# Botrychium simplex

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{{Short description|North American species of moonwort}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Botrychium simplex (3599528767).jpg
|status = {{TNCStatus}} 
|status_system = TNC
|genus = Botrychium
|species = simplex
|authority = [E.Hitchc.](/source/Edward_Hitchcock)
|synonyms = * ''Botrychium tenebrosum''
}}

'''''Botrychium simplex''''', the '''little grapefern''', is a species of [fern](/source/fern) in the family [Ophioglossaceae](/source/Ophioglossaceae) that is native to North America and Greenland.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Grønlands flora|date=1978|publisher=P. Haase & Sons|others=Tyge Wittrock Böcher|isbn=87-559-0385-1|edition=3. reviderede udgave|location=København|oclc=183098604}}</ref> It is a [perennial](/source/perennial).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=BOSI |title= Plants Profile for Botrychium simplex (Little grapefern) |website= plants.usda.gov |access-date= 18 January 2018 |author=<!--Not stated-->}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
''Botrychium simplex'' was first [described](/source/species_description) by [Edward Hitchcock](/source/Edward_Hitchcock) in 1823, based on material from [Conway, Massachusetts](/source/Conway%2C_Massachusetts).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hitchcock |first=Edward |authorlink=Edward Hitchcock |title=Description of a new species of Botrychium |year=1823 |journal=The American Journal of Science and Arts |volume=6 |pages=103–104 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15007750}}</ref>

==Conservation==
It is listed as a special concern species in [Connecticut](/source/Connecticut) and is believed [extirpated](/source/Local_extinction).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151023162806/http://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/deep/wildlife/pdf_files/nongame/ETS15.pdf "Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015"]. State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved 18 January 2018. (Note: This list is newer than the one used by plants.usda.gov and is more up-to-date.)</ref>  It is endangered in [Illinois](/source/Illinois), [Indiana](/source/Indiana), and [Ohio](/source/Ohio). It is listed as endangered and extirpated in [Maryland](/source/Maryland), threatened in [Iowa](/source/Iowa), exploitably vulnerable in [New York](/source/New_York_(state)), special concern in [Rhode Island](/source/Rhode_Island), and sensitive in [Washington (state)](/source/Washington_(state)).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=BOSI |title= Plants Profile for Botrychium simplex (Little grapefern) |website= plants.usda.gov |access-date= 18 January 2018 |author=<!--Not stated-->}}</ref>

This species is extremely rare in most European countries. In Ukraine only one place is known.<ref>[http://www.myslenedrevo.com.ua/en/Sci/Nature/archive-ophioglossaceae-ukraine/botrychium-simplex.html: Parnikoza I., Celka Z. An Archive of the Ophiglossaceae in Ukraine ]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2466601}}
{{Authority control}}

Category:Ferns of the United States
simplex
Category:Plants described in 1823
Category:Habitats Directive species
Category:Flora of Greenland

{{fern-stub}}

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Botrychium simplex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botrychium_simplex) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botrychium_simplex?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.