htm|isbn=978-0-643-06437-9|access-date=14 January 2014 }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=YzQBUQqLS0YC Excerpts]

=== Chapters ===
* {{cite book|last1=Rasmussen|first1=F. N.|title=Relationships of Burmanniales and Orchidales|pages=227–241|ref={{harvid|Rasmussen|1995}}}}, in {{harvtxt|Rudall et al|1995}}
* {{cite book|last1=Rasmussen|first1=Finn N|title=Ins and Outs of orchid phylogeny|pages=430–435|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzQBUQqLS0YC&pg=PA430|isbn=978-0-643-09929-6|date=2000-05-19}}, in {{harvtxt|Wilson|Morrison|2000}}

=== Articles ===
* {{cite journal |last=Chase|first=Mark W.  |authorlink=Mark Chase|date=2004 |title=Monocot relationships: an overview |journal=[American Journal of Botany](/source/American_Journal_of_Botany) |volume=91 |issue=10 |pages=1645–1655 |doi=10.3732/ajb.91.10.1645 |pmid=21652314|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Dahlgren|first1=R. M. T.|title=A revised system of classification of the angiosperms|journal=[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society](/source/Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society)|date=February 1980|volume=80|issue=2|pages=91–124|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1980.tb01661.x}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Hoogland|first1=Ruurd D.|last2=Reveal|first2=James L.|authorlink2=James Reveal|title=Index Nominum Familiarum Plantarum Vascularium|journal=The Botanical Review|date=January 2005|volume=71|issue=1|pages=1–291|doi=10.1663/0006-8101(2005)071[0001:INFPV]2.0.CO;2}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Merckx|first1=V.|last2=Schols|first2=P.|last3=Kamer|first3=H. M.-v. d.|last4=Maas|first4=P.|last5=Huysmans|first5=S.|last6=Smets|first6=E.|title=Phylogeny and evolution of Burmanniaceae (Dioscoreales) based on nuclear and mitochondrial data|journal=[American Journal of Botany](/source/American_Journal_of_Botany)|date=1 November 2006|volume=93|issue=11|pages=1684–1698|doi=10.3732/ajb.93.11.1684|pmid=21642114|url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/422338}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Neyland|first1=Ray|last2=Hennigan|first2=Melissa|title=A phylogenetic analysis of large‐subunit (26S) ribosome DNA sequences suggests that the Corsiaceae are polyphyletic|journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany|date=March 2003|volume=41|issue=1|pages=1–11|doi=10.1080/0028825X.2003.9512828|s2cid=84392170|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Neyland|first1=Ray|title=A phylogeny inferred from large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA sequences suggests that Burmanniales is polyphyletic|journal=[Australian Systematic Botany](/source/Australian_Systematic_Botany)|date=February 2002|volume=15|issue=1|pages=19–28|doi=10.1071/SB01001}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Thorne|first1=Robert F|authorlink=Robert F. Thorne|year = 1992|title = Classification and geography of flowering plants|journal = Botanical Review|volume = 58|pages = 225–348|doi = 10.1007/BF02858611|issue = 3|s2cid=40348158}}

=== Websites ===
* {{cite web|last=ICN |author-link=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants|url=http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title|publisher=[International Association for Plant Taxonomy](/source/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy)|access-date=2 February 2014|location=[Bratislava](/source/Bratislava)|year=2011}}
* {{cite web|last1=Reveal|first1=James L|authorlink=James Reveal|title= Thorne System of Classification: Liliidae|url= http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/pb250/thor3.html|website=Plant Systematics|publisher=University of Maryland: Norton-Brown Herbarium|access-date=10 January 2016|format=pbio 250 Lecture Notes|date=5 Nov 1997}}
* {{cite web|last1=Reveal|first1=James L|authorlink=James Reveal|title=Latest NEWS on Vascular Plant Family Nomenclature|url=http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/famcorr2005.html|website=Plant systematics|publisher=University of Maryland: Norton-Brown Herbarium|date=21 Sep 2005|access-date=12 January 2016}}
* {{cite web|last1=Reveal|first1=James L|authorlink=James Reveal|title=Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium|url=http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/inspv2.html|website=Plant systematics|publisher=University of Maryland: Norton-Brown Herbarium|date=1 Oct 2007|access-date=12 January 2016}}
* {{citation |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |authorlink=Peter F. Stevens|date=2015|orig-year= 2001 |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |publisher=[Missouri Botanical Garden](/source/Missouri_Botanical_Garden)|url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APWeb/|access-date=12 January 2016}}
{{refend}}

Category:Historically recognized angiosperm orders

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Burmanniales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmanniales) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmanniales?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.