# Breviatea

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Group of protists

Breviatea Differential interference contrast micrographs of four strains of undescribed marine breviates. Scale bars: 5 µm Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Clade: Podiata Clade: Amorphea Clade: Obazoa Class: Breviatea Cavalier-Smith 2004 in Cavalier-Smith et al., 2004[1] Order: Breviatida Cavalier-Smith, 2004[1] Genera Breviatidae Breviata Subulatomonas Pygsuidae Pygsuia Lenisia Diversity 4 species

**Breviatea**, commonly known as **breviate amoebae**,[2] are a group of free-living, [amitochondriate](/source/Amitochondriate) [protists](/source/Protist) with uncertain phylogenetic position.[3] They are [biflagellate](/source/Flagellate), and can live in anaerobic (oxygen-free) environments.[3][2][4] They are currently placed in the [Obazoa](/source/Obazoa) clade.[5] They likely do not possess [vinculin](/source/Vinculin_family) proteins.[5] Their metabolism relies on [fermentative](/source/Fermentation) production of [ATP](/source/Adenosine_triphosphate) as an adaptation to their low-oxygen environment.[3]

The lineage emerged roughly one billion years ago, at a time when the oxygen content of the Earth's oceans was low, and they thus developed anaerobic lifestyles. Together with [apusomonads](/source/Apusomonad), they are the closest relatives of the [opisthokonts](/source/Opisthokont), a group that includes animals and fungi.[2][6]

## Characteristics

### Mitochondrion-related organelles

Mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) are organelles that evolved from a degradation of ancestral, fully functional [mitochondria](/source/Mitochondria). Among Breviatea, MROs are present in *[Pygsuia](/source/Pygsuia)*, *[Breviata](/source/Breviata)* and *[Subulatomonas](/source/Subulatomonas)*. In the cells of *Pygsuia*, for which the complete [transcriptome](/source/Transcriptome) is known, there is a single smooth MRO that lacks a [mitochondrial genome](/source/Mitochondrial_genome) and most components of the [electron transport chain](/source/Electron_transport_chain). Of the [citric acid cycle](/source/Citric_acid_cycle) enzymes, which are present in the mitochondria in other organisms, only two are present in *Pygsuia*: [fumarase](/source/Fumarase) and [succinate dehydrogenase](/source/Succinate_dehydrogenase). In contrast, *[Lenisia](/source/Lenisia)* cells contain multiple MROs with [cristae](/source/Crista).[6]

## Evolution

Breviatea is a [clade](/source/Clade) of [basal](/source/Basal_group) [eukaryotes](/source/Eukaryote). They are closely related to the [apusomonads](/source/Apusomonad) and the [Opisthokonta](/source/Opisthokonta) supergroup, and together they compose the larger clade [Obazoa](/source/Obazoa), which is the sister group to [Amoebozoa](/source/Amoebozoa).[2] Within Breviatea, the four known species are distributed into smaller clades of two species each: one uniting *[Breviata](/source/Breviata)* with *[Subulatomonas](/source/Subulatomonas)*, and one uniting *[Lenisia](/source/Lenisia)* with *[Pygsuia](/source/Pygsuia)*.[3]

Podiata CRuMs Amorphea Amoebozoa Obazoa Breviatea Breviatidae Breviata anathema Subulatomonas tetraspora Lenisia limosa Pygsuidae Pygsuia biforma Apusomonadida Opisthokonta Holozoa Holomycota

## Taxonomy

### History

The class Breviatea was created in 2004 by British protozoologist [Thomas Cavalier-Smith](/source/Thomas_Cavalier-Smith) to group a problematic taxon previously known as *'Mastigamoeba invertens'*. This organism, initially classified in the [Archamoebae](/source/Archamoebae) within phylum [Amoebozoa](/source/Amoebozoa), appeared to strongly diverge in [phylogenetic](/source/Phylogenetic) trees based on [ribosomal RNA](/source/Ribosomal_RNA) and had a structure very different from other archamoebae. Because of these results, *'M. invertens'* was separated into the order **Breviatida**, contained in the monotypic class **Breviatea**.[1] The organism was eventually renamed *[Breviata anathema](/source/Breviata_anathema)*.[7] A second genus and species, *[Subulatomonas tetraspora](/source/Subulatomonas_tetraspora)*, was described in 2011.[8] Cavalier-Smith established a family-level rank, [Breviatidae](/source/Breviatidae), for both genera in 2013.[9] The same year, a third genus and species of breviates was described, *[Pygsuia biforma](/source/Pygsuia_biforma)*,[2] later classified by Cavalier-Smith in a separate family [Pygsuidae](/source/Pygsuia).[10] In 2016, a fourth breviate *[Lenisia limosa](/source/Lenisia_limosa)* was described without a family rank.[3][11]

### Classification

There are currently four accepted genera, each containing only one species.

- *[Breviata](/source/Breviata)* Walker, Dacks & Embley, 2006[7] - *[Breviata anathema](/source/Breviata_anathema)* Walker, Dacks & Embley, 2006

- *[Lenisia](/source/Lenisia)* Hamann et al., 2016[3] - *[Lenisia limosa](/source/Lenisia_limosa)* Hamann et al., 2016

- *[Pygsuia](/source/Pygsuia)* Brown et al., 2013[2] - *[Pygsuia biforma](/source/Pygsuia_biforma)* Brown et al., 2013

- *[Subulatomonas](/source/Subulatomonas)* Katz et al., 2011[8] - *[Subulatomonas tetraspora](/source/Subulatomonas_tetraspora)* Katz et al., 2011

## Distribution

Breviate species have been found in aquatic environments in various parts of the world, including off the coast of [Prince Edward Island](/source/Prince_Edward_Island) on the eastern coast of North America, around the [San Juan Islands](/source/San_Juan_Islands) on the western coast of North America, off the coast of [Catalonia](/source/Catalonia) in Spain[12], and in the [Wadden Sea](/source/Wadden_Sea) along the coast of Germany[3].

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-CavSmith_et_al_2004_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-CavSmith_et_al_2004_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-CavSmith_et_al_2004_1-2) Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E.-Y.; Oates, Brian (2004). "Molecular phylogeny of Amoebozoa and the evolutionary significance of the unikont Phalansterium". *European Journal of Protistology*. **40**: 21–48. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.ejop.2003.10.001](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejop.2003.10.001).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Brown_2013_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Brown_2013_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Brown_2013_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Brown_2013_2-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Brown_2013_2-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Brown_2013_2-5) Brown, Matthew W.; Sharpe, Susan C.; Silberman, Jeffrey D.; Heiss, Aaron A.; Lang, B. Franz; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Roger, Andrew J. (2013-10-22). ["Phylogenomics demonstrates that breviate flagellates are related to opisthokonts and apusomonads"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3768317). *Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences*. **280** (1769) 20131755. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1098/rspb.2013.1755](https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2013.1755). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0962-8452](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [3768317](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3768317). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [23986111](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23986111).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Hamann_2016_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Hamann_2016_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Hamann_2016_3-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Hamann_2016_3-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Hamann_2016_3-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Hamann_2016_3-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Hamann_2016_3-6) Hamann, Emmo; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald; Kleiner, Manuel; et al. (2016-06-09). ["Environmental Breviatea harbor mutualistic Arcobacter epibionts"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4900452). *Nature*. **534** (7606): 254–258. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2016Natur.534..254H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.534..254H). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/nature18297](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature18297). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0028-0836](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [4900452](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4900452). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [27279223](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27279223).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Modern_Soil_Biology_3rd_4-0)** Elsas, Jan Dirk van; Trevors, Jack T.; Rosado, Alexandre Soares; Nannipieri, Paolo (2019-04-05). [*Modern Soil Microbiology, Third Edition*](https://books.google.com/books?id=3J6RDwAAQBAJ&dq=Breviatea&pg=PT217). CRC Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-429-60240-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-60240-5).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Kang_2021_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Kang_2021_5-1) Kang, Seungho; Tice, Alexander K.; Stairs, Courtney W.; Jones, Robert E.; Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Brown, Matthew W. (2021-07-26). ["The integrin-mediated adhesive complex in the ancestor of animals, fungi, and amoebae"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2021.04.076). *Current Biology*. **31** (14): 3073–3085.e3. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.076](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2021.04.076). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0960-9822](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [34077702](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34077702). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [235273235](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235273235).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Hydrogenosomes_and_Mitosomes_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Hydrogenosomes_and_Mitosomes_6-1) Leger, Michelle M.; Kolísko, Martin; Stairs, Courtney W.; Simpson, Alastair G. B. (2019). ["Mitochondrion-Related Organelles in Free-Living Protists"](https://books.google.com/books?id=93eoDwAAQBAJ&dq=Breviatea&pg=PA299). In Tachezy, Jan (ed.). *Hydrogenosomes and Mitosomes: Mitochondria of Anaerobic Eukaryotes*. Microbiology Monographs. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Springer Cham. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/978-3-030-17941-0](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-17941-0). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-030-17941-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-17941-0). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [199511756](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199511756).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Walker_2006_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Walker_2006_7-1) Walker, Giselle; Dacks, Joel B.; Embley, T. Martin (2006). "Ultrastructural Description of *Breviata anathema*, N. Gen., N. Sp., the Organism Previously Studied as "*Mastigamoeba invertens*"". *Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology*. **53** (2): 65–78. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00087.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.2005.00087.x). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [16579808](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16579808). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [31046569](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31046569).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Subulatomonas_tetraspora_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Subulatomonas_tetraspora_8-1) Katz, Laura A.; Grant, Jessica; Parfrey, Laura Wegener; Gant, Anastasia; O'Kelly, Charles J.; Anderson, O. Roger; Molestina, Robert E.; Nerad, Thomas (November 2011). "*Subulatomonas tetraspora* nov. gen. nov. sp. is a Member of a Previously Unrecognized Major Clade of Eukaryotes". *Protist*. **162** (5): 762–773. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.protis.2011.05.002](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.protis.2011.05.002). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [21723191](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21723191).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_et_al._2013_9-0)** Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (May 2013). "Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa". *European Journal of Protistology*. **49** (2): 115–178 Document online. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejop.2012.06.001). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0932-4739](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0932-4739). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [23085100](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23085100).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2022-05-01). ["Ciliary transition zone evolution and the root of the eukaryote tree: implications for opisthokont origin and classification of kingdoms Protozoa, Plantae, and Fungi"](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-021-01665-7). *Protoplasma*. **259** (3): 487–593. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s00709-021-01665-7](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00709-021-01665-7). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1615-6102](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1615-6102). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [9010356](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9010356). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [34940909](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34940909).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Lamża, Łukasz. ["Deep-branching eukaryotes and early events in protist evolution"](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/brv.70101). *Biological Reviews*. **n/a** (n/a). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/brv.70101](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbrv.70101). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1469-185X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-185X).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Aguilera-Campos, Karla Iveth; Boisard, Julie; Törnblom, Viktor; Jerlström-Hultqvist, Jon; Behncké-Serra, Ada; Cotillas, Elena Aramendia; Stairs, Courtney Weir (2025-01-02). ["Anaerobic breviate protist survival in microcosms depends on microbiome metabolic function"](https://academic.oup.com/ismej/article/doi/10.1093/ismejo/wraf171/8228259). *The ISME Journal*. **19** (1). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/ismejo/wraf171](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fismejo%2Fwraf171). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1751-7362](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1751-7362). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [12453579](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12453579). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [40795332](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40795332).

v t e Extant life phyla/divisions by domain Bacteria Abditibacteriota Acidobacteriota Actinomycetota Aquificota Armatimonadota Atribacterota Bacillota Bacteroidota Balneolota Caldisericota Calditrichota Chlamydiota Chlorobiota Chloroflexota Chrysiogenota Coprothermobacterota Cyanobacteriota Deferribacterota Deinococcota Dictyoglomerota Elusimicrobiota Fibrobacterota Fidelibacterota Fusobacteriota Gemmatimonadota Kiritimatiellota Lentisphaerota Minisyncoccota Mycoplasmatota Nitrospinota Nitrospirota Planctomycetota Pseudomonadota Rhodothermota Spirochaetota Synergistota Thermodesulfobacteriota Thermomicrobiota Thermotogota Verrucomicrobiota Vulcanimicrobiota "Acetithermota" "Aerophobota" "Auribacterota" "Babelota" "Binatota" "Bipolaricaulota" "Caldipriscota" "Calescibacteriota" "Canglongiota" "Cloacimonadota" "Cosmopoliota" "Cryosericota" "Deferrimicrobiota" "Dormiibacterota" "Effluvivivacota" "Electryoneota" "Elulimicrobiota" "Fermentibacterota" "Fervidibacterota" "Goldiibacteriota" "Heilongiota" "Hinthialibacterota" "Hydrogenedentota" "Hydrothermota" "Kapaibacteriota" "Krumholzibacteriota" "Kryptoniota" "Latescibacterota" "Lernaellota" "Lithacetigenota" "Macinerneyibacteriota" "Margulisiibacteriota" "Methylomirabilota" "Moduliflexota" "Muiribacteriota" "Nitrosediminicolota" "Omnitrophota" "Parcunitrobacterota" "Peregrinibacteriota" "Qinglongiota" "Rifleibacteriota" "Ryujiniota" "Spongiamicota" "Sumerlaeota" "Sysuimicrobiota" "Tangaroaeota" "Tectimicrobiota" "Tianyaibacteriota" "Wirthibacterota" "Zhuqueibacterota" "Zhurongbacterota" Archaea Methanobacteriota Microcaldota Nanobdellota Promethearchaeota Thermoproteota "Aenigmatarchaeota" "Altarchaeota" "Augarchaeota" "Geoarchaeota" "Hadarchaeota" "Hadesarchaeota" "Huberarchaeota" "Hydrothermarchaeota" "Iainarchaeota" "Micrarchaeota" "Nanohalarchaeota" "Nezhaarchaeota" "Parvarchaeota" "Poseidoniota" "Undinarchaeota" Eukaryote Protist Acavomonidia Amoebozoa Anaeramoebae Apicomplexa Bigyra Bigyromonadea Caelestes Cercozoa Chlorophyta Chromerida Ciliophora Colponemidia Cryptista Dinoflagellata Euglenozoa Foraminifera Fornicata Glaucophyta Haptophyta Hemimastigophora Malawimonada Nebulidia Nibbleridia Ochrophyta Preaxostyla Heterolobosea Hyphochytriomycota Oomycota Parabasalia Perkinsozoa Picozoa Radiolaria Rhodelphidia Rhodophyta Telonemia Fungi Chytridiomycota Blastocladiomycota Neocallimastigomycota Glomeromycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Land plant Bryophyta Marchantiophyta Anthocerotophyta Lycopodiophyta Pteridophyta Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Pinophyta Gnetophyta Animal Porifera Ctenophora Placozoa Cnidaria Xenacoelomorpha Chordata Hemichordata Echinodermata Chaetognatha Kinorhyncha Loricifera Priapulida Nematoda Nematomorpha Onychophora Tardigrada Arthropoda Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Orthonectida Dicyemida Rotifera Acanthocephala Gnathostomulida Micrognathozoa Cycliophora Nemertea Phoronida Bryozoa Entoprocta Brachiopoda Mollusca Annelida Incertae sedis Parakaryon Relate: Extraterrestrial life

v t e Eukaryote classification Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota (major groups Metamonada Discoba Diaphoretickes Hacrobia Cryptista Rhizaria Alveolata Stramenopiles Plants Amorphea Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animalia Fungi Mesomycetozoea) Amorphea Amoebozoa Discosea Tubulinea Variosea Archamoebea Cutosea Eumycetozoa (true slime molds) Obazoa Apusomonadida Breviatea Opisthokonta Holomycota Nucleariidae Fungi¹ Holozoa Tunicaraptor †Bicellum Ichthyosporea Pluriformea Filozoa Filasterea Choanozoa Choanoflagellata Animalia (animals)¹ Diaphoretickes Telonemia Haptista Centroplasthelida Haptophytina SAR Rhizaria Cercozoa Endomyxa Retaria Foraminifera Radiolaria* Alveolata Colponemida* Ciliophora (ciliates) Myzozoa Apicomplexa Chrompodellida Dinoflagellata Perkinsozoa Stramenopiles Platysulcus Kaonashia Commation Bigyra* Bicosoecida Placidozoa Sagenista Gyrista Developea Pirsoniales Hyphochytriomycetes Ochrophyta (brown algae, diatoms and relatives) Oomycota (water molds) Actinophryida CAM Pancryptista Microheliella Cryptista Palpitomonas Katablepharidida Cryptomonada Archaeplastida (plants sensu lato) Picozoa Rhodophyta (red algae) Rhodelphidia Glaucophyta Viridiplantae (green plants or plants sensu stricto) Prasinodermophyta Chlorophyta Streptophyta Mesostigmatophyceae Chlorokybophyceae Spirotaenia Klebsormidiophyceae Charophyceae Coleochaetophyceae Zygnematophyceae Embryophyta (land plants or plants sensu strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea Euglenozoa Metamonada* Anaeramoebidae Parabasalia Barthelona Skoliomonas Fornicata Preaxostyla Malawimonadida Malawimonadidae Imasidae Incertae sedis Ancyromonadida Ancyromonadidae Planomonadidae Divimonas CRuMs Diphylleida Mantamonadida Rigifilida Glissandrida Genera of uncertain affiliation Acinetactis Berkeleyaesol Kamera Magosphaera Meringosphaera Meteora Parakaryon (?) Phyllomitus Quasibodo Tetrahelia Acritarchs and other fossils †Acritarcha †Algospongia †Archaeochaeta †Calcitarcha †Calpionellida †Cephalonyx †Changchengia †Cheleutochroa †Chitinozoa †Coryphidium †Cucumiforma †Dictyosphaera †Diskagma (?) †Eosolena †Francevillian biota (?) †Germinosphaera †Grandilingulata †Granomarginata †Grypania †Gunflint microbiota †Horodyskia †Introvertocystis †Korilophyton †Leiosphaeridia †Navifusa †Portalites †Protosterol biota †Prototaxites †Pterospermopsimorpha †Qingshania †Quadrisporites †Schizofusa †Shuiyousphaeridium †Simia †Tappania †Tawuia (?) †Tetraporina †Thuchomyces (?) †Tuanshanzia †Valeria †Vernanimalcula ¹non-protist groups *possibly paraphyletic groups bold denotes groups with over 1,000 species Taxonomy of protists

Taxon identifiers Breviatea Wikidata: Q21446474 Wikispecies: Breviatea NCBI: 1401294 Open Tree of Life: 5246141 WoRMS: 582187

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Breviatea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breviatea) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breviatea?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.