# Building

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Enclosed structure

For the act of making buildings, see [Construction](/source/Construction). For structures not intended for human occupancy, see [Nonbuilding structure](/source/Nonbuilding_structure). For other uses, see [Building (disambiguation)](/source/Building_(disambiguation)) and [Edifice (disambiguation)](/source/Edifice_(disambiguation)).

For [technical reasons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(technical_restrictions)), "Building #19" redirects here. For the store chain, see [Building 19](/source/Building_19).

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Building" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Short visual [history](/source/History_of_architecture) of [architectural styles](/source/Architectural_style) (from left to right): the [Ishtar Gate](/source/Ishtar_Gate) ([Mesopotamian](/source/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia)); the Temple of [Isis](/source/Isis) from [Philae](/source/Philae) ([Ancient Egyptian](/source/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture)); the [Maison Carrée](/source/Maison_Carr%C3%A9e) ([Greco](/source/Ancient_Greek_architecture)-[Roman](/source/Ancient_Roman_architecture)); the [Kandariya Mahadeva Temple](/source/Kandariya_Mahadeva_Temple) ([Indian](/source/Indian_architecture)); the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests of the [Temple of Heaven](/source/Temple_of_Heaven) ([Chinese](/source/Chinese_architecture)); the [Basilica of San Vitale](/source/Basilica_of_San_Vitale) ([Byzantine](/source/Byzantine_architecture)); [Badshahi Mosque](/source/Badshahi_Mosque) ([Islamic](/source/Islamic_architecture)); the [Durham Cathedral](/source/Durham_Cathedral) ([Romanesque](/source/Romanesque_architecture)); [Sainte-Chapelle](/source/Sainte-Chapelle) ([Gothic](/source/Gothic_architecture)); [the Tempietto](/source/San_Pietro_in_Montorio#The_Tempietto) ([Renaissance](/source/Renaissance_architecture)); [Château de Maisons](/source/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Maisons) ([Baroque](/source/Baroque_architecture)); [boiserie](/source/Boiserie) from the Hôtel de Varengeville ([Rococo](/source/Rococo)); the [Petit Trianon](/source/Petit_Trianon) ([Neoclassical](/source/Neoclassical_architecture)); [Grand Central Terminal](/source/Grand_Central_Terminal), [Midtown](/source/Midtown_Manhattan) [Manhattan](/source/Manhattan), [New York City](/source/New_York_City) ([Beaux-Arts](/source/Beaux-Arts_architecture)); the [Castel Béranger](/source/Castel_B%C3%A9ranger) ([Art Nouveau](/source/Art_Nouveau)); the [Théâtre des Champs-Élysées](/source/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es) ([Art Deco](/source/Art_Deco)); the [Fagus Factory](/source/Fagus_Factory) ([Modern](/source/Modern_architecture)); and the [Neue Staatsgalerie](/source/Neue_Staatsgalerie) ([Postmodern](/source/Postmodern_architecture))

A **building** or **edifice** is an enclosed [structure](/source/Structure#Load-bearing) with a [roof](/source/Roof), [walls](/source/Wall) and often [windows](/source/Window), usually standing permanently in one place,[1] such as a [house](/source/House) or [factory](/source/Factory).[1] Buildings come in a variety of [sizes](/source/Size), [shapes](/source/Shape), and functions, and have been adapted throughout history for numerous factors, from [building materials](/source/Building_material) available, to weather conditions, land prices, ground conditions, specific uses, [prestige](/source/Monument), and aesthetic reasons. To better understand the concept, see *[Nonbuilding structure](/source/Nonbuilding_structure)* for contrast.

 A historical building in [Tabriz](/source/Tabriz), [Iran](/source/Iran)

Buildings serve several societal needs – occupancy, primarily as shelter from weather, security, living space, privacy, to store belongings, and to comfortably live and work. A building as a shelter represents a physical separation of the [human habitat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_habitats) (a place of comfort and safety) from the *outside* (a place that may be harsh and harmful at times).

Buildings have been objects or canvasses of much [artistic expression](/source/Architecture). In recent years, interest in [sustainable planning](/source/Sustainable_engineering) and [building practices](/source/Architectural_engineering) has become an intentional part of the [design process](/source/Building_design) of many [new buildings](/source/Contemporary_architecture) and other structures, usually [green buildings.](/source/Green_building)

## Definition

[Skyscrapers](/source/Skyscraper) under construction in [Kalasatama](/source/Kalasatama), [Helsinki](/source/Helsinki), [Finland](/source/Finland) (2021)

A building is 'a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place';[1] "there was a three-storey building on the corner"; "it was an imposing edifice". In the broadest interpretation a [fence](/source/Fence) or wall is a building.[2] However, the word *structure* is used more broadly than *building*, to include natural and human-made formations[3] and ones that do not have walls; *structure* is more often used for a fence. [Sturgis' Dictionary](/source/Russell_Sturgis) included that "[building] differs from [architecture](/source/Architecture) in excluding all idea of artistic treatment; and it differs from [construction](/source/Construction) in the idea of excluding scientific or highly skillful treatment."[4]

*Structural height* in technical usage is the height to the highest architectural detail on the building from street level. Spires and masts may or may not be included in this height, depending on how they are classified. Spires and masts used as antennas are not generally included. The distinction between a low-rise and high-rise building is a matter of debate, but generally three stories or less is considered low-rise.[5]

## History

See also: [History of architecture](/source/History_of_architecture)

There is clear evidence of homebuilding from around 18,000 BC.[6] Buildings became common during the [Neolithic period](/source/Neolithic_architecture).[7]

## Types

Main article: [List of building types](/source/List_of_building_types)

A [timber-framed house](/source/Timber_framing) in [Marburg](/source/Marburg), [Germany](/source/Germany)

[Belle Époque](/source/Belle_%C3%89poque) city-house on Strada Arthur Verona in [Bucharest](/source/Bucharest), [Romania](/source/Romania), currently part of a bookshop

The Mitilineu House, a city-house in Bucharest, dating from 1898

### Residential

Main article: [List of house types](/source/List_of_house_types)

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Building" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Single-family residential buildings are most often called *[houses](/source/House)* or *[homes](/source/Home)*. Multi-family residential buildings containing more than one dwelling unit are called *[duplexes](/source/Duplex_(building))* or *[apartment buildings](/source/Apartment_building)*. *[Condominiums](/source/Condominium_(living_space))* are apartments that occupants [own](/source/Homeownership) rather than [rent](/source/Lease). Houses may be built in pairs ([semi-detached](/source/Semi-detached)) or in terraces, where all but two of the houses have others on either side. Apartments may be built around [courtyards](/source/Courtyard) or as rectangular blocks surrounded by plots of ground. Houses built as single dwellings may later be divided into apartments or [bedsitters](/source/Bedsitter), or converted to other uses (e.g., offices or shops). [Hotels](/source/Hotel), especially of the extended-stay variety ([apartels](/source/Apartel)), can be classed as residential.

Building types may range from [huts](/source/Hut_(dwelling)) to multimillion-dollar [high-rise](/source/High-rise) [apartment blocks](/source/Apartment_block) able to house thousands of people. Increasing settlement density in buildings (and smaller distances between buildings) is usually a response to high ground prices resulting from the desire of many people to live close to their places of employment or similar attractors.

Terms for residential buildings reflect such characteristics as *function* (e.g., [holiday cottage](/source/Holiday_cottage) (vacation home) or [timeshare](/source/Timeshare) if occupied seasonally); *size* ([cottage](/source/Cottage) or [great house](/source/Great_house)); *value* ([shack](/source/Shack) or [mansion](/source/Mansion)); *manner of construction* ([log home](/source/Log_home) or [mobile home](/source/Mobile_home)); *architectural style* ([castle](/source/Castle) or [Victorian](/source/Victorian_house)); and *proximity to geographical features* ([earth shelter](/source/Earth_sheltering), [stilt house](/source/Stilt_house), [houseboat](/source/Houseboat), or floating home). For residents in need of special care or those society considers dangerous enough to deprive of [liberty](/source/Freedom), there are [institutions](/source/Total_institution) ([nursing homes](/source/Nursing_home), [orphanages](/source/Orphanage), [psychiatric hospitals](/source/Psychiatric_hospital), and [prisons](/source/Prison)) and group housing ([barracks](/source/Barracks) and [dormitories](/source/Dormitory)).

Historically, many people lived in communal buildings called [longhouses](/source/Longhouse), smaller dwellings called [pit-houses](/source/Pit-house), and houses combined with barns, sometimes called [housebarns](/source/Housebarn).

Common [building materials](/source/Building_material) include brick, concrete, stone, and combinations thereof. Buildings are defined to be substantial, permanent structures. Such forms as [yurts](/source/Yurt) and [motorhomes](/source/Motorhome) are therefore considered *[dwellings](/source/Dwelling)* but not *buildings*.

[Otto Wulff office building](/source/Otto_Wulff_Building) in [Buenos Aires](/source/Buenos_Aires), [Argentina](/source/Argentina)

### Commercial

A commercial building is one in which at least one [business](/source/Business) is based and people do not live. Examples include [stores](/source/Retail_store), [restaurant](/source/Restaurant), and [hotels](/source/Hotel).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Industrial

Industrial buildings are those in which [heavy industry](/source/Heavy_industry) is done, such as [manufacturing](/source/Manufacturing). These edifices include [warehouses](/source/Warehouse) and [factories](/source/Factory).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Agricultural

Agricultural buildings are the [outbuildings](/source/Outbuilding), such as [barns](/source/Barn) located on [farms](/source/Farm).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Mixed use

Some buildings incorporate several or multiple different uses, most commonly commercial and residential.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Complex

[Aluminum](/source/Aluminium) panel framed [steel building](/source/Steel_building) in Korea

Sometimes a group of interrelated (and possibly inter-connected) builds are referred to as a complex – for example, a [housing complex](/source/Housing_complex),[8] educational complex,[9] hospital complex, etc.

## Creation

The practice of designing, constructing, and operating buildings is generally a collective effort of different groups of [professionals](/source/Professional) and [trades](/source/Tradesperson). Depending on the size, complexity, and purpose of a particular building project, the project team may include:

- A [real estate developer](/source/Real_estate_developer) who secures [funding](/source/Funding) for the project;

- One or more financial institutions or other investors that provide the funding;

- Local planning and code authorities;

- A [surveyor](/source/Quantity_surveyor) who performs an ALTA/ACSM and construction surveys throughout the project;

- [Construction managers](/source/Construction_management) who coordinate the effort of different groups of project participants;

- Licensed [architects](/source/Architect) and [engineers](/source/Structural_engineering) who provide [building design](/source/Building_design) and prepare [construction documents](/source/Technical_drawing);

- The principal design engineering disciplines which normally include the following professionals: [civil](/source/Civil_engineering), [structural](/source/Structural_engineering), [mechanical](/source/Mechanical_engineering) engineers, [building services](/source/Building_services_engineering), [HVAC](/source/Heating%2C_ventilation%2C_and_air_conditioning) (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning), [plumbing](/source/Plumbing) and [drainage](/source/Drainage). Other design engineer specialists may also be involved such as [fire prevention](/source/Fire_prevention), [acoustic](/source/Acoustical_engineering), [façade engineers](/source/Fa%C3%A7ade_engineering), building physics, Telecoms, AV (Audio Visual), BMS (Building Management Systems) Automatic controls etc. These design engineers also prepare construction documents which are issued to specialist contractors to obtain a price for the works and to follow for the installations.

- [Landscape architects](/source/Landscape_architect);

- [Interior designers](/source/Interior_design);

- Other consultants;

- [Contractors](/source/General_contractor) who provide [construction](/source/Construction) services and install building systems such as [climate control](/source/HVAC), [electrical](/source/Electrician), [plumbing](/source/Plumbing), [decoration](/source/Painter_and_decorator), [fire protection](/source/Fire_protection), [security](/source/Security) and [telecommunications](/source/Telecommunications);

- Marketing or [leasing](/source/Leasing) agents;

- [Facility managers](/source/Facility_management) who are responsible for operating the building.

Buildings are typically subject to planning and building regulations depending on their jurisdiction, including [zoning ordinances](/source/Zoning_ordinance), [building codes](/source/Building_code), and other regulations such as [fire codes](/source/Fire_code), [life safety codes](/source/Life_safety_code), and related standards.

Vehicles—such as [trailers](/source/Trailer_(vehicle)), [caravans](/source/Travel_trailer), [ships](/source/Ship), and passenger [aircraft](/source/Aircraft)—are treated as "buildings" for life safety purposes.

### Ownership and funding

- [Mortgage loan](/source/Mortgage_loan)

- [Real estate developer](/source/Real_estate_developer)

## Environmental impacts

This section is an excerpt from [Green building § Reducing environmental impact](/source/Green_building#Reducing_environmental_impact).[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_building&action=edit)]

Buildings represent a large part of energy, electricity, water, and materials consumption. As of 2020, they account for 37% of global energy use and energy-related CO2 emissions, which the United Nations estimates contributed to 33% of overall worldwide emissions.[10][11] Including the manufacturing of building materials, the global CO2 emissions were 39%.[12] If new technologies in construction are not adopted during this time of rapid growth, emissions could double by 2050, according to the [United Nations Environment Program](/source/United_Nations_Environment_Programme).

Glass buildings, especially all-glass skyscrapers, contribute significantly to climate change due to their energy inefficiency. While these structures are visually appealing and allow abundant natural light, they also trap heat, necessitating increased use of air conditioning systems, which contributes to higher carbon emissions. Experts advocate for design modifications and potential restrictions on all-glass edifices to mitigate their detrimental environmental impact.[13][14]

Buildings account for a large amount of land. According to the [National Resources Inventory](/source/National_Resources_Inventory), approximately 107 million acres (430,000 km2) of land in the United States are developed. The [International Energy Agency](/source/International_Energy_Agency) released a publication that estimated that existing buildings are responsible for more than 40% of the world's total primary energy consumption and for 24% of global carbon dioxide emissions.[15][16]

See also: [Green building](/source/Green_building), [Low-energy house](/source/Low-energy_house), and [Zero-energy building](/source/Zero-energy_building)

## Building services

### Physical plant

Main article: [Physical plant](/source/Physical_plant)

The BB&T Building in [Macon, Georgia](/source/Macon%2C_Georgia) is constructed of [aluminum](/source/Aluminum).

Any building requires a certain general amount of internal infrastructure to function, which includes such elements like heating / cooling, power and telecommunications, water and wastewater etc. Especially in [commercial buildings](/source/Commercial_building) (such as offices or factories), these can be extremely intricate systems taking up large amounts of space (sometimes located in separate areas or double floors / false ceilings) and constitute a big part of the regular maintenance required.

### Conveying systems

Systems for [transport](/source/Transport) of people within buildings:

- [Elevator](/source/Elevator) An under construction building in Pune, India. It is a high rise building, located in the South-Eastern Part of the city. In an area commonly known as 'Nine Hills'.

- [Escalator](/source/Escalator)

- [Moving sidewalk](/source/Moving_sidewalk) (horizontal and inclined)

Systems for transport of people between interconnected buildings:

- [Skyway](/source/Skyway)

- [Underground city](/source/Underground_city)

## Building damage

A building in [Massueville](/source/Massueville) ([Quebec](/source/Quebec), [Canada](/source/Canada)) engulfed by [fire](/source/Fire)

Buildings may be damaged during construction or during maintenance. They may be damaged by accidents[17] involving storms, explosions, subsidence caused by mining,[18] water withdrawal[19] or poor foundations[20] and landslides.[21] Buildings may suffer [fire damage](/source/Fire_damage)[22][23] and flooding.[24] They may become dilapidated through lack of proper maintenance, or alteration work improperly carried out.

## See also

- [Architecture portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Architecture)

- [Autonomous building](/source/Autonomous_building)

- [Commercial modular construction](/source/Commercial_modular_construction)

- [Earthquake engineering](/source/Earthquake_engineering)

- [Float glass](/source/Float_glass)

- [Hurricane-proof building](/source/Hurricane-proof_building)

- [List of largest buildings](/source/List_of_largest_buildings)

- [List of tallest buildings](/source/List_of_tallest_buildings)

- [Lists of buildings and structures](/source/Lists_of_buildings_and_structures)

- [List of building materials](/source/List_of_building_materials)

- [Natural building](/source/Natural_building)

- [Natural disaster](/source/Natural_disaster) and [earthquake](/source/Earthquake)

- [Skyscraper](/source/Skyscraper)

- [Steel building](/source/Steel_building)

- [Tent](/source/Tent)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Egenhofer_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Egenhofer_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Egenhofer_1-2) Max J. Egenhofer (2002). [*Geographic Information Science: Second International Conference, GIScience 2002, Boulder, CO, USA, September 25–28, 2002. Proceedings*](https://books.google.com/books?id=kH8gcJvVWfIC&pg=PA110). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 110. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-540-44253-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-44253-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Building def. 2. Whitney, William Dwight, and Benjamin E. Smith. *The Century dictionary and cyclopedia*. vol. 1. New York: Century Co., 1901. 712. Print.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Structure. def. 2. *Merriam-Webster's dictionary of synonyms: a dictionary of discriminated synonyms with antonyms and analogous and contrasted words*.. Springfield, Mass: Merriam-Webster, 1984. 787. Print.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Building. def 1. Sturgis, Russell. *A dictionary of architecture and building: biographical, historical, and descriptive*. vol. 1. New York: The Macmillan Co.; 1901. 2236. Print.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Paul Francis Wendt and Alan Robert Cerf (1979), *Real estate investment analysis and taxation*, McGraw-Hill, p. 210

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [Rob Dunn](/source/Robert_Dunn_(biologist)) (Aug 23, 2014). ["Meet the lodgers: Wildlife in the great indoors"](https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22329830.500-meet-the-lodgers-wildlife-in-the-great-indoors.html?full=true). *New Scientist*: 34–37. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141129031849/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22329830.500-meet-the-lodgers-wildlife-in-the-great-indoors.html?full=true) from the original on 2014-11-29.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Pace, Anthony (2004). "Tarxien". In Daniel Cilia (ed.). *Malta before History – The World's Oldest Free Standing Stone Architecture*. Miranda Publishers. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-99909-85-08-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99909-85-08-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["plans to convert housing complex"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170110125715/http://www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/plans-to-convert-former-housing-complex-into-flats/story-30042482-detail/story.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/plans-to-convert-former-housing-complex-into-flats/story-30042482-detail/story.html) on 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2017-02-23.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["isye building complex"](https://www.isye.gatech.edu/about/maps-directions/isye-building-complex). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170103001851/https://www.isye.gatech.edu/about/maps-directions/isye-building-complex) from the original on 2017-01-03.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["2020 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction: Towards a Zero-emissions, Efficient and Resilient Buildings and Construction Sector - Executive Summary"](https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/34572). 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Nord, Natasa (2017), ["Building Energy Efficiency in Cold Climates"](https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780124095489101903), *Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies*, Elsevier, pp. 149–157, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.10190-3](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-409548-9.10190-3), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-12-804792-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-804792-7), retrieved 2022-04-04

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Green_building_globalstatusreport_12-0)** Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction; International Energy Agency; United Nations Environment Programme (2019). [*2019 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction Towards a zero-emissions, efficient, and resilient buildings and construction sector*](https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/30950/2019GSR.pdf) (PDF). United Nations Environment Programme. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-92-807-3768-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-807-3768-4). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201021215735/https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/30950/2019GSR.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020. {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: |website= ignored ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Tapper, James (Jul 28, 2019). ["Experts call for ban on glass skyscrapers to save energy in climate crisis"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190728085453/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jul/28/ban-all-glass-skscrapers-to-save-energy-in-climate-crisis). *The Guardian*. Archived from [the original](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jul/28/ban-all-glass-skscrapers-to-save-energy-in-climate-crisis) on July 28, 2019. Retrieved Sep 7, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["Wasteful steel-and-glass buildings fuel global climate injustice, says climate expert"](https://web.archive.org/web/20211019134540/https://phys.org/news/2021-10-steel-and-glass-fuel-global-climate-injustice.html). *phys.org*. Oct 19, 2019. Archived from [the original](https://phys.org/news/2021-10-steel-and-glass-fuel-global-climate-injustice.html) on October 19, 2021. Retrieved Sep 7, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Buildings – Analysis"](https://www.iea.org/reports/buildings). *www.iea.org*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Goodhew, S. (2016). *Sustainable Construction Processes: A Resource Text*. John Wiley & Son.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Building Damage"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140214231334/http://www.pb.unimelb.edu.au/emergency/emergencies/internal/buildingdamage.html). Pb.unimelb.edu.au. Archived from [the original](http://www.pb.unimelb.edu.au/emergency/emergencies/internal/buildingdamage.html) on 2014-02-14. Retrieved 2014-08-22.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Herrera, G.; Álvarez Fernández, M.I.; Tomás, R.; González-Nicieza, C.; López-Sánchez, J.M.; Álvarez Vigil, A.E. (September 2012). ["Forensic analysis of buildings affected by mining subsidence based on Differential Interferometry (Part III)"](https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1350630712000465). *Engineering Failure Analysis*. **24**: 67–76. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.engfailanal.2012.03.003](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.engfailanal.2012.03.003). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[20.500.12468/749](https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12468%2F749).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Bru, G.; Herrera, G.; Tomás, R.; Duro, J.; Vega, R. De la; Mulas, J. (2013-02-01). "Control of deformation of buildings affected by subsidence using persistent scatterer interferometry". *Structure and Infrastructure Engineering*. **9** (2): 188–200. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/15732479.2010.519710](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15732479.2010.519710). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1573-2479](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-2479). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [110521863](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110521863).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Díaz, E.; Robles, P.; Tomás, R. (October 2018). ["Multitechnical approach for damage assessment and reinforcement of buildings located on subsiding areas: Study case of a 7-story RC building in Murcia (SE Spain)"](https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0141029617339081). *Engineering Structures*. **173**: 744–757. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2018EngSt.173..744D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EngSt.173..744D). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.07.031](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.engstruct.2018.07.031). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[10045/77547](https://hdl.handle.net/10045%2F77547).

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## External links

[Wikisource](/source/Wikisource) has the text of the [1911 *Encyclopædia Britannica*](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition) article "[Building](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Building)".

- The dictionary definition of [*building*](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/building) at Wiktionary

- Media related to [Buildings](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Buildings) at Wikimedia Commons

- Quotations related to [Building](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Building) at Wikiquote

v t e Real estate developments Commercial Airport Business park Bus station Commercial area Mixed-use development Office building Port inland Power center Retail park Riverfront Shopping center (Shopping mall) Train station Shopping streets and districts Industrial Business cluster Industrial district Industrial park Technology centers Residential Agrihood Boarding house Bungalow court City block Closed community Company town Conservation community Executive home Golf course community Gated community Housing estate Intentional community Luxury apartment McMansion Mixed-use development Model dwellings for the poor Multifamily residential Penthouse apartment Private community Public housing Residential airpark Residential area Retirement community Revenue house Rooming house Single-room occupancy Subdivision Tract housing Disability Assisted living Behavior modification facility Residential treatment center Therapeutic boarding school Elderly care Age-restricted community Nursing home Retirement home Senior living Science/education Akademgorodok Atomgrad Campus Research park Satellite campus Science park Municipal Arcology Civic center Garden city movement Model village Planned cities Planned community Urban green space parks Buildings (types) Apartment Dwelling / House types Skyscraper Tower block Villa Miscellaneous Brownfield land Cemetery Residential cluster development Construction Context theory Eminent domain Greenfield land Greyfield land Groundscraper Land-use planning Nonbuilding NIMBY Park Parking (Multistorey car park) Planning permission Playground Redevelopment Regional planning Urban design Urban planning YIMBY Zoning Housing portal

v t e Rooms and spaces of a house Shared rooms Bonus room Common room Den Dining room Family room Garret Great room Home cinema Keeping room Kitchen dirty kitchen kitchenette Living room Gynaeceum harem Andron man cave Quiet room Recording studio Recreation room billiard room Shrine Study Sunroom Private rooms Bathroom toilet Bedroom closet Bedsit Boudoir Cabinet Nursery Spaces Atrium Balcony Gallery Breezeway Conversation pit Cubby-hole Deck Elevator dumbwaiter Entryway/Genkan Fireplace hearth Foyer Hall Hallway Inglenook Lanai Loft Loggia Baldresca Overhang Patio Porch screened sleeping Ramp Secret passage Stairs/Staircase Terrace Veranda Vestibule Technical, utility and storage Attic Basement Carport Cloakroom Closet Crawl space Electrical room Equipment room Furnace room / Boiler room Garage Janitorial closet Larder Laundry room / Utility room / Storage room Mechanical room / floor Pantry Root cellar Semi-basement Storm cellar / Safe room Studio Wardrobe Wine cellar Wiring closet Workshop Great house areas Antechamber Ballroom Kitchen-related butler's pantry buttery saucery scullery spicery still room Conservatory / Orangery Courtyard Peristyle Quadrangle Drawing room Great chamber Great hall Library Long gallery Lumber room Parlour Sauna Servants' hall Servants' quarters Smoking room Solar State room Swimming pool Turret Undercroft Other Furniture Hidden room House house plan styles types Multi-family residential Secondary suite Duplex Terraced Detached Semi-detached Townhouse Studio apartment Architectural elements Arch Arcade Balconet Baluster Belt course Bressummer Ceiling Chimney Colonnade / Portico Column Cornice / Eaves Dais Dome Door Ell Floor Foundation Gable Gate Portal Lighting Molding Ornament Podium Plumbing Quoins Roof shingles Roof lantern Sill plate Style list Skylight Threshold Transom Tribune Vault Wall Window Related Backyard Driveway Fence Front yard Garden roof garden Home Home improvement Home repair Shed Tree house Category: Rooms

Authority control databases International GND FAST National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Latvia Sweden Israel Artists KulturNav Other NARA Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.