# Breistroffer Event
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{{Short description|Oceanic anoxic event during the Middle Cretaceous}}
The '''Breistroffer Event''' ('''OAE1d''') was an [oceanic anoxic event](/source/oceanic_anoxic_event) (OAE) that occurred during the Middle [Cretaceous](/source/Cretaceous) [period](/source/Period_(geologic_time)),[{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Paul A. |last2=Norris |first2=Richard D. |date=26 July 2001 |title=Warm tropical ocean surface and global anoxia during the mid-Cretaceous period |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/35086553 |journal=[Nature](/source/Nature_(journal)) |volume=412 |issue=1 |pages=425–429 |doi=10.1038/35086553 |pmid=11473314 |bibcode=2001Natur.412..425W |s2cid=205019330 |access-date=24 May 2023 |url-access=subscription}}] specifically in the latest [Albian](/source/Albian), around 101 million years ago (Ma).[{{cite journal |last1=Scotese |first1=Christopher Robert |last2=Song |first2=Haijun |last3=Mills |first3=Benjamin J. W. |last4=Van der Meer |first4=Douwe G. |date=April 2021 |title=Phanerozoic paleotemperatures: The earth's changing climate during the last 540 million years |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012825221000027#:~:text=The%20history%20of%20global%20changes,and%20cooling%20episodes%20(chronotemps) |journal=[Earth-Science Reviews](/source/Earth-Science_Reviews) |volume=215 |article-number=103503 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103503 |bibcode=2021ESRv..21503503S |s2cid=233579194 |access-date=24 May 2023 |url-access=subscription}}]
==Causes==
A rise in [carbon dioxide](/source/carbon_dioxide) and consequent negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE) ensued at the start of OAE1d, causing global temperatures to rise by 2 °C.[{{cite journal |last1=Richey |first1=Jon D. |last2=Upchurch |first2=Garland R. |last3=Montañez |first3=Isabel P. |last4=Lomax |first4=Barry H. |last5=Suarez |first5=Marina B. |last6=Crout |first6=Neil M. J. |last7=Joeckel |first7=R. M. |last8=Ludvigson |first8=Greg A. |last9=Smith |first9=Jon J. |date=1 June 2018 |title=Changes in CO2 during Ocean Anoxic Event 1d indicate similarities to other carbon cycle perturbations |journal=[Earth and Planetary Science Letters](/source/Earth_and_Planetary_Science_Letters) |volume=491 |pages=172–182 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2018.03.035 |s2cid=134252840 |doi-access=free}}] During the Breistroffer Thermal Maximum, as this climatic interval has been referred to, Earth's mean surface air temperature was 23.3 °C.[{{cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Qingchao |last2=Xu |first2=Zhaokai |last3=MacLeod |first3=Kenneth G. |last4=Brumsack |first4=Hans-Jürgen |last5=Li |first5=Tiegang |last6=Chang |first6=Fengming |last7=Wang |first7=Shiming |last8=Riquier |first8=Laurent |last9=Fu |first9=Delong |last10=Luan |first10=Zhendong |last11=Duan |first11=Baichuan |last12=Chen |first12=Hongjin |last13=Wang |first13=Wei |last14=Lim |first14=Dhongil |date=6 May 2022 |title=First Record of Oceanic Anoxic Event 1d at Southern High Latitudes: Sedimentary and Geochemical Evidence From International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 369 |journal=[Geophysical Research Letters](/source/Geophysical_Research_Letters) |volume=49 |issue=10 |article-number=e2021GL097641 |doi=10.1029/2021GL097641 |bibcode=2022GeoRL..4997641F |s2cid=248600904 |doi-access=free}}][{{cite journal |last1=Yao |first1=Hanwei |last2=Chen |first2=Xi |last3=Yin |first3=Runsheng |last4=Grasby |first4=Stephen E. |last5=Weissert |first5=Helmut |last6=Gu |first6=Xue |last7=Wang |first7=Chengshan |date=19 February 2021 |title=Mercury Evidence of Intense Volcanism Preceded Oceanic Anoxic Event 1d |journal=[Geophysical Research Letters](/source/Geophysical_Research_Letters) |volume=48 |issue=5 |article-number=e2020GL091508 |doi=10.1029/2020GL091508 |bibcode=2021GeoRL..4891508Y |s2cid=233707872}}]
An alternative hypothesis implicating enhanced monsoons forced by [Milankovitch cycles](/source/Milankovitch_cycles) rather than volcanism has also been proposed, based on the lack of unradiogenic osmium isotope ratio fluctuations observed during OAE1d.[{{cite journal |last1=Matsumoto |first1=Hironao |last2=Coccioni |first2=Rodolfo |last3=Frontalini |first3=Fabrizio |last4=Shirai |first4=Kotaro |last5=Jovane |first5=Luigi |last6=Trindade |first6=Ricardo |last7=Savian |first7=Jairo F. |date=11 January 2022 |title=Mid-Cretaceous marine Os isotope evidence for heterogeneous cause of oceanic anoxic events |journal=[Nature Communications](/source/Nature_Communications) |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=239 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-27817-0 |pmid=35017487 |pmc=8752794 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13..239M}}] Total organic carbon values and [carbon](/source/carbon) and [oxygen](/source/oxygen) isotope records from the La Grita Member of the Capacho Formation of Venezuela show a cyclic variation supporting the enhanced monsoonal hypothesis.[{{cite journal |last1=Rodríguez-Cuicas |first1=María-Emilia |last2=Montero-Serrano |first2=Jean-Carlos |last3=Garbán |first3=Grony |date=1 May 2019 |title=Paleoenvironmental changes during the late Albian oceanic anoxic event 1d: An example from the Capacho Formation, southwestern Venezuela |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018218310022 |journal=[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology](/source/Palaeogeography%2C_Palaeoclimatology%2C_Palaeoecology) |volume=521 |pages=10–29 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.02.010 |bibcode=2019PPP...521...10R |s2cid=133735691 |access-date=14 June 2023 |url-access=subscription}}]
One possible cause of OAE1d relates to a possible 5-6 Myr cycle in the rate of [phosphorus](/source/phosphorus) weathering throughout the middle of the Cretaceous period, at one of the peaks of which OAE1d ensued. This cycle would have been sustained and enhanced by fast-acting positive feedbacks of increased biological productivity and deoxygenation in response to elevated oceanic phosphate concentrations, but eventually mitigated and reversed by longer term negative feedbacks of increasing [atmospheric oxygen](/source/atmospheric_oxygen) content, which would have increased [wildfire](/source/wildfire) activity and caused a decline in [vegetation](/source/vegetation), slowing down [chemical weathering](/source/chemical_weathering) and returned the [phosphorus cycle](/source/phosphorus_cycle) back to its starting state.[{{cite journal |last1=Handoh |first1=Itsuki C. |last2=Lenton |first2=Timothy M. |date=8 October 2003 |title=Periodic mid-Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events linked by oscillations of the phosphorus and oxygen biogeochemical cycles |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2003GB002039 |journal=Global Biogeochemical Cycles |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=3-1-3-11 |doi=10.1029/2003GB002039 |bibcode=2003GBioC..17.1092H |s2cid=140194325 |access-date=13 June 2023 |url-access=subscription}}]
==Effects==
Anoxia developed because of the reduction of seawater [solubility](/source/solubility) of [oxygen](/source/oxygen) caused by global temperature rise.[{{cite journal |last1=Rodríguez-Cuicas |first1=María-Emilia |last2=Montero-Serrano |first2=Jean-Carlos |last3=Garbán |first3=Grony |date=January 2020 |title=Geochemical and mineralogical records of late Albian oceanic anoxic event 1d (OAE-1d) in the La Grita Member (southwestern Venezuela): Implications for weathering and provenance |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0895981119305115 |journal=[Journal of South American Earth Sciences](/source/Journal_of_South_American_Earth_Sciences) |volume=97 |article-number=102408 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102408 |bibcode=2020JSAES..9702408R |s2cid=210247906 |access-date=24 May 2023 |url-access=subscription}}] The OAE that occurred resulted in a positive CIE, reflecting an enhancement in burial of organic carbon.[{{cite journal |last1=Gambacorta |first1=G. |last2=Bottini |first2=Cinzia |last3=Brumsack |first3=Hans-Jürgen |last4=Schnetger |first4=B. |last5=Erba |first5=Elisabetta |date=20 December 2020 |title=Major and trace element characterization of Oceanic Anoxic Event 1d (OAE 1d): Insight from the Umbria-Marche Basin, central Italy |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0009254120303739 |journal=[Chemical Geology](/source/Chemical_Geology) |volume=557 |article-number=119834 |doi=10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119834 |bibcode=2020ChGeo.55719834G |access-date=24 May 2023 |hdl=2434/775902 |s2cid=225148458 |hdl-access=free}}] The positive CIE's presence in nearshore settings, indicating that deep water anoxia expanded into shallow water.[{{cite journal |last1=Madhavaraju |first1=Jayagopal |last2=Scott |first2=Robert W. |last3=Sial |first3=Alcides N. |last4=Ramirez-Montoya |first4=Erik |date=24 August 2021 |title=Chemo- and biostratigraphy of the Cretaceous Dalmiapuram Formation, Uttatur Group, Kallakudi II section, Cauvery Basin, South India |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-021-07902-w |journal=Arabian Journal of Geosciences |volume=14 |issue=18 |pages=1–23 |article-number=1868 |doi=10.1007/s12517-021-07902-w |bibcode=2021ArJG...14.1868M |s2cid=237272278 |access-date=24 May 2023 |url-access=subscription}}]
On land, a brief warm-wet climatic spike and a surge in [angiosperm](/source/angiosperm) biodiversity occurred coevally with the deposition of black shales during OAE1d. Angiosperm [mangal](/source/mangrove) and conifer-dominated [swamps](/source/swamps) thrived during this warm-wet spike in what is now central [North America](/source/North_America).[{{cite journal |last1=Retallack |first1=Gregory J. |last2=Dilcher |first2=David L. |date=15 April 2012 |title=Outcrop versus core and geophysical log interpretation of mid-Cretaceous paleosols from the Dakota Formation of Kansas |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018212000909 |journal=[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology](/source/Palaeogeography%2C_Palaeoclimatology%2C_Palaeoecology) |volume=329-330 |pages=47–63 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.02.017 |bibcode=2012PPP...329...47R |access-date=5 June 2023 |url-access=subscription}}] In [Bulgaria](/source/Bulgaria), where angiosperms were still a minor component of the [flora](/source/flora) that was dominated by [gymnosperms](/source/gymnosperms) and [pteridophyte](/source/pteridophyte) spores, plant communities remained stable across OAE1d.[{{cite journal |last1=Pavlishina |first1=Polina |date=17 November 2016 |title=Palynostratigraphy and palaeoenvironments around the Albian-Cenomanian boundary interval (OAE1d), North Bulgaria |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11430-016-0067-2 |journal=[Science China Earth Sciences](/source/Science_China_Earth_Sciences) |volume=60 |pages=71–79 |doi=10.1007/s11430-016-0067-2 |s2cid=132079175 |access-date=14 June 2023 |url-access=subscription}}]
==See also==
* {{anl|Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event|Bonarelli Event}}
* {{anl|Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event|Jenkyns Event}}
* {{anl|Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum|Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum}}
* {{anl|Paquier Event}}
* {{anl|Selli Event}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Extinction events graphical timeline}}
Category:Albian Stage
{{improve categories|date=May 2023}}
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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Breistroffer Event](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breistroffer_Event) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breistroffer_Event?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.