# Bukid language

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The **Bukid language**, ***Binukid***, ***Binokid*** or ***Bukidnon***, is an [Austronesian language](/source/Austronesian_languages) spoken by [indigenous peoples](/source/Lumad) of [Northern Mindanao](/source/Northern_Mindanao) in the southern [Philippines](/source/Philippines). The word *Bukid* means 'mountain' or 'highland' while *Binukid* means 'in the manner, or style, of the mountain or highland'. In Bukidnon province, it is referred to as [Higaonon](/source/Higaonon_language).[citation needed]

## Distribution and dialects

Binukid is spoken in the north of the island [Mindanao](/source/Mindanao) in southern Philippines; it is spoken in the following areas:[2]

- central and northern [Bukidnon Province](/source/Bukidnon_Province)
- northeastern [Lanao del Norte](/source/Lanao_del_Norte) Province
- [Misamis Oriental](/source/Misamis_Oriental) Province: [Cagayan de Oro](/source/Cagayan_de_Oro) area including southwest of [Gingoog](/source/Gingoog) Bay
- very small border strip of [Lanao del Sur](/source/Lanao_del_Sur)

Binukid has many dialects, but there is [mutual intelligibility](/source/Mutual_intelligibility). The dialect of [Malaybalay](/source/Malaybalay), in the [Pulangi](/source/Pulangi_River) area, is considered to be the [prestige](/source/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)) and [standard](/source/Standard_language) variety.[3]

## Phonology

Binukid consists of twenty segmental [phonemes](/source/Phoneme) and one [suprasegmental](/source/Segment_(linguistics)) phoneme.[4] The [syllable](/source/Syllable) is the basic unit of word structure, and each syllable consists of one vowel and one or two consonants only, arranged in the following patterns: CV, CVC and, in some instances, CCV (which is found mostly in [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language) loanwords). A word consists of one or more of these syllables.

### Consonants

There are 16 [consonants](/source/Consonant) in Binukid. In some instances, there is a [voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate](/source/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate) [t͡ɕ] which appears in Spanish loanwords.

Binukid consonants Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n ŋ Stop voiceless p t k ʔ voiced b d ɡ Fricative s h Lateral l Tap ɾ Semivowel j w

The phoneme [ɾ] is sometimes trilled which is used in intervocalic position or in Spanish loanwords by some speakers. All consonants except [h] are found in initial and final position in the syllable; [h] is found only syllable-initial.

### Vowels

There are generally four [vowels](/source/Vowel) in Binukid.[4]

Binukid vowels Front (unrounded) Central (unrounded) Back (rounded) Close i u Close-mid ɘ Open ä

### Suprasegmentals

There is a suprasegmental phoneme of [stress](/source/Stress_(linguistics)) which usually falls on the penultimate syllable. Stress give contrast to words of the same segmental phonemes; for example *beleng* [ˈbɘlɘŋ] means 'surprise' while *beléng* [bɘˈlɘŋ] means 'drunk'. Long words may have more than one stress: *balángkawítan* [bäˌläŋkaˈwitän] 'rooster'. Stress commonly shifts when suffixes are added to the word (as in *kahibeléngan* 'mysterious') or when the speaker wishes to emphasize the word.

## Grammar

### Pronouns

The following set of pronouns are the pronouns found in the Bukid language. The /d/-final allomorphs of the vowel-final NOM or GEN pronouns are used almost exclusively before *en* ('already'), a bound adverbial.[5]

Binukid pronouns NOM or GEN free NOM bound GEN bound OBL free or bound 1st person singular siak a(d) ku(d) kanak 2nd person singular sikaw ka(d) nu(d) ikaw 3rd person singular Ø Ø din kandin 1st person dual sikit ki(d) ta(d) kanit 1st person plural inclusive sikuy kuy taw kanuy 1st person plural exclusive sikay kay day kanay 2nd person plural sinyu kaw nuy inyu 3rd person plural siran siran dan kandan

## Writing system and orthography

The [Latin script](/source/Latin_script) is used in writing the language. In the dictionary by the LSP and SIL (1992, pp. x–xi), the alphabet employed consists of the following letters which correspond to one phoneme. Word-initial and word-final glottal stops are not written but glottal stops following a consonant is marked by a hyphen. Example: *hab-ung* [ˈhäbʔuŋ] 'mildew'. The phoneme [ŋ] is represented by a digraph , which is sometimes considered a separate letter.

Letter Aa Bb Kk Dd Ee Gg Hh Ii Ll Mm Nn Pp Rr Ss Tt Uu Ww Yy Phoneme ä b k d ɘ g h i l m n p ɾ s t u w j

Other letters, such as c, f, j, q, and z, are used in proper nouns or loanwords that have not had their spellings altered.

Suprasegmental phonemes and [glottalization](/source/Glottalization) are featured in writing Binukid.[6] Stress can be indicated by an acute accent . A grave accent can be marked over syllable- or word-final vowel to indicate a following glottal stop. If stress is shown on the final letter and there is a following glottal stop, a circumflex accent can be used. There is no marking for words whose stress falls on the penultimate syllable and without a secondary stress.

Examples:

- *sala* [ˈsälä] 'living room'
- *salà* [ˈsäläʔ] 'small cut'
- *salâ* [säˈläʔ] 'sin'
- *pahid* [ˈpähid] 'to wipe'
- *pahíd* [päˈhid] 'shrub'
- *balángkawítan* [bäˌläŋkaˈwitän] 'rooster'
- *talètè* [täˈlɘʔtɘʔ] 'lizard'

The plural particle marker *manga* is written *mga*, following accepted Philippine usage.

## Notes

1. ["2010 Census of Population and Housing: Philippines"](https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/PHIILIPPINES_FINAL%20PDF.pdf). Philippine Statistics Authority.

1. *Ethnologue*

1. LSP and SIL 1992, pp. x–xi.

1. Atherton 1953.

1. Peng 2008, p. 180.

1. see, for example, LSP and SIL (1992, pp. x–xi) and Peng (2008)

## References

- Atherton, William (1953). "Binokid Phonemes". *Folklore Studies*. **12**: 101–104. [doi:10.2307/1177412](https://doi.org/10.2307/1177412). [JSTOR 1177412](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1177412)
- [*Binukid Dictionary*](http://mag-anak.org/language/files/BinukidDictionary.pdf). Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines and Summer Institute of Linguistics. 1992. ISBN 971-1059-23-1. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160820044931/http://mag-anak.org/language/files/BinukidDictionary.pdf) 2016-08-20 at the Wayback Machine.
- Peng, Adam (2008). ["Binukid Pronominal Clisis"](https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/42067). *Studies in Philippine Languages and Cultures*. **17**: 179–212.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Bukid language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukid_language) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukid_language?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.