# Bugula

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{{Short description|Genus of moss animals}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image         = Diaphorodoris papillata Portmann & Sandmeier, 1960.jpg
| image_caption = The nudibranch ''Diaphorodoris papillata'' <small>Portmann & Sandmeier, 1960</small> feeding on ''Bugula neritina'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
| taxon         = Bugula
| authority     = [Oken](/source/Lorenz_Oken), 1815
}}

'''''Bugula''''' is a genus of common colonial arborescent [bryozoa](/source/bryozoa), often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15&nbsp;cm in height.<ref name="Exoticsguide">{{cite web|title=Bugula neritina|url=http://www.exoticsguide.org/bugula_neritina|website=exoticsguide.org|accessdate=14 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="WoRMS">Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of Bryozoa. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=110839 on 2015-09-02</ref>

==Distribution==
The native distribution of ''Bugula neritina'' is presumed to be tropical and subtropical waters; however, it has become widespread globally due to attachment to the hulls of vessels.<ref name="Exoticsguide" /> It is considered an invasive species in some countries.

==''Bugula neritina''==
{{main|Bugula neritina}}
'''''Bugula neritina''''' attracted interest as a source of cytotoxic chemicals, [bryostatin](/source/bryostatin)s, under clinical investigation as anti-cancer agents. It was first collected and provided to JL Hartwell's anticancer drug discovery group at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) by [Jack Rudloe](/source/Jack_Rudloe).<ref>Harford, B [https://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/89/8943cover.html The Bryostatins' Tale] Chemical and Engineering News, Vol 89, No 43 PP. 10 - 17 Oct 24, 2011 accessed Dec 19, 2017</ref> In 2001 pharmaceutical company [GPC Biotech](/source/GPC_Biotech) licensed Bryostatin 1 from [Arizona State University](/source/Arizona_State_University) for commercial development as a treatment for [cancer](/source/cancer). GPC Biotech canceled development in 2003, saying that Bryostatin 1 showed little effectiveness and some toxic side-effects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marinebiotech.org/bryostatin.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509175548/http://www.marinebiotech.org/bryostatin.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 May 2007|title=Bryostatin 1|date=19 June 2006|accessdate=2009-08-20}}</ref> More recent work shows it has positive effects on cognition in sufferers of [Alzheimers](/source/Alzheimers) with few side effects.<ref>Nelsen et al., JT [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5438479/ Bryostatin Effects on Cognitive Function and PKCɛ in Alzheimer's Disease Phase IIa and Expanded Access Trials] J Alzheimers Dis. 2017; 58(2): 521–535. Accessed Dec 27, 2017</ref>

==Other uses==
Dried ''Bugula'' are commonly used as decorations:
<blockquote>"'''Air fern'''", the so-called everlasting plant that supposedly absorbs from air all the moisture it needs to live, is commonly dried colonies of the bryozoan ''Bugula'' that have been artificially coloured.<ref name="IBA page">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/iba/pages/bryozoa.html |title=The Bryozoa |accessdate=2007-02-17 |publisher=International Bryozoology Association |author=Frank K. McKinney |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213140934/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/iba/pages/bryozoa.html |archivedate=2006-12-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref></blockquote>

However, ''[Sertularia argentea](/source/Sertularia_argentea)'' are also sold as "[air fern](/source/air_fern)s."<ref name="Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland">Picton, B.E. & Morrow, C.C. (2016). [http://www.habitas.org.uk/marinelife/species.asp?item=D6760 ''Sertularia argentea'' Linnaeus, 1758.] <nowiki>[In]</nowiki> Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland. Accessed on 2020-01-11.</ref>

==Species==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[Bugula alba](/source/Bugula_alba)'' <small>Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012</small>
* ''[Bugula apsteini](/source/Bugula_apsteini)'' <small>Hasenbank, 1932</small>
* ''[Bugula aspinosa](/source/Bugula_aspinosa)'' <small>Liu, 1984</small>
* ''[Bugula biota](/source/Bugula_biota)'' <small>Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012</small>
* ''[Bugula capensis](/source/Bugula_capensis)'' <small>Waters, 1887</small>
* ''[Bugula ceylonensis](/source/Bugula_ceylonensis)'' <small>Winston & Woollacott, 2008</small>
* ''[Bugula crosslandi](/source/Bugula_crosslandi)'' <small>Hastings, 1939</small>
* ''[Bugula decipiens](/source/Bugula_decipiens)'' <small>Hayward, 1981</small>
* ''[Bugula expansa](/source/Bugula_expansa)'' <small>Hastings, 1939</small>
* ''[Bugula fastigiata](/source/Bugula_fastigiata)'' <small>Dalyell, 1847</small>
* ''[Bugula fastigiata](/source/Bugula_fastigiata)'' <small>Kluge, 1929</small>
* ''[Bugula gautieri](/source/Bugula_gautieri)'' <small>Ryland, 1962</small>
* ''[Bugula gnoma](/source/Bugula_gnoma)'' <small>Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012</small>
* ''[Bugula hessei](/source/Bugula_hessei)'' <small>Hasenbank, 1932</small>
* ''[Bugula ingens](/source/Bugula_ingens)'' <small>Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012</small>
* ''[Bugula intermedia](/source/Bugula_intermedia)'' <small>Liu, 1984</small>
* ''[Bugula longissima](/source/Bugula_longissima)'' <small>Busk, 1884</small>
* ''[Bugula lophodendron](/source/Bugula_lophodendron)'' <small>Ortmann, 1890</small>
* ''[Bugula migottoi](/source/Bugula_migottoi)'' <small>Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012</small>
* ''[Bugula miniatella](/source/Bugula_miniatella)'' <small>Winston & Woollacott, 2008</small>
* ''[Bugula minima](/source/Bugula_minima)'' <small>Waters, 1909</small>
* ''[Bugula neritina](/source/Bugula_neritina)'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
* ''[Bugula neritinoides](/source/Bugula_neritinoides)'' <small>Hastings, 1939</small>
* ''[Bugula orientalis](/source/Bugula_orientalis)'' <small>Liu, 1984</small>
* ''[Bugula paternostrae](/source/Bugula_paternostrae)'' <small>Winston & Woollacott, 2008</small>
* ''[Bugula philippsae](/source/Bugula_philippsae)'' <small>Harmer, 1926</small>
* ''[Bugula prismatica](/source/Bugula_prismatica)'' <small>(Gray, 1843)</small>
* ''[Bugula protensa](/source/Bugula_protensa)'' <small>Hayward, 1981</small>
* ''[Bugula providensis](/source/Bugula_providensis)'' <small>Winston & Woollacott, 2008</small>
* ''[Bugula robusta](/source/Bugula_robusta)'' <small>MacGillivray, 1869</small>
* ''[Bugula robustoides](/source/Bugula_robustoides)'' <small>Winston & Woollacott, 2008</small>
* ''[Bugula rochae](/source/Bugula_rochae)'' <small>Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012</small>
* ''[Bugula scaphoides](/source/Bugula_scaphoides)'' <small>Kirkpatrick, 1890</small>
* ''[Bugula scaphula](/source/Bugula_scaphula)'' <small>Tilbrook, Hayward & Gordon, 2001</small>
* ''[Bugula simpliciformis](/source/Bugula_simpliciformis)'' <small>Osburn, 1932</small>
* ''[Bugula solorensis](/source/Bugula_solorensis)'' <small>Winston & Woollacott, 2008</small>
* ''[Bugula subglobosa](/source/Bugula_subglobosa)'' <small>Harmer, 1926</small>
* ''[Bugula tschukotkensis](/source/Bugula_tschukotkensis)'' <small>Kluge, 1952</small>
* ''[Bugula tsunamiensis](/source/Bugula_tsunamiensis)'' <small>McCuller, Carlton & Geller, 2018</small>
* ''[Bugula umbelliformis](/source/Bugula_umbelliformis)'' <small>Yanagi & Okada, 1918</small>
* ''[Bugula vectifera](/source/Bugula_vectifera)'' <small>Harmer, 1926</small>
{{div col end}}

;Former species:
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''Bugula angustiloba'' <small>(Lamarck, 1816)</small> now classified as ''[Bugulina angustiloba](/source/Bugulina_angustiloba)'' <small>(Lamarck, 1816)</small>
* ''Bugula aperta'' <small>(Hincks, 1886)</small> now classified as ''[Crisularia aperta](/source/Crisularia_aperta)'' <small>(Hincks, 1886)</small>
* ''Bugula aquilirostris'' <small>Ryland, 1960</small> now classified as ''[Bugulina aquilirostris](/source/Bugulina_aquilirostris)'' <small>(Ryland, 1960)</small>
* ''Bugula avicularia'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> now classified as ''[Bugulina avicularia](/source/Bugulina_avicularia)'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
* ''Bugula bengalensis'' <small>Rao & Ganapati, 1974</small> now classified as ''[Crisularia bengalensis](/source/Crisularia_bengalensis)'' <small>(Rao & Ganapati, 1974)</small>
* ''Bugula bicornis'' <small>Busk, 1884</small> now classified as ''[Camptoplites bicornis](/source/Camptoplites_bicornis)'' <small>(Busk, 1884)</small>
* ''Bugula borealis'' <small>(Packard, 1863)</small> now classified as ''[Bugulina borealis](/source/Bugulina_borealis)'' <small>(Packard, 1863)</small>
* ''Bugula bowiei'' <small>Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012</small> now classified as ''[Crisularia bowiei](/source/Crisularia_bowiei)'' <small>(Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)</small>
* ''Bugula calathus'' <small>Norman, 1868</small> now classified as ''[Bugulina calathus](/source/Bugulina_calathus)'' <small>(Norman, 1868)</small>
* ''Bugula californica'' <small>Robertson, 1905</small> now classified as ''[Bugulina californica](/source/Bugulina_californica)'' <small>(Robertson, 1905)</small>
* ''Bugula carvalhoi'' <small>Marcus, 1949</small> now classified as ''[Bugulina carvalhoi](/source/Bugulina_carvalhoi)'' <small>(Marcus, 1949)</small>
* ''Bugula cucullata'' <small>Busk, 1867</small> now classified as ''[Crisularia cucullata](/source/Crisularia_cucullata)'' <small>(Busk, 1867)</small>
* ''Bugula cucullifera'' <small>Osburn, 1912</small> now classified as ''[Crisularia cucullifera](/source/Crisularia_cucullifera)'' <small>(Osburn, 1912)</small>
* ''Bugula cuspidata'' <small>Hastings, 1943</small> now classified as ''[Crisularia cuspidata](/source/Crisularia_cuspidata)'' <small>(Hastings, 1943)</small>
* ''Bugula dentata'' <small>(Lamouroux, 1816)</small> now classified as ''[Virididentula dentata](/source/Virididentula_dentata)'' <small>(Lamouroux, 1816)</small>
* ''Bugula dispar'' <small>Harmer, 1926</small> now classified as ''[Crisularia dispar](/source/Crisularia_dispar)'' <small>(Harmer, 1926)</small>
* ''Bugula ditrupae'' <small>Busk, 1858</small> now classified as ''[Bugulina ditrupae](/source/Bugulina_ditrupae)'' <small>(Busk, 1858)</small>
* ''Bugula eburnea'' <small>Calvet, 1906</small> now classified as ''[Bugulina eburnea](/source/Bugulina_eburnea)'' <small>(Calvet, 1906)</small>
* ''Bugula elongata'' <small>Nordgaard, 1906</small> now classified as ''[Dendrobeania decorata](/source/Dendrobeania_decorata)'' <small>(Verrill, 1879)</small>
* ''Bugula flabellata'' <small>(Thompson, in Gray, 1848)</small> now classified as ''[Bugulina flabellata](/source/Bugulina_flabellata)'' <small>(Thompson, in Gray, 1848)</small>
* ''Bugula foliolata'' <small>Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012</small> now classified as ''[Bugulina foliolata](/source/Bugulina_foliolata)'' <small>(Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)</small>
* ''Bugula fulva'' <small>Ryland, 1960</small> now classified as ''[Bugulina fulva](/source/Bugulina_fulva)'' <small>(Ryland, 1960)</small>
* ''Bugula germanae'' <small>(Calvet, 1902)</small> now classified as ''[Crisularia serrata](/source/Crisularia_serrata)'' <small>(Lamarck, 1816)</small>
* ''Bugula gracilis'' <small>Busk, 1858</small> now classified as ''[Crisularia gracilis](/source/Crisularia_gracilis)'' <small>(Busk, 1858)</small>
* ''Bugula grayi'' <small>Maturo, 1966</small> now classified as ''[Crisularia grayi](/source/Crisularia_grayi)'' <small>(Maturo, 1966)</small>
* ''Bugula guara'' <small>Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012</small> now classified as ''[Crisularia guara](/source/Crisularia_guara)'' <small>(Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)</small>
* ''Bugula harmsworthi'' <small>Waters, 1900</small> now classified as ''[Crisularia harmsworthi](/source/Crisularia_harmsworthi)'' <small>(Waters, 1900)</small>
* ''Bugula hyadesi'' <small>Jullien, 1888</small> now classified as ''[Crisularia hyadesi](/source/Crisularia_hyadesi)'' <small>(Jullien, 1888)</small>
* ''Bugula japonica'' now classified as ''[Dendrobeania japonica](/source/Dendrobeania_japonica)'' <small>(Ortmann, 1890)</small>
* ''Bugula johnstonae'' <small>(Gray, 1843)</small> now classified as ''[Halophila johnstonae](/source/Halophila_johnstonae)'' <small>Gray, 1843</small>
* ''Bugula leontodon'' <small>Busk, 1884</small> now classified as ''[Himantozoum leontodon](/source/Himantozoum_leontodon)'' <small>(Busk, 1884)</small>
* ''Bugula longicauda'' <small>Harmer, 1926</small> now classified as ''[Halophila longicauda](/source/Halophila_longicauda)'' (Busk, 1884)
* ''Bugula longirostrata'' <small>Robertson, 1905</small> now classified as ''[Bugulina longirostrata](/source/Bugulina_longirostrata)'' <small>(Robertson, 1905)</small>
* ''Bugula marcusi'' <small>Maturo, 1966</small> now classified as Crisularia marcusi <small>(Maturo, 1966)</small>
* ''Bugula margaritifera'' <small>Busk, 1884</small> now classified as ''[Himantozoum margaritiferum](/source/Himantozoum_margaritiferum)'' <small>(Busk, 1884)</small>
* ''Bugula microoecia'' <small>Osburn, 1914</small> now classified as ''[Crisularia microoecia](/source/Crisularia_microoecia)'' <small>(Osburn, 1914)</small>
* ''Bugula mirabilis'' <small>Busk, 1884</small> now classified as ''[Himantozoum mirabilis](/source/Himantozoum_mirabilis)'' <small>(Busk, 1884)</small>
* ''Bugula mollis'' <small>Harmer, 1926</small> now classified as ''[Crisularia mollis](/source/Crisularia_mollis)'' <small>(Harmer, 1926)</small>
* ''Bugula multiserialis'' <small>(d'Orbigny, 1841)</small> now classified as ''[Bugulina multiserialis](/source/Bugulina_multiserialis)'' <small>(d'Orbigny, 1841)</small>
* ''Bugula nana'' <small>Androsova, 1977</small> now classified as ''[Crisularia nana](/source/Crisularia_nana)'' <small>(Androsova, 1977)</small>
* ''Bugula pacifica'' <small>Robertson, 1905</small> now classified as ''[Crisularia pacifica](/source/Crisularia_pacifica)'' <small>(Robertson, 1905)</small>
* ''Bugula pedata'' <small>Harmer, 1926</small> now classified as ''[Bugulina pedata](/source/Bugulina_pedata)'' <small>(Harmer, 1926)</small>
* ''Bugula plumosa'' <small>(Pallas, 1766)</small> now classified as ''[Crisularia plumosa](/source/Crisularia_plumosa)'' <small>(Pallas, 1766)</small>
* ''Bugula prenanti'' <small>Castric-Fey, 1971</small> now classified as ''[Crisularia prenanti](/source/Crisularia_prenanti)'' <small>(Castric-Fey, 1971)</small>
* ''Bugula pugeti'' <small>Robertson, 1905</small> now classified as ''[Bugulina pugeti](/source/Bugulina_pugeti)'' <small>(Robertson, 1905)</small>
* ''Bugula purpurotincta'' <small>Norman, 1868</small> now classified as ''[Crisularia purpurotincta](/source/Crisularia_purpurotincta)'' <small>(Norman, 1868)</small>
* ''Bugula reticulata'' <small>Busk, 1884</small> now classified as ''[Camptoplites reticulatus](/source/Camptoplites_reticulatus)'' <small>(Busk, 1884)</small>
* ''Bugula rylandi'' <small>Maturo, 1966</small> now classified as ''[Crisularia rylandi](/source/Crisularia_rylandi)'' <small>(Maturo, 1966)</small>
* ''Bugula serrata'' <small>(Lamarck, 1816)</small> now classified as ''[Crisularia serrata](/source/Crisularia_serrata)'' <small>(Lamarck, 1816)</small>
* ''Bugula simplex'' <small>Hincks, 1886</small> now classified as ''[Bugulina simplex](/source/Bugulina_simplex)'' <small>(Hincks, 1886)</small>
* ''Bugula sinuosa'' <small>Busk, 1884</small> now classified as ''[Himantozoum sinuosum](/source/Himantozoum_sinuosum)'' <small>(Busk, 1884)</small>
* ''Bugula spicata'' <small>(Hincks, 1886)</small> now classified as ''[Bugulina spicata](/source/Bugulina_spicata)'' <small>(Hincks, 1886)</small>
* ''Bugula stolonifera'' <small>Ryland, 1960</small> now classified as ''[Bugulina stolonifera](/source/Bugulina_stolonifera)'' <small>(Ryland, 1960)</small>
* ''Bugula tricuspis'' <small>Kluge, 1955</small> now classified as ''[Bugulina tricuspis](/source/Bugulina_tricuspis)'' <small>(Kluge, 1955)</small>
* ''Bugula turbinata'' <small>Alder, 1857</small> now classified as ''[Bugulina turbinata](/source/Bugulina_turbinata)'' <small>(Alder, 1857)</small>
* ''Bugula turrita'' <small>(Desor, 1848)</small> now classified as ''[Crisularia turrita](/source/Crisularia_turrita)'' <small>(Desor, 1848)</small>
* ''Bugula versicolor'' <small>Busk, 1884</small> now classified as ''[Semidendrobeania versicolor](/source/Semidendrobeania_versicolor)'' <small>(Busk, 1884)</small>
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). ''European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification.'' Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp.&nbsp;325–333
* [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1111%2Fzsc.12103?r3_referer=wol&tracking_action=preview_click&show_checkout=1&purchase_referrer=onlinelibrary.wiley.com&purchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED Fehlauer-Ale, Karin H., Winston, Judith E., Tilbrook, Kevin J., Nascimento, Karine B. & Vieira, Leandro M. (2015). ''Identifying monophyletic groups within Bugula sensu lato (Bryozoa, Buguloidea).'' Zoologica Scripta]

==External links==
* [http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/bugula_neriti.htm Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce]
* [http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/hbs/invertguide/species/bugula_neritina.htm Introduced Marine Species of Hawai'i]
* [http://www.exoticsguide.org/bugula_neritina Exotics Guide - Bugula neritina]

{{Wikispecies-inline}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2943909}}

Category:Bryozoa genera
Category:Cheilostomatida

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Bugula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugula) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugula?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.