# Boston

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This article is about the U.S. city. For other uses, see [Boston (disambiguation)](/source/Boston_(disambiguation)).

**Boston** (/bɒstən/) is the [capital](/source/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States) and [most populous city](/source/List_of_municipalities_in_Massachusetts) of the [U.S. state](/source/U.S._state) of [Massachusetts](/source/Massachusetts). It serves as a cultural and [financial center](/source/Financial_centre) of [New England](/source/New_England), a region of the [Northeastern United States](/source/Northeastern_United_States). Boston has an area of 48.4 sq mi (125 km2)[3] and a population of 675,647 as of the [2020 census](/source/2020_United_States_census), making it the third-most populous city in the Northeastern United States after [New York City](/source/New_York_City) and [Philadelphia](/source/Philadelphia).[4] The larger [Greater Boston](/source/Greater_Boston) metropolitan statistical area had a population of 4.9 million in 2023, making it the largest metropolitan area in New England and the [eleventh-largest](/source/Metropolitan_statistical_area) in the [United States](/source/United_States).[5][6][7]

Boston was founded on [Shawmut Peninsula](/source/Shawmut_Peninsula) in 1630 by English [Puritan](/source/Puritans) settlers, who named the city after the market town of [Boston, Lincolnshire](/source/Boston,_Lincolnshire) in England.[8][9] During the [American Revolution](/source/American_Revolution) and [Revolutionary War](/source/American_Revolutionary_War), Boston was home to several seminal events, including the [Boston Massacre](/source/Boston_Massacre) (1770), the [Boston Tea Party](/source/Boston_Tea_Party) (1773), [Paul Revere's midnight ride](/source/Paul_Revere's_midnight_ride) (1775), the [Battle of Bunker Hill](/source/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill) (1775), and the [Siege of Boston](/source/Siege_of_Boston) (1775–1776).

Following American independence from [Great Britain](/source/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain), Boston played an important national role as a port, manufacturing hub, and education and culture center,[10][11] and the city expanded significantly beyond the original [peninsula](/source/Boston_Neck) by filling in land and annexing neighboring towns. Boston's many firsts include the nation's first public park ([Boston Common](/source/Boston_Common), 1634),[12] the first [public school](/source/State_school) ([Boston Latin School](/source/Boston_Latin_School), 1635),[13] and the first subway system ([Tremont Street subway](/source/Tremont_Street_subway), 1897).[14]

Boston later emerged as a global leader in higher education and research[15] and is the largest [biotechnology](/source/Biotechnology) hub in the world as of 2023.[16] The city is a national leader in scientific research, law, medicine, engineering, and business. With nearly 5,000 startup companies, the city is considered a global pioneer in [innovation](/source/Innovation), [entrepreneurship](/source/Entrepreneurship),[17][18][19] and [artificial intelligence](/source/Artificial_intelligence).[20] Boston's economy is led by [finance](/source/Financial_centre),[21] professional and business services, [information technology](/source/Information_technology), and government.[22] The city's businesses and institutions rank among the top in the nation for environmental [sustainability](/source/Sustainability) and new investment.[23]

## Etymology

[Isaac Johnson](/source/Isaac_Johnson_(colonist))—in one of his last official acts as leader of the [Charlestown](/source/Charlestown,_Boston) community before his death on September 30, 1630—named the new settlement across the [river](/source/Charles_River) "Boston" after Johnson's hometown of [Boston, Lincolnshire](/source/Boston,_Lincolnshire), from where he, [his wife](/source/Arbella_Johnson) (namesake of the *[Arbella](/source/Arbella)*), and [John Cotton](/source/John_Cotton_(minister)) (grandfather of [Cotton Mather](/source/Cotton_Mather)) [emigrated](/source/Puritan_migration_to_New_England_(1620%E2%80%931640)). The name of the English town derives from its patron saint, [St. Botolph](/source/Botolph_of_Thorney), in [whose church](/source/St_Botolph's_Church,_Boston) Cotton served as the rector until he and Johnson emigrated to [New England](/source/New_England). In early sources, Lincolnshire's Boston was known as "St. Botolph's town", which was later abbreviated as "Boston". Before this renaming, the settlement on the peninsula was known as "Shawmut" by [William Blaxton](/source/William_Blaxton) and "Tremontaine" by the Puritan settlers he invited.[24][25][26][27][28][29]

## History

Main article: [History of Boston](/source/History_of_Boston)

### Indigenous era

Before [European colonization](/source/European_colonization_of_the_Americas), the region surrounding present-day Boston was inhabited by the [Massachusett](/source/Massachusett) people, who established small, seasonal communities in present-day Boston.[30][31] In 1630, settlers led by [John Winthrop](/source/John_Winthrop) arrived, and found [Shawmut Peninsula](/source/Shawmut_Peninsula) nearly empty of Native people. Most had died of European diseases borne by earlier settlers and traders.[32][33] Archaeological excavations have unearthed one of the oldest [fishweirs](/source/Fishing_weir) in New England, located on [Boylston Street](/source/Boylston_Street), which Native people constructed as early as 7,000 years before European arrival in the [Western Hemisphere](/source/Western_Hemisphere).[30][31][34]

### European settlement

The first European to live in what would become Boston was a [University of Cambridge](/source/University_of_Cambridge)-educated [Anglican](/source/Anglicanism) cleric named [William Blaxton](/source/William_Blaxton). He was most directly responsible for the foundation of Boston by [Puritan](/source/Puritans) colonists in 1630, after Blaxton invited one of their leaders, [Isaac Johnson](/source/Isaac_Johnson_(colonist)), to cross [Back Bay](/source/Back_Bay,_Boston) from the failing colony of [Charlestown](/source/Charlestown,_Boston) and share the peninsula with him. In September 1630 Puritans made the crossing to present-day Boston.[35][36][37]

Puritan influence on Boston began even before the settlement was founded with the 1629 [Cambridge Agreement](/source/Cambridge_Agreement), which created the [Massachusetts Bay Colony](/source/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony) and was signed by the colony's first governor, [John Winthrop](/source/John_Winthrop). Puritan ethics and their focus on education also influenced the city's early history. In 1635, America's first public school, [Boston Latin School](/source/Boston_Latin_School), was founded in Boston.[13][38]

Boston was the largest town in the [Thirteen Colonies](/source/Thirteen_Colonies) until [Philadelphia](/source/Philadelphia) outgrew it in the mid-18th century.[39] Boston's [oceanfront location](/source/Shore) made it a lively [port](/source/Port), and the town engaged in [shipping](/source/Shipping) and fishing during the colonial era. Boston was a primary stop on the [Caribbean](/source/Caribbean) trade route and imported large amounts of molasses, which led to the creation of [Boston baked beans](/source/Boston_baked_beans).[40]

Boston's economy stagnated in the decades prior to the American Revolution. By the mid-18th century, New York City and Philadelphia both surpassed Boston in wealth. During this period, Boston encountered financial difficulties even as other New England cities were growing rapidly.[41][42]

### American Revolution and Siege of Boston

Main articles: [Boston campaign](/source/Boston_campaign) and [Siege of Boston](/source/Siege_of_Boston)

The weather continuing boisterous the next day and night, giving the enemy time to improve their works, to bring up their cannon, and to put themselves in such a state of defence, that I could promise myself little success in attacking them under all the disadvantages I had to encounter.

— [William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe](/source/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe), *in a letter to [William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth](/source/William_Legge,_2nd_Earl_of_Dartmouth), about the British army's decision to leave Boston, dated March 21, 1776.[43]*

Boston played a central role in the [American Revolution](/source/American_Revolution). Many crucial events of the American Revolution and subsequent [American Revolutionary War](/source/American_Revolutionary_War) occurred in or near Boston, where the city's revolutionary spirit[44] against [Britain](/source/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain)'s [colonial](/source/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States) governance was demonstrable and ultimately inspiring to the rest of the [Thirteen Colonies](/source/Thirteen_Colonies).[41] When the [British Parliament](/source/Parliament_of_Great_Britain) passed the [Stamp Act](/source/Stamp_Act_1765) in 1765, the homes of [Andrew Oliver](/source/Andrew_Oliver), the official tasked with enforcing the Act, and [Thomas Hutchinson](/source/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)), then lieutenant governor of [Massachusetts Bay Colony](/source/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony), were raved by Boston mobs.[41][45] The British responded by sending two regiments to Boston in 1768 in an attempt to quell the revolt, but the increased British military presence in Boston only ended up further inflaming the Boston colonists. In 1770, during the [Boston Massacre](/source/Boston_Massacre), [British troops](/source/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War) fired into a Boston mob that was protesting their presence. The massacre forced the British to withdraw their troops and helped fuel revolutionary sentiment in the colonies.[42]

In May 1773, Parliament passed the [Tea Act](/source/Tea_Act), which many colonists saw as a British attempt to compel them to accept taxes established by the [Townshend Acts](/source/Townshend_Acts). This led to the [Boston Tea Party](/source/Boston_Tea_Party), a defining event of the American Revolution in which angered Bostonians threw an entire shipment of tea sent from the [East India Company](/source/East_India_Company) into [Boston Harbor](/source/Boston_Harbor), escalating the American Revolution. The British monarchy responded furiously, implementing the [Intolerable Acts](/source/Intolerable_Acts) and demanding compensation for the tea destroyed during the Boston Tea Party.[41] This response, in turn, angered the colonists further, leading to the [Battles of Lexington and Concord](/source/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord) on April 19, 1775, the first battles of the [American Revolutionary War](/source/American_Revolutionary_War), which were fought around Boston in Massachusetts Bay Colony.[41][46]

During the [siege of Boston](/source/Siege_of_Boston) from April 19, 1775, to March 17, 1776, New England-based [Patriot](/source/Patriot_(American_Revolution)) militia impeded movement by the [British Army](/source/British_Army). [Sir William Howe](/source/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe), then commander-in-chief of British forces in North America, led the British army in the siege. On June 17, the British captured Charlestown in present-day Boston during the [Battle of Bunker Hill](/source/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill) during which the British Army outnumbered Patriot militia. But the British sustained irreplaceable casualties, turning the Battle of Bunker Hill into a [pyrrhic victory](/source/Pyrrhic_victory) for the British. The Battle of Bunker Hill also demonstrated the skill and training of the Patriot militia, whose stubborn defense made it difficult for the British to capture Charlestown without suffering even further casualties.[47][48]

On June 14, 1775, in an effort to unify the Revolutionary War effort, the [Second Continental Congress](/source/Second_Continental_Congress), convening in the colonial-era capital of [Philadelphia](/source/Philadelphia), founded the [Continental Army](/source/Continental_Army) and unanimously appointed [George Washington](/source/George_Washington) as its commander-in-chief. Washington then immediately departed Philadelphia for Boston, where he arrived on July 2, 1775, and led the newly-formed Continental Army in the siege. Fighting was limited to small-scale raids and skirmishes, and the Continental Army faced challenges with a deficiency of munitions and supplies. [Boston Neck](/source/Boston_Neck), then narrow and only approximately 100 feet wide, impeded Washington's ability to invade Boston, which led to a prolonged stalemate between the Continental Army and British forces. A young officer, [Rufus Putnam](/source/Rufus_Putnam), came up with a plan to make portable fortifications out of wood, which were erected on the frozen ground under cover of darkness. Putnam supervised the effort, which successfully installed the fortifications and dozens of cannons on [Dorchester Heights](/source/Dorchester_Heights) that [Henry Knox](/source/Henry_Knox) laboriously brought through the snow from [Fort Ticonderoga](/source/Fort_Ticonderoga). The following morning, the astonished British Army awoke to see a large array of cannons bearing down on them. General Howe is believed to have said that the Americans had done more in one night than his British Army could have done in six months. The British Army responded by attempting to launch a cannon barrage for two hours, but their shots could not reach the Continental Army's cannons at such a height. The British then gave up, boarded their ships, and sailed away from Boston in what has come to be known as "[Evacuation Day](/source/Evacuation_Day_(Massachusetts))", which is now celebrated in Boston annually on March 17. After the British retreat, Washington was so impressed with the effort of Rufus Putnam that he appointed him as his chief engineer.[46][47][49]

### Post-revolution and the War of 1812

After the Revolution, Boston's long [seafaring](/source/Seafaring) tradition helped make it one of the nation's busiest ports for both domestic and international trade. Boston's harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the [Embargo Act of 1807](/source/Embargo_Act_of_1807), which was adopted during the [Napoleonic Wars](/source/Napoleonic_Wars), and the [War of 1812](/source/War_of_1812). Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the meantime. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. The small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce.[50]

During this period, Boston also flourished culturally. It was admired for its [rarefied literary life](/source/Classic_book) and generous [artistic patronage](/source/The_arts).[51][52] Members of old Boston families, later dubbed "[Boston Brahmins](/source/Boston_Brahmin)", came to be regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites.[53] They are often associated with the [American upper class](/source/American_upper_class), [Harvard University](/source/Harvard_University),[54] and the [Episcopal Church](/source/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)).[55][56]

Boston was a prominent port of the [Atlantic slave trade](/source/Atlantic_slave_trade) in the [New England Colonies](/source/New_England_Colonies), but was soon overtaken by [Salem, Massachusetts](/source/Salem,_Massachusetts), and [Newport, Rhode Island](/source/Newport,_Rhode_Island).[57] Boston eventually became a center of the [American abolitionist movement](/source/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States).[58] The city reacted largely negatively to the [Fugitive Slave Act of 1850](/source/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850),[59] contributing to President [Franklin Pierce](/source/Franklin_Pierce)'s attempt to make an example of Boston after [Anthony Burns](/source/Anthony_Burns)'s attempt to escape to freedom.[60][61]

In 1822,[10] the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from the "Town of Boston" to the "City of Boston", and on March 19, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the [charter incorporating the city.](/source/Boston_City_Charter)[62] At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.8 sq mi (12 km2).[62]

### 19th century

In the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European [immigrants](/source/Immigration_to_the_United_States). Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the [Great Famine](/source/Great_Famine_(Ireland)); by 1850, about 35,000 [Irish lived in Boston](/source/History_of_Irish_Americans_in_Boston).[63] In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, [Germans](/source/Germans), [Lebanese](/source/Lebanese_people), Syrians,[64] [French Canadians](/source/French_Canadians), and [Russian](/source/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia) and [Polish Jews](/source/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland) settling there.

By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants with their residence yielding lasting cultural change. [Italians](/source/Italians) became the largest inhabitants of the [North End](/source/North_End,_Boston),[65] [Irish](/source/Irish_Americans) dominated [South Boston](/source/South_Boston) and [Charlestown](/source/Charlestown,_Boston), and [Russian Jews](/source/Russian_Jews) lived in the [West End](/source/West_End,_Boston). [Irish](/source/Irish_Americans) and [Italian](/source/Italian_Americans) immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community,[66] and the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics since the early 20th century; prominent figures include the [Kennedys](/source/Kennedy_family), [Tip O'Neill](/source/Tip_O'Neill), and [John F. Fitzgerald](/source/John_F._Fitzgerald).[67]

Between 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its area through [land reclamation](/source/Land_reclamation) by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront. Reclamation projects in the middle of the 19th century created significant parts of the [South End](/source/South_End,_Boston), the [West End](/source/West_End,_Boston), the [Financial District](/source/Financial_District,_Boston), and [Chinatown](/source/Chinatown,_Boston).[68]

After the [Great Boston Fire of 1872](/source/Great_Boston_Fire_of_1872), workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late 19th century, workers filled almost 600 acres (240 hectares) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of [Boston Common](/source/Boston_Common) with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. The city annexed the adjacent towns of [South Boston](/source/South_Boston) (1804), [East Boston](/source/East_Boston) (1836), [Roxbury](/source/Roxbury,_Boston) (1868), [Dorchester](/source/Dorchester,_Boston) (including present-day [Mattapan](/source/Mattapan) and a portion of [South Boston](/source/South_Boston)) (1870), [Brighton](/source/Brighton,_Boston) (including present-day [Allston](/source/Allston)) (1874), [West Roxbury](/source/West_Roxbury) (including present-day [Jamaica Plain](/source/Jamaica_Plain) and [Roslindale](/source/Roslindale)) (1874), [Charlestown](/source/Charlestown,_Boston) (1874), and [Hyde Park](/source/Hyde_Park,_Boston) (1912).[69][70] Other proposals were unsuccessful for the annexation of [Brookline](/source/Boston%E2%80%93Brookline_annexation_debate_of_1873), Cambridge,[71] and [Chelsea](/source/Chelsea,_Massachusetts).[72][73]

### 20th century

Many architecturally significant buildings were built during the early years of the 20th century: [Horticultural Hall](/source/Horticultural_Hall,_Boston,_Massachusetts),[74] the [Tennis and Racquet Club](/source/Tennis_and_Racquet_Club),[75] [Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum](/source/Isabella_Stewart_Gardner_Museum),[76][77] [Fenway Studios](/source/Fenway_Studios),[78] [Jordan Hall](/source/Jordan_Hall_(Boston)),[79] and the [Boston Opera House](/source/Boston_Opera_House_(1909)). The [Longfellow Bridge](/source/Longfellow_Bridge),[80] built in 1906, was mentioned by [Robert McCloskey](/source/Robert_McCloskey) in *[Make Way for Ducklings](/source/Make_Way_for_Ducklings)*, describing its "salt and pepper shakers" feature.[81] [Fenway Park](/source/Fenway_Park), home of the [Boston Red Sox](/source/Boston_Red_Sox), opened in 1912,[82] with the [Boston Garden](/source/Boston_Garden) opening in 1928.[83] [Logan International Airport](/source/Logan_International_Airport) opened on September 8, 1923.[84]

On November 28, 1942, Boston's Cocoanut Grove nightclub was the site of the [Cocoanut Grove fire](/source/Cocoanut_Grove_fire), the deadliest [nightclub fire](/source/List_of_nightclub_fires) in United States history, killing 492 people and injuring hundreds more.[85]

By the early- to mid-20th century, Boston declined economically as factories became old and obsolete and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere.[86] Boston responded by initiating various [urban renewal](/source/Urban_renewal) projects, under the direction of the [Boston Redevelopment Authority](/source/Boston_Planning_and_Development_Agency) (BRA) established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated a project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition was met with strong public opposition, and thousands of families were displaced.[87]

The BRA continued implementing [eminent domain](/source/Eminent_domain) projects, including the clearance of the vibrant [Scollay Square](/source/Scollay_Square) area for construction of the modernist style [Government Center](/source/Government_Center,_Boston). In 1965, the Columbia Point Health Center opened in the [Dorchester](/source/Dorchester,_Boston) neighborhood, the first [Community Health Center](/source/Community_health_centers_in_the_United_States) in the United States. It mostly served the massive [Columbia Point](/source/Columbia_Point_(Boston)) public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center.[88] The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized from 1984 to 1990 into a mixed-income residential development called Harbor Point Apartments.[89]

By the 1970s, the city's economy had begun to recover after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high-rises were constructed in the [Financial District](/source/Financial_District,_Boston) and in Boston's [Back Bay](/source/Back_Bay,_Boston) during this period.[90] This boom continued into the mid-1980s and resumed after a few pauses. Hospitals such as [Massachusetts General Hospital](/source/Massachusetts_General_Hospital), [Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center](/source/Beth_Israel_Deaconess_Medical_Center), and [Brigham and Women's Hospital](/source/Brigham_and_Women's_Hospital) lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as the [Boston Architectural College](/source/Boston_Architectural_College), [Boston College](/source/Boston_College), [Boston University](/source/Boston_University), [Harvard Medical School](/source/Harvard_Medical_School), [Tufts University School of Medicine](/source/Tufts_University_School_of_Medicine), [Northeastern University](/source/Northeastern_University), [Massachusetts College of Art and Design](/source/Massachusetts_College_of_Art_and_Design), [Wentworth Institute of Technology](/source/Wentworth_Institute_of_Technology), [Berklee College of Music](/source/Berklee_College_of_Music), [Boston Conservatory](/source/Boston_Conservatory), and others attract students to the area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over [desegregation busing](/source/Desegregation_busing), which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s.[91] Boston has also experienced [gentrification](/source/Gentrification) in the latter half of the 20th century,[92] with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s when the city's [rent control](/source/Rent_control) regime was struck down by statewide [ballot proposition](/source/Ballot_proposition).[93]

### 21st century

Boston is an intellectual, technological, and political center. However, it has lost some important regional institutions,[94] including the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as [FleetBoston Financial](/source/FleetBoston_Financial), which was acquired by [Charlotte](/source/Charlotte,_North_Carolina)-based [Bank of America](/source/Bank_of_America) in 2004.[95] Boston-based department stores [Jordan Marsh](/source/Jordan_Marsh) and [Filene's](/source/Filene's) have both merged into the [New York City](/source/New_York_City)–based [Macy's](/source/Macy's,_Inc.).[96] The 1993 acquisition of *[The Boston Globe](/source/The_Boston_Globe)* by *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*[97] was reversed in 2013 when it was resold to Boston businessman [John W. Henry](/source/John_W._Henry). In 2016, it was announced [General Electric](/source/General_Electric) would be moving its corporate headquarters from Connecticut to the [Seaport District](/source/Seaport_District) in Boston, joining many other companies in this rapidly developing neighborhood.[98] The city also saw the completion of the Central Artery/Tunnel Project, known as the [Big Dig](/source/Big_Dig), in 2007 after many delays and cost overruns.[99]

On April 15, 2013, two Chechen Islamist brothers [detonated a pair of bombs](/source/Boston_Marathon_bombing) near the finish line of the [Boston Marathon](/source/2013_Boston_Marathon), killing three people and injuring roughly 264.[100] The subsequent search for the bombers led to a lock-down of Boston and surrounding municipalities. The region showed solidarity during this time as symbolized by the slogan *[Boston Strong](/source/Boston_Strong)*.[101]

In 2016, Boston briefly [shouldered a bid](/source/Boston_bid_for_the_2024_Summer_Olympics) as the U.S. applicant for the [2024 Summer Olympics](/source/2024_Summer_Olympics). The bid was supported by the mayor and a coalition of business leaders and local philanthropists, but was eventually dropped due to public opposition.[102] The [USOC](/source/United_States_Olympic_Committee) then selected [Los Angeles](/source/Los_Angeles) to be the American candidate with Los Angeles ultimately securing the right to host the [2028 Summer Olympics](/source/2028_Summer_Olympics).[103] Nevertheless, Boston is one of eleven U.S. cities which will host matches during the [2026 FIFA World Cup](/source/2026_FIFA_World_Cup), with games taking place at [Gillette Stadium](/source/Gillette_Stadium).[104]

## Geography

The geographical center of Boston is in [Roxbury](/source/Roxbury,_Boston). Due north of the center we find the South End. This is not to be confused with South Boston which lies directly east from the South End. North of South Boston is East Boston and southwest of East Boston is the North End

— Unknown, *A local colloquialism[105]*

Boston has an area of 89.63 sq mi (232.1 km2). Of this area, 48.4 sq mi (125.4 km2), or 54%, of it is land and 41.2 sq mi (106.7 km2), or 46%, of it is water. The city's elevation, as measured at [Logan International Airport](/source/Logan_International_Airport), is 19 ft (5.8 m) [above sea level](/source/Above_mean_sea_level).[106] The highest point in Boston is [Bellevue Hill](/source/Bellevue_Hill,_Boston) at 330 ft (100 m) above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level.[107] The city is adjacent to [Boston Harbor](/source/Boston_Harbor), an arm of [Massachusetts Bay](/source/Massachusetts_Bay), and by extension, the Atlantic Ocean.

Boston is surrounded by the [Greater Boston](/source/Greater_Boston) metropolitan region. It is bordered to the east by the town of [Winthrop](/source/Winthrop,_Massachusetts) and the [Boston Harbor Islands](/source/Boston_Harbor_Islands), to the northeast by the cities of [Revere](/source/Revere,_Massachusetts), [Chelsea](/source/Chelsea,_Massachusetts) and [Everett](/source/Everett,_Massachusetts), to the north by the cities of [Somerville](/source/Somerville,_Massachusetts) and [Cambridge](/source/Cambridge,_Massachusetts), to the northwest by [Watertown](/source/Watertown,_Massachusetts), to the west by the city of [Newton](/source/Newton,_Massachusetts) and town of [Brookline](/source/Brookline,_Massachusetts), to the southwest by the town of [Dedham](/source/Dedham,_Massachusetts) and small portions of [Needham](/source/Needham,_Massachusetts) and [Canton](/source/Canton,_Massachusetts), and to the southeast by the town of [Milton](/source/Milton,_Massachusetts), and the city of [Quincy](/source/Quincy,_Massachusetts).

The [Charles River](/source/Charles_River) separates Boston's [Allston-Brighton](/source/Allston-Brighton), [Fenway-Kenmore](/source/Fenway-Kenmore) and [Back Bay](/source/Back_Bay) neighborhoods from [Watertown](/source/Watertown,_Massachusetts) and Cambridge, and most of Boston from its own [Charlestown](/source/Charlestown,_Boston) neighborhood. The [Neponset River](/source/Neponset_River) forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and [Quincy](/source/Quincy,_Massachusetts) and [Milton](/source/Milton,_Massachusetts). The [Mystic River](/source/Mystic_River) separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and [Chelsea Creek](/source/Chelsea_Creek) and Boston Harbor separate [East Boston](/source/East_Boston) from [Downtown](/source/Downtown_Boston), the [North End](/source/North_End,_Boston), and the [Seaport](/source/Seaport_District).[108]

### Neighborhoods

Main article: [Neighborhoods in Boston](/source/Neighborhoods_in_Boston)

Boston is sometimes called a "city of neighborhoods" because of the profusion of diverse subsections.[109][110] The city government's Office of Neighborhood Services has designated 23 neighborhoods:[111]

- [Allston](/source/Allston)
- [Back Bay](/source/Back_Bay,_Boston)
- [Bay Village](/source/Bay_Village,_Boston)
- [Beacon Hill](/source/Beacon_Hill,_Boston)
- [Brighton](/source/Brighton,_Boston)
- [Charlestown](/source/Charlestown,_Boston)
- [Chinatown](/source/Chinatown,_Boston)
- [Dorchester](/source/Dorchester,_Boston)
- [Downtown or Financial District](/source/Downtown_Boston)
- [East Boston (Eastie by locals)](/source/East_Boston)
- [Fenway or Fenway-Kenmore](/source/Fenway%E2%80%93Kenmore)
- [Hyde Park](/source/Hyde_Park,_Boston)
- [Jamaica Plain](/source/Jamaica_Plain)
- [Mattapan](/source/Mattapan)
- [Mission Hill](/source/Mission_Hill,_Boston)
- [North End](/source/North_End,_Boston)
- [Roslindale](/source/Roslindale)
- [Roxbury](/source/Roxbury,_Boston)
- [Seaport District or Seaport](/source/Seaport_District)
- [South Boston (Southie by locals)](/source/South_Boston)
- the [South End](/source/South_End,_Boston)
- the [West End](/source/West_End,_Boston)
- [West Roxbury](/source/West_Roxbury)

More than two-thirds of inner Boston's modern land area did not exist when the city was founded. Instead, it was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over the centuries.[68] This was accomplished using earth from the leveling or lowering of Boston's three original hills, the "Trimountain", after which Tremont Street is named, and with gravel brought by train from Needham to fill the [Back Bay](/source/Back_Bay).[11]

Back Bay is home to [Christian Science Center](/source/The_First_Church_of_Christ,_Scientist), [Copley Square](/source/Copley_Square), [Newbury Street](/source/Newbury_Street), and New England's two tallest buildings: the [John Hancock Tower](/source/John_Hancock_Tower) and the [Prudential Center](/source/Prudential_Tower).[112][113] Near the John Hancock Tower is the [old John Hancock Building](/source/Berkeley_Building) with its prominent [illuminated beacon](/source/Weather_beacon), the color of which forecasts the weather.[114]

[Downtown](/source/Downtown_Boston) and its immediate surroundings (including the Financial District, Government Center, and [South Boston](/source/South_Boston)) consist largely of low-rise masonry buildings – often [federal style](/source/Federal_architecture) and [Greek revival](/source/Greek_revival) – interspersed with modern high-rises.[115] Back Bay includes many prominent landmarks, such as the [Boston Public Library](/source/Boston_Public_Library),[116] Trinity Church, single-family homes and wooden/brick multi-family row houses. The South End Historic District is the largest surviving contiguous Victorian-era neighborhood in the US.[117]

The geography of downtown and South Boston was particularly affected by the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (which ran from 1991 to 2007, and was known unofficially as the "[Big Dig](/source/Big_Dig)"). That project removed the elevated [Central Artery](/source/Central_Artery) and incorporated new green spaces and open areas.[118]

### Environment

Boston is located within the Boston Basin [ecoregion](/source/Ecoregion), which is characterized by low and rolling hills with a number of ponds, lakes, and reservoirs. Forests are mainly transition hardwoods such as [oak](/source/Oak)-[hickory](/source/Hickory) mixed with [white pine](/source/White_pine).[119] As a coastal city built largely on [fill](/source/Land_reclamation), [sea-level rise](/source/Sea_level_rise) is of major concern to the city government. A climate action plan from 2019 anticipates 2 ft (1 m) to more than 7 ft (2 m) of sea-level rise in Boston by the end of the 21st century.[120] Many older buildings in certain areas of Boston are supported by [wooden piles](/source/Timber_pilings) driven into the area's fill; these piles remain sound if submerged in water, but are subject to [dry rot](/source/Dry_rot) if exposed to air for long periods.[121] [Groundwater](/source/Groundwater) levels have been dropping in many areas of the city, due in part to an increase in the amount of rainwater discharged directly into sewers rather than absorbed by the ground. The Boston Groundwater Trust coordinates monitoring groundwater levels throughout the city via a network of public and private monitoring wells.[122]

The city developed a climate action plan covering [carbon reduction](/source/Climate_change_mitigation) in buildings, transportation, and energy use. The first such plan was commissioned in 2007, with updates released in 2011, 2014, and 2019.[123] This plan includes the Building Energy Reporting and Disclosure Ordinance, which requires the city's larger buildings to disclose their yearly energy and water use statistics and to partake in an [energy assessment](/source/Building_performance) every five years.[124] A separate initiative, Resilient Boston Harbor, lays out neighborhood-specific recommendations for [coastal resilience](/source/Climate_resilience).[125] In 2013, Mayor Thomas Menino introduced the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient.[126]

### Climate

Under the [Köppen climate classification](/source/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification) (using the 0 °C (32 °F) coldest month isotherm), Boston has a hot-summer [humid continental climate](/source/Humid_continental_climate) (Köppen *Dfa*). If using the −3 °C (27 °F) coldest month isotherm, the city lies within the transition zone between a hot-summer [humid continental climate](/source/Humid_continental_climate) (Köppen *Dfa*) and a [humid subtropical climate](/source/Humid_subtropical_climate) (Köppen *Cfa*).[127][128] Summers are warm to hot and humid. Winters are cold and stormy, with occasional periods of heavy snow. Spring and fall are usually cool and mild, with varying conditions dependent on wind direction and the position of the [jet stream](/source/Jet_stream). Prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. In winter, areas near the immediate coast often see more rain than snow, as warm air is sometimes drawn off the Atlantic.[129] Boston lies at the border between [USDA](/source/USDA) plant [hardiness zones](/source/Hardiness_zone) 6b (away from the coastline) and 7a (close to the coastline).[130] Receiving over 2,600 hours of sunshine annually, Boston is one of the sunniest oceanic cities located at its latitude globally.

The warmest month is July, with a mean temperature of 74.1 °F (23.4 °C). The coldest month is January, with a mean temperature of 29.9 °F (−1.2 °C). Periods exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) in summer and below freezing in winter are not uncommon but tend to be fairly short, with about 13 and 25 days per year seeing each, respectively.[131] Despite average winter temperatures near freezing, Boston can see entire winters without sustained periods of sub-freezing afternoons. The winter of 2001-2002 recorded only two days entirely below freezing, with no day with a daily maximum temperature below 29 °F (−2 °C).[131] The winter of 2023-2024 saw the yearly minimum temperature not falling below 14 °F (−10 °C) that winter.[131]

Sub- 0 °F (−18 °C) readings usually occur every 3 to 5 years.[132] The most recent sub- 0 °F (−18 °C) reading occurred on February 4, 2023, when the temperature dipped down to −10 °F (−23 °C). This was the lowest temperature reading in Boston since 1957.[131] Several decades may pass between 100 °F (38 °C) readings. The last such reading occurred on June 24, 2025.[131] Boston's average window for freezing temperatures is November 9 to April 5.[131][a] Official temperature records have ranged from −18 °F (−28 °C) on February 9, 1934, up to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911. The record cold daily maximum is 2 °F (−17 °C) on December 30, 1917. The record warm daily minimum is 83 °F (28 °C) on both August 2, 1975, and July 21, 2019.[133][131]

The record high dew point is 79 °F (26 °C) recorded on August 10, 2001.[134] The most humid month on record is August 2018 with an average dewpoint of 66.8 °F (19.3 °C) for the month.[135] The hottest month on record is July 2019 with an average mean temperature of 78.7 °F (25.9 °C) for the month.[131] The month with the record warmest daily minimums was July 2019 with an average daily minimum of 70.7 °F (21.5 °C).[131] Boston has recorded entire months in summer without nighttime lows below 63 °F (17 °C), the record most recently tied in August 2022 and previously set in July 2011 and July 2019.[131] Summer in Boston can also see entire months without dewpoints below 53 °F (12 °C), with the most recent occurrence being July 2008.[135] Boston has not recorded a summer since records began without at least one daily minimum of at least 69 °F (21 °C) or higher, and a dewpoint of 71 °F (22 °C) or greater.[131][135] The summers where the yearly maximum dew point topped out at 71 °F (22 °C) were in 1974 and 1982; and the yearly maximum daily minimum temperature at 69 °F (21 °C) in 1889.[131][135] The average yearly maximum daily minimum temperature is 76.9 °F (24.9 °C), and the average yearly maximum dew point is 75.4 °F (24.1 °C).[131][135]

Boston averages 43.6 in (1,110 mm) of [precipitation](/source/Precipitation_(meteorology)) a year, with 49.2 in (125 cm) of snowfall per season.[131] Most snowfall occurs from mid-November to early April. Snow is rare in May and October.[136][137] There is high year-to-year variability in snowfall. For instance, the winter of 2011–12 saw only 9.3 in (23.6 cm) of accumulating snow, but the previous winter, the corresponding figure was 81.0 in (206 cm).[131][b] Boston's coastal location on the [North Atlantic](/source/North_Atlantic) makes the city very prone to [nor'easters](/source/Nor'easter), which can produce large amounts of snow and rain.[129]

Fog is relatively common, particularly in spring and early summer. Due to its coastal location, Boston often receives [sea breezes](/source/Sea_breezes), especially in the late spring, when water temperatures are still quite cold and temperatures at the coast can be more than 20 °F (11 °C) colder than a few miles inland, sometimes dropping by that amount near midday.[138][139] Thunderstorms typically occur from May to September. Occasionally, they can become severe, with large [hail](/source/Hail), damaging winds, and heavy downpours.[129] Although downtown Boston has never been struck by a violent [tornado](/source/Tornado), Boston has experienced many [tornado warnings](/source/Tornado_warning). Damaging storms are more common to areas north, west, and northwest of the city.[140]

## Demographics

See also: [History of the Irish in Boston](/source/History_of_the_Irish_in_Boston), [History of Italian Americans in Boston](/source/History_of_Italian_Americans_in_Boston), [History of African Americans in Boston](/source/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston), [Chinese Americans in Boston](/source/Chinese_Americans_in_Boston), [Vietnamese Americans in Boston](/source/Vietnamese_Americans_in_Boston) and [LGBT culture in Boston](/source/LGBT_culture_in_Boston)

Historical population Year Pop. ±% 1680 4,500 — 1690 7,000 +55.6% 1700 6,700 −4.3% 1710 9,000 +34.3% 1722 10,567 +17.4% 1742 16,382 +55.0% 1765 15,520 −5.3% 1790 18,320 +18.0% 1800 24,937 +36.1% 1810 33,787 +35.5% 1820 43,298 +28.1% 1830 61,392 +41.8% 1840 93,383 +52.1% 1850 136,881 +46.6% 1860 177,840 +29.9% 1870 250,526 +40.9% 1880 362,839 +44.8% 1890 448,477 +23.6% 1900 560,892 +25.1% 1910 670,585 +19.6% 1920 748,060 +11.6% 1930 781,188 +4.4% 1940 770,816 −1.3% 1950 801,444 +4.0% 1960 697,197 −13.0% 1970 641,071 −8.1% 1980 562,994 −12.2% 1990 574,283 +2.0% 2000 589,141 +2.6% 2010 617,594 +4.8% 2020 675,647 +9.4% 2025* 672,973 −0.4%

*=population estimate. [141][142][143] 2010–2020[4]

Historical racial/ethnic composition Race/ethnicity 2020[144] 2010[145] 1990[146] 1970[146] 1940[146] Non-Hispanic White 44.7% 47.0% 59.0% 79.5%[c] 96.6% Black 22.0% 24.4% 23.8% 16.3% 3.1% Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 19.5% 17.5% 10.8% 2.8%[c] 0.1% Asian 9.7% 8.9% 5.3% 1.3% 0.2% Two or more races 3.2% 3.9% – – – Native American 0.2% 0.4% 0.3% 0.2% –

In the [2020 census](/source/2020_United_States_census), Boston was estimated to have 691,531 residents living in 266,724 households[4]—a 12% population increase over 2010. Boston is the [third-most densely populated large U.S. city](/source/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population_density) of over half a million residents, and the most densely populated state capital. Some 1.2 million persons may be within Boston's boundaries during work hours, and as many as 2 million during special events. This fluctuation of people is caused by hundreds of thousands of suburban residents who travel to the city for work, education, health care, and special events.[147]

In 2011, 21.9% of the population was aged 19 and under, 14.3% was from 20 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males.[148] There were 252,699 households, of which 20.4% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 25.5% were married couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.0% were non-families. 37.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 3.08.[148]

In 2024, the [median household income](/source/Median_income) in Boston was $97,791, while the median income for a family was $110,710.[149] In 2011, full-time year-round male workers had a median income of $52,544 versus $46,540 for full-time year-round female workers. The per capita income for the city was $33,158. 21.4% of the population and 16.0% of families were below the poverty line. Of the total population, 28.8% of those under the age of 18 and 20.4% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.[150] Boston has a significant [racial wealth gap](/source/Racial_wealth_gap_in_the_United_States) with White Bostonians having a median net worth of $247,500 compared to an $8 median net worth for non-immigrant Black residents and $0 for Dominican immigrant residents.[151]

From the 1950s to the end of the 20th century, the proportion of [non-Hispanic Whites](/source/Non-Hispanic_Whites) in Boston declined. In 2000, non-Hispanic Whites were 49.5% of Boston's population, making the city [majority minority](/source/Majority_minority) for the first time. In the 21st century, Boston has experienced significant [gentrification](/source/Gentrification), during which affluent Whites have moved into formerly non-White areas. In 2006, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated non-Hispanic Whites again formed a slight majority. By 2010, in part due to a crash in housing prices, as well as increased efforts to make affordable housing more available, the non-White population had rebounded and non-Hispanic White residents formed 47% of the population.[152][153][154]

### Ethnicity

In 2011, [African-Americans](/source/African-American) comprised 22% of the city's population. People of [Irish](/source/History_of_Irish_Americans_in_Boston) descent formed the second-largest single [ethnic group](/source/American_ancestry) in the city, making up 15.8% of the population, followed by [Italians](/source/Italian_Americans), accounting for 8.3% of the population. People of [West Indian](/source/West_Indies) and [Caribbean](/source/Caribbean) ancestry are another sizable group, collectively at over 15%.[155]

In Greater Boston, these numbers grew significantly, with 150,000 Dominicans according to 2018 estimates, 134,000 Puerto Ricans, 57,500 Salvadorans, 39,000 Guatemalans, 36,000 Mexicans, and over 35,000 Colombians.[156] East Boston has a diverse Hispanic/Latino population of Salvadorans, Colombians, Guatemalans, Mexicans, Dominicans and Puerto Ricans. Hispanic populations in southwest Boston neighborhoods are mainly made up of Dominicans and Puerto Ricans, usually sharing neighborhoods in this section with African Americans and Blacks with origins from the Caribbean and Africa especially Cape Verdeans and Haitians. Neighborhoods such as [Jamaica Plain](/source/Jamaica_Plain,_Boston) and [Roslindale](/source/Roslindale,_Boston) have a growing number of [Dominican Americans](/source/Dominican-Americans_in_Boston).[157]

There is a large and historical [Armenian](/source/Armenian_Americans) community in Boston,[158] and the city is home to the [Armenian Heritage Park](/source/Armenian_Heritage_Park).[159] Over 27,000 [Chinese Americans](/source/Chinese_Americans_in_Boston) made their home in Boston city proper in 2013.[160] According to the 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, the largest ancestry groups in Boston are:[161][162]

Ancestry Percentage of Boston population Percentage of Massachusetts population Percentage of United States population City-to-state difference City-to-USA difference Black 22% 8.2% 14–15% 13.8% 7% Irish 14.06% 21.16% 10.39% −7.10% 3.67% Italian 8.13% 13.19% 5.39% −5.05% 2.74% Other West Indian 6.92% 1.96% 0.90% 4.97% 6.02% Dominican 5.45% 2.60% 0.68% 2.65% 4.57% Puerto Rican 5.27% 4.52% 1.66% 0.75% 3.61% Chinese 4.57% 2.28% 1.24% 2.29% 3.33% German 4.57% 6.00% 14.40% −1.43% −9.83% English 4.54% 9.77% 7.67% −5.23% −3.13% American 4.13% 4.26% 6.89% −0.13% −2.76% Sub-Saharan African 4.09% 2.00% 1.01% 2.09% 3.08% Haitian 3.58% 1.15% 0.31% 2.43% 3.27% Polish 2.48% 4.67% 2.93% −2.19% −0.45% Cape Verdean 2.21% 0.97% 0.03% 1.24% 2.18% French 1.93% 6.82% 2.56% −4.89% −0.63% Vietnamese 1.76% 0.69% 0.54% 1.07% 1.22% Jamaican 1.70% 0.44% 0.34% 1.26% 1.36% Russian 1.62% 1.65% 0.88% −0.03% 0.74% Asian Indian 1.31% 1.39% 1.09% −0.08% 0.22% Scottish 1.30% 2.28% 1.71% −0.98% −0.41% French Canadian 1.19% 3.91% 0.65% −2.71% 0.54% Mexican 1.12% 0.67% 11.96% 0.45% −10.84% Arab 1.10% 1.10% 0.59% 0.00% 0.50%

### Income

See also: [List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income](/source/List_of_Massachusetts_locations_by_per_capita_income)

Data is from the [American Community Survey](/source/American_Community_Survey)'s five-year estimates 2008–2012.[163][164][165]

Rank ZIP Code (ZCTA) Per capita income Median household income Median family income Population Number of households 1 02110 (Financial District) $152,007 $123,795 $196,518 1,486 981 2 02199 (Prudential Center) $151,060 $107,159 $146,786 1,290 823 3 02210 (Fort Point) $93,078 $111,061 $223,411 1,905 1,088 4 02109 (North End) $88,921 $128,022 $162,045 4,277 2,190 5 02116 (Back Bay/Bay Village) $81,458 $87,630 $134,875 21,318 10,938 6 02108 (Beacon Hill/Financial District) $78,569 $95,753 $153,618 4,155 2,337 7 02114 (Beacon Hill/West End) $65,865 $79,734 $169,107 11,933 6,752 8 02111 (Chinatown/Financial District/Leather District) $56,716 $44,758 $88,333 7,616 3,390 9 02129 (Charlestown) $56,267 $89,105 $98,445 17,052 8,083 10 02467 (Chestnut Hill) $53,382 $113,952 $148,396 22,796 6,351 11 02113 (North End) $52,905 $64,413 $112,589 7,276 4,329 12 02132 (West Roxbury) $44,306 $82,421 $110,219 27,163 11,013 13 02118 (South End) $43,887 $50,000 $49,090 26,779 12,512 14 02130 (Jamaica Plain) $42,916 $74,198 $95,426 36,866 15,306 15 02127 (South Boston) $42,854 $67,012 $68,110 32,547 14,994 Massachusetts $35,485 $66,658 $84,380 6,560,595 2,525,694 Boston $33,589 $53,136 $63,230 619,662 248,704 Suffolk County $32,429 $52,700 $61,796 724,502 287,442 16 02135 (Brighton) $31,773 $50,291 $62,602 38,839 18,336 17 02131 (Roslindale) $29,486 $61,099 $70,598 30,370 11,282 United States $28,051 $53,046 $64,585 309,138,711 115,226,802 18 02136 (Hyde Park) $28,009 $57,080 $74,734 29,219 10,650 19 02134 (Allston) $25,319 $37,638 $49,355 20,478 8,916 20 02128 (East Boston) $23,450 $49,549 $49,470 41,680 14,965 21 02122 (Dorchester-Fields Corner) $23,432 $51,798 $50,246 25,437 8,216 22 02124 (Dorchester-Codman Square-Ashmont) $23,115 $48,329 $55,031 49,867 17,275 23 02125 (Dorchester-Uphams Corner-Savin Hill) $22,158 $42,298 $44,397 31,996 11,481 24 02163 (Allston-Harvard Business School) $21,915 $43,889 $91,190 1,842 562 25 02115 (Back Bay, Longwood, Museum of Fine Arts/Symphony Hall area) $21,654 $23,677 $50,303 29,178 9,958 26 02126 (Mattapan) $20,649 $43,532 $52,774 27,335 9,510 27 02215 (Fenway-Kenmore) $19,082 $30,823 $72,583 23,719 7,995 28 02119 (Roxbury) $18,998 $27,051 $35,311 24,237 9,769 29 02121 (Dorchester-Mount Bowdoin) $18,226 $30,419 $35,439 26,801 9,739 30 02120 (Mission Hill) $17,390 $32,367 $29,583 13,217 4,509

### Religion

In a 2023-24 study by the [Pew Research Center](/source/Pew_Research_Center), 47% of the population of the city identified themselves as [Christians](/source/Christians), with 21% attending a variety of [Protestant](/source/Protestantism) churches and 24% professing [Roman Catholic](/source/Catholic_Church) beliefs. 40% claim [no religious affiliation](/source/Irreligion). The remaining 13% are composed of adherents of [Judaism](/source/Judaism), [Buddhism](/source/Buddhism), [Islam](/source/Islam), [Hinduism](/source/Hinduism), and other faiths.[166]

In 2010, the [Catholic Church](/source/Catholic_Church) had the highest number of adherents as a single denomination in the [Greater Boston](/source/Greater_Boston) area, with more than two million members and 339 churches, followed by the [Episcopal Church](/source/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)) with 58,000 adherents in 160 churches. The [United Church of Christ](/source/United_Church_of_Christ) had 55,000 members and 213 churches.[167]

In 2015, the Boston metro area had a [Jewish population](/source/American_Jews) of approximately 248,000.[168] More than half the Jewish households in the Greater Boston area reside in the city itself, [Brookline](/source/Brookline,_Massachusetts), [Newton](/source/Newton,_Massachusetts), [Cambridge](/source/Cambridge,_Massachusetts), [Somerville](/source/Somerville,_Massachusetts), or adjacent towns.[168] A small minority practices [Confucianism](/source/Confucianism), and some practice [Boston Confucianism](/source/Boston_Confucians), an American evolution of Confucianism adapted for Boston intellectuals.[169]

## Economy

See also: [Major companies in Greater Boston](/source/Greater_Boston#Major_companies) and [List of tourist attractions in Boston](/source/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Boston)

Top publicly traded Boston companies for 2018 (ranked by revenues) with City and U.S. ranks[170] Bos. Corporation US Revenue (in millions) 1 General Electric 18 $122,274 2 Liberty Mutual 68 $42,687 3 State Street 259 $11,774 4 American Tower 419 $6,663.9

Top city employers, 2023.[171] Rank Company/Organization 1 Brigham and Women's Hospital 2 Dana Farber Cancer Institute 3 Massachusetts General Hospital 4 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center 5 Boston Children's Hospital 6 Boston Medical Center 7 Boston University School of Medicine 8 Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority 9 TIAA 10 Tufts Children's Hospital

A [global city](/source/Global_city), Boston is ranked among the top 30 most economically powerful cities in the world.[172] Encompassing $610 billion, the [Greater Boston](/source/Greater_Boston) metropolitan area has the [eighth-largest economy in the country and 16th-largest in the world](/source/List_of_cities_by_GDP).[173][174]

Boston's colleges and universities exert a significant impact on the regional economy. Boston attracts more than 350,000 college students from around the world, who contribute more than US$4.8 billion annually to the city's economy.[175][176] The area's schools are major employers and attract industries to the city and surrounding region. The city is home to a number of technology companies and is a hub for [biotechnology](/source/Biotechnology), with the [Milken Institute](/source/Milken_Institute) rating Boston as the top [life sciences](/source/List_of_life_sciences) cluster in the country.[177] Boston receives the highest absolute amount of annual funding from the [National Institutes of Health](/source/National_Institutes_of_Health) of all cities in the United States.[178]

Boston is considered highly innovative for a variety of reasons, including the presence of academia, access to [venture capital](/source/Venture_capital), and the presence of many [high-tech](/source/High-tech) companies.[18][179] The [Route 128 corridor](/source/Massachusetts_Route_128) and Greater Boston continue to be a major center for venture capital investment,[180] and high technology remains an important sector.[181]

[Tourism](/source/Tourism) composes a large part of Boston's economy, with 21.2 million domestic and international visitors spending $8.3 billion in 2011.[182] Excluding visitors from Canada and Mexico, over 1.4 million international tourists visited Boston in 2014, with those from China and the United Kingdom leading the list.[183] Boston's status as a state capital as well as the regional home of federal agencies has rendered law and government to be another major component of the city's economy.[184] Boston is a major [seaport](/source/Port_of_Boston) along the East Coast of the United States and the oldest continuously operated industrial and fishing port in the [Western Hemisphere](/source/Western_Hemisphere).[185]

In the 2018 [Global Financial Centres Index](/source/Global_Financial_Centres_Index), Boston was ranked as having the 13th-most competitive [financial services](/source/Financial_services) center in the world and the second-most competitive in the United States.[186] Boston-based [Fidelity Investments](/source/Fidelity_Investments) helped popularize the [mutual fund](/source/Mutual_fund) in the 1980s and has made Boston one of the top financial centers in the United States and a center for [venture capital](/source/Venture_capital) firms.[187] Boston is home to the headquarters of [Santander Bank](/source/Santander_Bank) and [State Street Corporation](/source/State_Street_Corporation), the latter specializing in asset management and custody services. Boston is a printing and [publishing](/source/Publishing) center[188]—[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt](/source/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt) is headquartered within the city, along with [Bedford-St. Martin's Press](/source/Bedford-St._Martin's) and [Beacon Press](/source/Beacon_Press). [Pearson PLC](/source/Pearson_PLC) publishing units employ several hundred people in Boston.

Boston is home to two [convention centers](/source/Convention_center)—the [Hynes Convention Center](/source/Hynes_Convention_Center) in the Back Bay and the [Boston Convention and Exhibition Center](/source/Boston_Convention_and_Exhibition_Center) on the [South Boston waterfront](/source/South_Boston_waterfront).[189] Boston is home to the headquarters of several major athletic and footwear companies including [Converse](/source/Converse_(shoe_company)), [New Balance](/source/New_Balance), and [Reebok](/source/Reebok). [Rockport](/source/Rockport_(company)), [Puma](/source/Puma_(brand)) and [Wolverine World Wide, Inc.](/source/Wolverine_World_Wide) headquarters or regional offices[190] are just outside the city.[191]

## Education

### Primary and secondary

[Boston Public Schools](/source/Boston_Public_Schools) enroll 57,000 students attending 145 schools, including [Boston Latin Academy](/source/Boston_Latin_Academy), [John D. O'Bryant School of Math & Science](/source/John_D._O'Bryant_School_of_Mathematics_%26_Science), and the [Boston Latin School](/source/Boston_Latin_School). The Boston Latin School was established in 1635 and is the oldest public high school in the US. Boston also operates the United States' second-oldest public high school and its oldest public elementary school.[13] The system's students are 40% Hispanic or Latino, 35% Black or African American, 13% White, and 9% Asian.[192]

There are private, parochial, and [charter schools](/source/Charter_school). Approximately 3,300 minority students attend participating suburban schools through the [Metropolitan Educational Opportunity Council](/source/METCO).[193] In September 2019, the city began Boston Saves, a program that provides every child enrolled in the city's [kindergarten](/source/Kindergarten) system a [savings account](/source/Savings_account), containing $50 to be used toward college or career training.[194]

### Colleges and universities

Main article: [List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston](/source/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston)

Several of the highest-ranked universities in the world are near Boston.[195] Three universities with a major presence in the city, [Harvard](/source/Harvard_University), [MIT](/source/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology), and [Tufts](/source/Tufts_University), are just outside of Boston in the cities of [Cambridge](/source/Cambridge,_Massachusetts) and [Somerville](/source/Somerville,_Massachusetts), known as the *Brainpower Triangle*.[196] Harvard is the nation's oldest institute of higher education and is centered across the Charles River in Cambridge, though the majority of its land holdings and a substantial amount of its educational activities are in Boston. Its [business](/source/Harvard_Business_School) school and athletics facilities are in Boston's [Allston](/source/Allston) neighborhood, and its [medical](/source/Harvard_Medical_School), [dental](/source/Harvard_School_of_Dental_Medicine), and [public health](/source/Harvard_School_of_Public_Health) schools are located in the [Longwood](/source/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area) area.[197] The [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](/source/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology) (MIT) originated in Boston and was long known as "[Boston Tech](/source/History_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Boston_Tech_(1865–1916))"; it moved across the river to Cambridge in 1916.[198] [Tufts University](/source/Tufts_University)'s main campus is north of the city in [Somerville](/source/Somerville,_Massachusetts) and [Medford](/source/Medford,_Massachusetts), though its medical and dental schools are located in Boston's Chinatown at [Tufts Medical Center](/source/Tufts_Medical_Center).[199]

Greater Boston has more than 50 colleges and universities, with 250,000 students enrolled in Boston and Cambridge alone.[200] The city's largest private universities include [Boston University](/source/Boston_University) (also the city's fourth-largest employer),[201] with its main campus along [Commonwealth Avenue](/source/Commonwealth_Avenue_(Boston)) and a medical campus in the [South End](/source/South_End,_Boston), [Northeastern University](/source/Northeastern_University) in the [Fenway](/source/Fenway%E2%80%93Kenmore) area,[202] [Suffolk University](/source/Suffolk_University) near [Beacon Hill](/source/Beacon_Hill,_Boston), which includes [law school](/source/Suffolk_University_Law_School) and [business school](/source/Sawyer_Business_School),[203] and [Boston College](/source/Boston_College), which straddles the Boston (Brighton)–Newton border.[204] Boston's only public university is the [University of Massachusetts Boston](/source/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston) on Columbia Point in [Dorchester](/source/Dorchester,_Massachusetts). [Roxbury Community College](/source/Roxbury_Community_College) and [Bunker Hill Community College](/source/Bunker_Hill_Community_College) are the city's two public community colleges. Altogether, Boston's colleges and universities employ more than 42,600 people, accounting for nearly seven percent of the city's workforce.[205]

Five members of the [Association of American Universities](/source/Association_of_American_Universities) are in Greater Boston, more than any other metropolitan area: Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tufts University, Boston University, and [Brandeis University](/source/Brandeis_University).[206] Greater Boston contains seven [Highest Research Activity (R1) Universities](/source/List_of_research_universities_in_the_United_States#Universities_classified_as_"R1:_Doctoral_Universities_–_Highest_Research_Activity") as per the [Carnegie Classification](/source/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education). This includes, in addition to the aforementioned five, Boston College, and Northeastern University. This is, by a large margin, the highest concentration of such institutions in a single metropolitan area. Hospitals, universities, and research institutions in Greater Boston received more than $1.77 billion in [National Institutes of Health](/source/National_Institutes_of_Health) grants in 2013, more money than any other American metropolitan area.[207] This high density of research institutes also contributes to Boston's high density of early career researchers, which, due to high housing costs in the region, have been shown to face housing stress.[208][209]

Smaller private colleges include [Babson College](/source/Babson_College), [Bentley University](/source/Bentley_University), [Boston Architectural College](/source/Boston_Architectural_College), [Emmanuel College](/source/Emmanuel_College_(Massachusetts)), [Fisher College](/source/Fisher_College), [MGH Institute of Health Professions](/source/MGH_Institute_of_Health_Professions), [Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences](/source/Massachusetts_College_of_Pharmacy_and_Health_Sciences), [Simmons University](/source/Simmons_University), [Wellesley College](/source/Wellesley_College), [Wentworth Institute of Technology](/source/Wentworth_Institute_of_Technology), [New England School of Law](/source/New_England_School_of_Law) (originally established as America's first all female law school),[210] and [Emerson College](/source/Emerson_College).[211] The region is home to several [conservatories](/source/Music_school) and art schools, including the [New England Conservatory](/source/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music) (the oldest independent conservatory in the United States),[212] the [Boston Conservatory](/source/Boston_Conservatory), and [Berklee College of Music](/source/Berklee_College_of_Music), which has made Boston an important city for jazz music.[213] Many [trade schools](/source/Vocational_school) also exist in the city such as the Boston Career Institute, the [North Bennet Street School](/source/North_Bennet_Street_School), and Greater Boston Joint Apprentice Training Center.[214]

## Government

Further information: [Mayor of Boston](/source/Mayor_of_Boston), [Boston City Council](/source/Boston_City_Council), [List of members of Boston City Council](/source/List_of_members_of_Boston_City_Council) and [Boston Finance Commission](/source/Boston_Finance_Commission)

Boston has a [strong mayor–council government](/source/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government) system in which the mayor, elected every fourth year, has extensive executive power. [Michelle Wu](/source/Michelle_Wu) became mayor in November 2021, succeeding [Kim Janey](/source/Kim_Janey) who became the Acting Mayor in March 2021 following [Marty Walsh](/source/Marty_Walsh)'s confirmation to the position of [Secretary of Labor](/source/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor) in the [Biden/Harris Administration](/source/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden). Walsh's predecessor [Thomas Menino](/source/Thomas_Menino)'s twenty-year tenure was the longest in Boston's history.[215]

The [Boston City Council](/source/Boston_City_Council) is elected every two years. There are nine district seats, and four citywide "at-large" seats.[216] The School Committee, which oversees the [Boston Public Schools](/source/Boston_Public_Schools), is appointed by the mayor.[217] Boston uses an algorithm called CityScore to measure the effectiveness of city services. This score is available on a public online dashboard and allows city managers in police, fire, schools, emergency management services, and [3-1-1](/source/3-1-1) to take action and make adjustments in areas of concern.[218]

In addition to city government, numerous commissions and state authorities, including the Massachusetts [Department of Conservation and Recreation](/source/Department_of_Conservation_and_Recreation), the [Boston Public Health Commission](/source/Boston_Public_Health_Commission), the [Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA)](/source/Massachusetts_Water_Resources_Authority), and the [Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport)](/source/Massachusetts_Port_Authority), play a role in the life of Bostonians. As the capital of Massachusetts, Boston plays a major role in [state politics](/source/Massachusetts#Politics).[d]

Boston has several federal facilities, including the [John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building](/source/John_F._Kennedy_Federal_Office_Building), the [Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Federal Building](/source/Thomas_P._O'Neill_Jr._Federal_Building_(Boston)), the [John W. McCormack Post Office and Courthouse](/source/John_W._McCormack_Post_Office_and_Courthouse), and the [Federal Reserve Bank of Boston](/source/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Boston).[219] The [United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit](/source/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit) and the [United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts](/source/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Massachusetts) are housed in The [John Joseph Moakley United States Courthouse](/source/John_Joseph_Moakley_United_States_Courthouse).[220][221]

Federally, Boston is split between two congressional districts. Three-fourths of Boston is in the [7th district](/source/Massachusetts's_7th_congressional_district) and is represented by [Ayanna Pressley](/source/Ayanna_Pressley). The remaining southern fourth is in the [8th district](/source/Massachusetts's_8th_congressional_district) and is represented by [Stephen Lynch](/source/Stephen_Lynch_(politician)).[222] Both are Democrats; a Republican has not represented a significant portion of Boston in over a century. The state's senior member of the [United States Senate](/source/United_States_Senate) is Democrat [Elizabeth Warren](/source/Elizabeth_Warren), first elected in 2012.[223] The state's junior member of the United States Senate is Democrat [Ed Markey](/source/Ed_Markey), who was elected in 2013 to succeed [John Kerry](/source/John_Kerry) after Kerry's appointment and confirmation as the [United States Secretary of State](/source/United_States_Secretary_of_State).[224]

Voter registration and party enrollment as of October 26, 2024 – Boston[225] Party Number of voters Percentage Democratic 174,046 39.69% Republican 18,673 4.26% Unenrolled 241,970 55.18% Political Designations 1,140 0.26% Total 438,498 100%

## Public safety

Further information: [Boston Police Department](/source/Boston_Police_Department), [Boston Fire Department](/source/Boston_Fire_Department) and [Boston Emergency Medical Services](/source/Boston_Emergency_Medical_Services)

Boston included $414 million in spending on the [Boston Police Department](/source/Boston_Police_Department) in the fiscal 2021 budget. This is the second largest allocation of funding by the city after the allocation to Boston Public Schools.[226]

Like many major American cities, Boston has experienced a great reduction in violent crime since the early 1990s. Boston's low crime rate since the 1990s has been credited to the Boston Police Department's collaboration with neighborhood groups and church parishes to prevent youths from joining gangs, as well as involvement from the [United States Attorney and District Attorney](/source/United_States_Attorney)'s offices. This helped lead in part to what has been touted as the "Boston Miracle". In 1999, murders in Boston dropped from 152 in 1990, a murder rate of 26.5 per 100,000 people, to 31—not one of them a juvenile, for a 1999 murder rate of 5.26 per 100,000.[227]

According to the [Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program](/source/Uniform_Crime_Reports) in 2022, Boston had 3,955 reported [violent crimes](/source/Violent_crime), which include homicide, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, and 11,514 reported [property crimes](/source/Property_crime), which include arson, burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft. With a violent crime rate of 608.7 per 100,000 people, the city's violent crime rate is higher than Massachusetts' rate of 322 per 100,000 people and the national rate of 380.7 per 100,000 people. While Boston's property crime rate, at 1,772.0 per 100,000 people, is higher than Massachusetts' property crime rate of 1,070.1 per 100,000 people, it is lower than the national property crime rate of 1,954.4 per 100,000 people.[228][e]

## Culture

Main article: [Culture in Boston](/source/Culture_in_Boston)

Further information: [List of annual events in Boston](/source/List_of_annual_events_in_Boston), [List of arts organizations in Boston](/source/List_of_arts_organizations_in_Boston), [List of public art in Boston](/source/List_of_public_art_in_Boston), [Sites of interest in Boston](/source/Sites_of_interest_in_Boston) and [List of songs about Boston](/source/List_of_songs_about_Boston)

Boston shares many [cultural roots with greater New England](/source/Culture_of_New_England), including a dialect of the non-[rhotic](/source/Rhoticity_in_English) Eastern [New England accent](/source/New_England_English) known as the [Boston accent](/source/Boston_accent)[229] and a [regional cuisine](/source/New_England_cuisine) with a large emphasis on seafood, salt, and dairy products.[230] Boston also has its own collection of [neologisms](/source/Neologism) known as *Boston slang* and [sardonic](/source/Sardonic) humor.[231]

In the early 1800s, [William Tudor](/source/William_Tudor_(1779%E2%80%931830)) wrote that Boston was "'perhaps the most perfect and certainly the best-regulated democracy that ever existed. There is something so impossible in the immortal fame of Athens, that the very name makes everything modern shrink from comparison; but since the days of that glorious city I know of none that has approached so near in some points, distant as it may still be from that illustrious model.'[232] From this, Boston has been called the "[Athens](/source/Athens) of America" (also a nickname of [Philadelphia](/source/Philadelphia))[233] for its [literary culture](/source/Literary_genre), earning a reputation as "the intellectual capital of the United States".[234]

In the 19th century, [Ralph Waldo Emerson](/source/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson), [Henry David Thoreau](/source/Henry_David_Thoreau), [Nathaniel Hawthorne](/source/Nathaniel_Hawthorne), [Margaret Fuller](/source/Margaret_Fuller), [James Russell Lowell](/source/James_Russell_Lowell), and [Henry Wadsworth Longfellow](/source/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow) wrote in Boston. Some consider the [Old Corner Bookstore](/source/Old_Corner_Bookstore) to be the "cradle of American literature", the place where these writers met and where *[The Atlantic Monthly](/source/The_Atlantic_Monthly)* was first published.[235] In 1852, the [Boston Public Library](/source/Boston_Public_Library) was founded as the first free library in the United States.[234] Boston's literary culture continues today thanks to the city's many universities and the [Boston Book Festival](/source/Boston_Book_Festival).[236][237]

Music is afforded a high degree of [civic support](/source/Civic_engagement) in Boston. The [Boston Symphony Orchestra](/source/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra) is one of the "[Big Five](/source/Big_Five_(orchestras))", a group of the greatest American orchestras, and the classical music magazine *[Gramophone](/source/Gramophone_(magazine))* called it one of the "world's best" orchestras.[238] [Symphony Hall](/source/Symphony_Hall,_Boston) (west of Back Bay) is home to the [Boston Symphony Orchestra](/source/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra) and the related [Boston Youth Symphony Orchestra](/source/Boston_Youth_Symphony_Orchestras), which is the largest youth orchestra in the nation,[239] and to the [Boston Pops Orchestra](/source/Boston_Pops_Orchestra). Other concerts are held at the [New England Conservatory](/source/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music)'s [Jordan Hall](/source/Jordan_Hall_(Boston)). The [Boston Ballet](/source/Boston_Ballet) performs at the [Boston Opera House](/source/Boston_Opera_House_(1980)). Other performing-arts organizations in the city include the [Boston Lyric Opera Company](/source/Boston_Lyric_Opera), [Opera Boston](/source/Opera_Boston), [Boston Baroque](/source/Boston_Baroque) (the first permanent Baroque orchestra in the US),[240] and the [Handel and Haydn Society](/source/Handel_and_Haydn_Society) (one of the oldest choral companies in the United States).[241]

Boston is a center for contemporary classical music with a number of performing groups, several of which are associated with the city's conservatories and universities. These include the [Boston Modern Orchestra Project](/source/Boston_Modern_Orchestra_Project) and [Boston Musica Viva](/source/Boston_Musica_Viva).[240] Several theaters are in or near the [Theater District](/source/Washington_Street_Theatre_District) south of Boston Common, including the [Cutler Majestic Theatre](/source/Cutler_Majestic_Theatre), [Citi Performing Arts Center](/source/Citi_Performing_Arts_Center), the [Colonial Theater](/source/Colonial_Theatre_(Boston)), and the [Orpheum Theatre](/source/Orpheum_Theatre_(Boston)).[242]

There are several major annual events, such as [First Night](/source/First_Night) which occurs on New Year's Eve, the [Boston Early Music Festival](/source/Boston_Early_Music_Festival), the annual [Boston Arts Festival](/source/Boston_Arts_Festival) at Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park, the annual Boston [gay pride](/source/Gay_pride) parade and festival held in June, and Italian summer feasts in the North End honoring Catholic saints.[243] The city is the site of several events during the [Fourth of July](/source/Independence_Day_(United_States)) period. They include the week-long Harborfest festivities[244] and a Boston Pops concert accompanied by fireworks on the banks of the [Charles River](/source/Charles_River).[245]

Several historic sites relating to the [American Revolution](/source/American_Revolution) period are preserved as part of the [Boston National Historical Park](/source/Boston_National_Historical_Park) because of the city's prominent role. Many are found along the [Freedom Trail](/source/Freedom_Trail),[246] which is marked by a red line of bricks embedded in the ground.[247]

The city is home to several art museums and galleries, including the [Museum of Fine Arts](/source/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston) and [Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum](/source/Isabella_Stewart_Gardner_Museum).[248] The [Institute of Contemporary Art](/source/Institute_of_Contemporary_Art,_Boston) is housed in a contemporary building designed by [Diller Scofidio + Renfro](/source/Diller_Scofidio_%2B_Renfro) in the [Seaport District](/source/Seaport_District).[249] Boston's South End Art and Design District ([SoWa](/source/SoWa)) and Newbury St. are both art gallery destinations.[250][251] Columbia Point is the location of the [University of Massachusetts Boston](/source/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston), the [Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate](/source/Edward_M._Kennedy_Institute_for_the_United_States_Senate), the [John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum](/source/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum), and the [Massachusetts Archives and Commonwealth Museum](/source/Massachusetts_Archives). The [Boston Athenæum](/source/Boston_Athen%C3%A6um) (one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States),[252] [Boston Children's Museum](/source/Boston_Children's_Museum), [Bull & Finch Pub](/source/Bull_%26_Finch_Pub) (whose building is known from the television show *[Cheers](/source/Cheers)*),[253] [Museum of Science](/source/Museum_of_Science_(Boston)), and the [New England Aquarium](/source/New_England_Aquarium) are within the city.[254]

Boston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The [Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston](/source/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Boston) serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the [Cathedral of the Holy Cross](/source/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross_(Boston)) (1875) in the South End, while the [Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts](/source/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Massachusetts) serves just under 200 congregations, with the [Cathedral Church of St. Paul](/source/Cathedral_Church_of_St._Paul,_Boston) (1819) as its episcopal seat. [Unitarian Universalism](/source/Unitarian_Universalist_Association) has its headquarters in the Fort Point neighborhood. The [Christian Scientists](/source/Church_of_Christ,_Scientist) are headquartered in Back Bay at the [Mother Church](/source/The_First_Church_of_Christ,_Scientist) (1894).[255]

The oldest church in Boston is [First Church in Boston](/source/First_Church_in_Boston), founded in 1630.[256] [King's Chapel](/source/King's_Chapel) was the city's first Anglican church, founded in 1686 and converted to [Unitarianism](/source/Unitarianism) in 1785. Other churches include [Old South Church](/source/Old_South_Church) (1669), Christ Church (better known as [Old North Church](/source/Old_North_Church), 1723), the oldest church building in the city, [Trinity Church](/source/Trinity_Church,_Boston) (1733), [Park Street Church](/source/Park_Street_Church) (1809), and [Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help](/source/Basilica_and_Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Perpetual_Help) on [Mission Hill](/source/Mission_Hill,_Boston) (1878).[255]

## Sports

Main article: [Sports in Boston](/source/Sports_in_Boston)

Boston has teams in [the four major North American men's professional sports leagues](/source/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada) plus [Major League Soccer](/source/Major_League_Soccer). As of [2024](/source/List_of_U.S._cities_by_number_of_professional_sports_championships), the city has won 40 championships in these leagues. During a 23-year stretch from 2001 to 2024, the city's professional sports teams have won thirteen championships: Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016 and 2018), Red Sox (2004, 2007, 2013, and 2018), Celtics (2008, 2024), and Bruins (2011).[257]

The [Boston Red Sox](/source/Boston_Red_Sox), a founding member of the [American League](/source/American_League) of [Major League Baseball](/source/Major_League_Baseball) in 1901, play their home games at [Fenway Park](/source/Fenway_Park), near [Kenmore Square](/source/Kenmore_Square), in the city's [Fenway](/source/Fenway-Kenmore) section. Built in 1912, it is the oldest sports arena or stadium in active use in the United States among the four major professional American sports leagues, [Major League Baseball](/source/Major_League_Baseball), the [National Football League](/source/National_Football_League), [National Basketball Association](/source/National_Basketball_Association), and the [National Hockey League](/source/National_Hockey_League).[258] Boston was the site of the first game of the first modern [World Series](/source/World_Series), in 1903. The series was played between the AL Champion [Boston Americans](/source/Boston_Americans) and the NL champion [Pittsburgh Pirates](/source/Pittsburgh_Pirates).[259][260]

Persistent reports that the team was known in 1903 as the "Boston Pilgrims" appear to be unfounded.[261] Boston's first professional baseball team was the Red Stockings, one of the charter members of the [National Association](/source/National_Association_of_Professional_Base_Ball_Players) in 1871, and of the [National League](/source/National_League_(baseball)) in 1876. The team played under that name until 1883, under the name Beaneaters until 1911, and under the name Braves from 1912 until they moved to [Milwaukee](/source/Milwaukee) after the 1952 season. Since 1966 they have played in [Atlanta](/source/Atlanta) as the [Atlanta Braves](/source/Atlanta_Braves).[262]

[TD Garden](/source/TD_Garden), formerly called the FleetCenter and built to replace the since-demolished [Boston Garden](/source/Boston_Garden), is above [North Station](/source/North_Station) and is the home of two major league teams: the [Boston Bruins](/source/Boston_Bruins) of the [National Hockey League](/source/National_Hockey_League) and the [Boston Celtics](/source/Boston_Celtics) of the [National Basketball Association](/source/National_Basketball_Association). The Bruins were the first American member of the [National Hockey League](/source/National_Hockey_League) and an [Original Six](/source/Original_Six) franchise.[263] The Boston Celtics were founding members of the [Basketball Association of America](/source/Basketball_Association_of_America), one of the two leagues that merged to form the NBA.[264] The Celtics have [won eighteen championships](/source/List_of_NBA_champions), the most of any NBA team.[265]

While they have played in suburban [Foxborough](/source/Foxborough,_Massachusetts) since 1971, the [New England Patriots](/source/New_England_Patriots) of the [National Football League](/source/National_Football_League) were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name after relocating. The team won the [Super Bowl](/source/Super_Bowl) after the 2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016 and 2018 seasons.[266] They share [Gillette Stadium](/source/Gillette_Stadium) with the [New England Revolution](/source/New_England_Revolution) of [Major League Soccer](/source/Major_League_Soccer).[267] Another team associated with Boston who plays outside the city is the [Boston Fleet](/source/Boston_Fleet) of the [PWHL](/source/Professional_Women's_Hockey_League), which plays at the [Tsongas Center](/source/Tsongas_Center) in nearby [Lowell](/source/Lowell,_Massachusetts). During the inaugural 2024 PWHL playoffs, the Fleet (then simply known as PWHL Boston) made it to the Walter Cup finals, where they lost to the Minnesota Frost (PWHL Minnesota at the time).[268]

The area's many colleges and universities are active in college athletics. Four [NCAA](/source/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association) Division I members play in the area—[Boston College](/source/Boston_College), [Boston University](/source/Boston_University), [Harvard University](/source/Harvard_University), and [Northeastern University](/source/Northeastern_University). Of the four, only Boston College participates in college football at the highest level, the [Football Bowl Subdivision](/source/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Bowl_Subdivision). Harvard participates in the second-highest level, the [Football Championship Subdivision](/source/Football_Championship_Subdivision). These four universities participate in the [Beanpot](/source/Beanpot_(ice_hockey)), an annual men's and women's [ice hockey](/source/College_ice_hockey) tournament. The men's Beanpot is hosted at the TD Garden,[269] while the women's Beanpot is held at each member school's home arena on a rotating basis.[270]

Boston has [Esports](/source/Esports) teams, such as the [Overwatch League](/source/Overwatch_League) (OWL)'s [Boston Uprising](/source/Boston_Uprising). Established in 2017,[271] they were the first team to complete a perfect stage with 0 losses.[272] The [Boston Breach](/source/Boston_Breach) is another esports team in the [Call of Duty League](/source/Call_of_Duty_League) (CDL).[273]

One of the best-known sporting events in the city is the [Boston Marathon](/source/Boston_Marathon), the 26.2-mile (42.2-kilometre) race which is the world's oldest annual [marathon](/source/Marathon),[274] run on [Patriots' Day](/source/Patriots'_Day) in April. The [Red Sox](/source/Boston_Red_Sox) traditionally play a home game starting around 11 a.m. on the same day, with the early start time allowing fans to watch runners finish the race nearby after the conclusion of the ballgame.[275] Another major annual event is the [Head of the Charles Regatta](/source/Head_of_the_Charles_Regatta), held in October.[276]

Major sports teams Team League Sport Venue Capacity Founded Championships Boston Red Sox MLB Baseball Fenway Park 37,755 1903 1903, 1912, 1915, 1916, 1918, 2004, 2007, 2013, 2018 Boston Bruins NHL Ice hockey TD Garden 17,850 1924 1928–29, 1938–39, 1940–41, 1969–70, 1971–72, 2010–11 Boston Celtics NBA Basketball TD Garden 19,156 1946 1956–57, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1973–74, 1975–76, 1980–81, 1983–84, 1985–86, 2007–08, 2023–24 New England Patriots NFL American football Gillette Stadium 65,878 1960 2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016, 2018 New England Revolution MLS Soccer Gillette Stadium 20,000 1996 None

## Parks and recreation

[Boston Common](/source/Boston_Common), near the Financial District and Beacon Hill, is the oldest public park in the United States.[277] Along with the adjacent [Boston Public Garden](/source/Public_Garden_(Boston)), it is part of the [Emerald Necklace](/source/Emerald_Necklace), a string of parks designed by [Frederick Law Olmsted](/source/Frederick_Law_Olmsted) to run through the city. The Emerald Necklace includes the [Back Bay Fens](/source/Back_Bay_Fens), [Arnold Arboretum](/source/Arnold_Arboretum), [Jamaica Pond](/source/Jamaica_Pond), Boston's largest body of freshwater, and [Franklin Park](/source/Franklin_Park_(Boston)), the city's largest park and home of the [Franklin Park Zoo](/source/Franklin_Park_Zoo).[278]

Another major park is the [Esplanade](/source/Charles_River_Esplanade), along the banks of the Charles River. The [Hatch Shell](/source/Hatch_Shell), an outdoor concert venue, is adjacent to the Charles River Esplanade. Other parks are scattered throughout the city, with major parks and beaches near [Castle Island](/source/Castle_Island_(Massachusetts)) and the south end, in Charlestown and along the Dorchester, South Boston, and East Boston shorelines.[279]

## Media

Main article: [Media in Boston](/source/Media_in_Boston)

See also: [Boston in fiction#Film](/source/Boston_in_fiction#Film) and [Boston in fiction#Video games](/source/Boston_in_fiction#Video_games)

### Newspapers

Main article: [List of Newspapers in Boston](/source/Media_in_Boston#Newspapers)

*[The Boston Globe](/source/The_Boston_Globe)* is the oldest and largest daily newspaper in the city[280] and is generally acknowledged as its [paper of record](/source/Paper_of_record).[281] Boston is served by other publications such as the *[Boston Herald](/source/Boston_Herald)*, *[Boston](/source/Boston_(magazine)) magazine*, *[Boston Common](/source/Niche_Media)*, *[DigBoston](/source/DigBoston)*, and the Boston edition of *[Metro](/source/Metro_International)*. *[The Christian Science Monitor](/source/The_Christian_Science_Monitor)*, headquartered in Boston, was formerly a worldwide daily newspaper but ended publication of daily print editions in 2009, switching to continuous online and weekly magazine format publications.[282] *The Boston Globe* also releases a teen publication to the city's public high schools, called *Teens in Print* or *T.i.P.*, which is written by the city's teens and delivered quarterly within the school year.[283] *[The Improper Bostonian](/source/The_Improper_Bostonian)*, a glossy lifestyle magazine, was published from 1991 to April 2019.

The city's growing [Latino](/source/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans) population has given rise to a number of local and regional [Spanish-language](/source/Spanish_language) newspapers. These include *[El Planeta](/source/El_Planeta)* (owned by the former publisher of the *[Boston Phoenix](/source/The_Phoenix_(newspaper))*), *El Mundo*, and *La Semana*. *Siglo21*, with its main offices in nearby [Lawrence](/source/Lawrence,_Massachusetts), is also widely distributed.[284]

LGBT publications serve Boston's large LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) population such as *The Rainbow Times*, the only minority and lesbian-owned LGBT news magazine. Founded in 2006, *The Rainbow Times* is now based out of Boston, but serves all of New England.[285]

### Radio and television

Main articles: [List of Radio and TV Stations in Boston](/source/Media_in_Boston#Radio), [Boston in fiction#Television](/source/Boston_in_fiction#Television) and [Media in Boston#TV stations](/source/Media_in_Boston#TV_stations)

Boston is the largest broadcasting market in New England, with the radio market being the ninth largest in the United States.[286] Several major [AM](/source/AM_broadcasting) stations include talk radio [WRKO](/source/WRKO), [sports](/source/Sports_radio)/talk station [WEEI](/source/WEEI_(AM)), and news radio [WBZ (AM)](/source/WBZ_(AM)). WBZ is a 50,000 watt "[clear channel](/source/Clear-channel_station)" station whose nighttime broadcasts are heard hundreds of miles from Boston.[287] A variety of commercial [FM](/source/FM_broadcasting) radio formats serve the area, as do [NPR](/source/National_Public_Radio) stations [WBUR](/source/WBUR) and [WGBH](/source/WGBH_(FM)). College and university radio stations include [WERS](/source/WERS) (Emerson), [WHRB](/source/WHRB) (Harvard), [WUMB](/source/WUMB) (UMass Boston), [WMBR](/source/WMBR) (MIT), [WZBC](/source/WZBC) (Boston College), [WMFO](/source/WMFO) (Tufts University), [WBRS](/source/WBRS) (Brandeis University), [WRBB](/source/WRBB) (Northeastern University) and [WMLN-FM](/source/WMLN-FM) (Curry College).[288]

The Boston television [DMA](/source/Designated_market_area), which also includes [Manchester](/source/Manchester,_New_Hampshire), New Hampshire, is the eighth largest in the United States.[289] The city is served by stations representing every major [American network](/source/List_of_United_States_broadcast_television_networks), including [WBZ-TV](/source/WBZ-TV) 4 and its sister station [WSBK-TV](/source/WSBK-TV) 38 (the former a [CBS](/source/CBS) station, the latter an [independent station](/source/Independent_station_(North_America))), [WCVB-TV](/source/WCVB-TV) 5 and its sister station [WMUR-TV](/source/WMUR-TV) 9 (both [ABC](/source/American_Broadcasting_Company)), [WHDH](/source/WHDH_(TV)) 7 and its sister station [WLVI](/source/WLVI) 56 (the former an independent station, the latter a [CW](/source/The_CW) affiliate), [WBTS-CD](/source/WBTS-CD) 15 (an [NBC](/source/NBC) station), and [WFXT](/source/WFXT-TV) 25 ([Fox](/source/Fox_Broadcasting_Company)). The city is also home to [PBS](/source/PBS) member station [WGBH-TV](/source/WGBH-TV) 2, a major producer of PBS programs,[290] which also operates [WGBX](/source/WGBX) 44.

Spanish-language television networks, including [UniMás](/source/UniM%C3%A1s) ([WUTF-TV](/source/WUTF-TV) 27), [Telemundo](/source/Telemundo) ([WNEU](/source/WNEU) 60, a sister station to WBTS-CD), and [Univisión](/source/Univisi%C3%B3n) ([WUNI](/source/WUNI) 66), have a presence in the region, with WNEU and WUNI serving as network [owned-and-operated stations](/source/Owned-and-operated_stations). Most of the area's television stations have their transmitters in nearby [Needham](/source/Needham,_Massachusetts) and [Newton](/source/Newton,_Massachusetts) along the [Route 128 corridor](/source/Massachusetts_Route_128).[291] Seven Boston television stations are carried by satellite television and cable television providers in Canada.[292]

## Infrastructure

Main article: [Infrastructure in Boston](/source/Infrastructure_in_Boston)

### Healthcare

Further information: [List of hospitals in Massachusetts#Boston](/source/List_of_hospitals_in_Massachusetts#Boston) and [Boston Public Health Commission](/source/Boston_Public_Health_Commission)

Many of Boston's medical facilities are associated with universities. The [Longwood Medical and Academic Area](/source/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area), adjacent to the Fenway, district, is home to a large number of medical and research facilities, including [Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center](/source/Beth_Israel_Deaconess_Medical_Center), [Brigham and Women's Hospital](/source/Brigham_and_Women's_Hospital), [Boston Children's Hospital](/source/Boston_Children's_Hospital), [Dana–Farber Cancer Institute](/source/Dana%E2%80%93Farber_Cancer_Institute), and [Joslin Diabetes Center](/source/Joslin_Diabetes_Center).[293] Prominent medical facilities, including [Massachusetts General Hospital](/source/Massachusetts_General_Hospital), [Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary](/source/Massachusetts_Eye_and_Ear_Infirmary) and [Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital](/source/Spaulding_Rehabilitation_Hospital) are in the [Beacon Hill](/source/Beacon_Hill,_Boston) area. Many of the facilities in Longwood and near Massachusetts General Hospital are affiliated with [Harvard Medical School](/source/Harvard_Medical_School).[294]

[Tufts Medical Center](/source/Tufts_Medical_Center) (formerly Tufts-New England Medical Center), in the southern portion of the [Chinatown](/source/Chinatown,_Boston) neighborhood, is affiliated with [Tufts University School of Medicine](/source/Tufts_University_School_of_Medicine). [Boston Medical Center](/source/Boston_Medical_Center), in the [South End](/source/South_End,_Boston) neighborhood, is the region's largest safety-net hospital and trauma center. Formed by the merger of Boston City Hospital, the first municipal hospital in the United States, and Boston University Hospital, Boston Medical Center now serves as the primary teaching facility for the [Boston University School of Medicine](/source/Boston_University_School_of_Medicine).[295][296] [Boston Medical Center – Brighton](/source/Boston_Medical_Center_%E2%80%93_Brighton) (formerly St. Elizabeth's Medical Center) is located in the [Brighton](/source/Brighton,_Boston) neighborhood. [New England Baptist Hospital](/source/New_England_Baptist_Hospital) is in Mission Hill. [The city has Veterans Affairs medical centers](/source/VA_Boston_Healthcare_System) in the [Jamaica Plain](/source/Jamaica_Plain,_Boston) and [West Roxbury](/source/West_Roxbury,_Boston) neighborhoods.[297]

### Transportation

Main article: [Transportation in Boston](/source/Transportation_in_Boston)

[Logan International Airport](/source/Logan_International_Airport), in [East Boston](/source/East_Boston) and operated by the [Massachusetts Port Authority](/source/Massachusetts_Port_Authority) (Massport), is Boston's principal airport.[298] Nearby [general aviation](/source/General_aviation) airports are [Beverly Regional Airport](/source/Beverly_Regional_Airport) and [Lawrence Municipal Airport](/source/Lawrence_Municipal_Airport_(Massachusetts)) to the north, [Hanscom Field](/source/Hanscom_Field) to the west, and [Norwood Memorial Airport](/source/Norwood_Memorial_Airport) to the south.[299] Massport also operates several major facilities within the [Port of Boston](/source/Port_of_Boston), including a cruise ship terminal and facilities to handle bulk and container cargo in [South Boston](/source/South_Boston), and other facilities in [Charlestown](/source/Charlestown,_Boston) and [East Boston](/source/East_Boston).[300]

Downtown Boston's streets grew organically, so they do not form a [planned grid](/source/Grid_plan),[301] unlike those in later-developed [Back Bay](/source/Back_Bay,_Boston), [East Boston](/source/East_Boston), the [South End](/source/South_End,_Boston), and [South Boston](/source/South_Boston,_Boston). Boston is the eastern terminus of [I-90](/source/Interstate_90#Massachusetts), which in Massachusetts runs along the [Massachusetts Turnpike](/source/Massachusetts_Turnpike). The [Central Artery](/source/Central_Artery) follows [I-93](/source/Interstate_93#Massachusetts) as the primary north–south artery that carries most of the through traffic in Downtown Boston. Other major highways include [US 1](/source/U.S._Route_1_in_Massachusetts), which carries traffic to the [North Shore](/source/North_Shore_(Massachusetts)) and areas south of Boston, [US 3](/source/U.S._Route_3#Massachusetts), which connects to the northwestern suburbs, [MA 3](/source/Massachusetts_Route_3), which connects to the [South Shore](/source/South_Shore_(Massachusetts)) and [Cape Cod](/source/Cape_Cod), and [MA 2](/source/Massachusetts_Route_2) which connects to the western suburbs. Surrounding the city is [MA 128](/source/Massachusetts_Route_128), a partial beltway which has been largely subsumed by other routes (mostly [I-95](/source/Interstate_95_in_Massachusetts) and I-93).[302]

With nearly a third of Bostonians using public transit for their commute to work, Boston has the [fourth-highest rate of public transit usage in the country](/source/List_of_U.S._cities_with_high_transit_ridership).[303] The city of Boston has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2016, 33.8 percent of Boston households lacked a car, compared with the national average of 8.7 percent. The city averaged 0.94 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[304] Boston's public transportation agency, the [Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority](/source/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority) (MBTA), operates the oldest underground rapid transit system in the [Americas](/source/Americas) and is the [fourth-busiest rapid transit system in the country](/source/List_of_United_States_rapid_transit_systems_by_ridership),[14] with 65.5 mi (105 km) of track on four lines.[305] The [MBTA](/source/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority) also operates busy bus, commuter rail, and ferry networks.[305]

[Amtrak](/source/Amtrak) intercity rail to Boston is provided through four stations: [South Station](/source/South_Station), [North Station](/source/North_Station), [Back Bay](/source/Back_Bay_station), and [Route 128](/source/Route_128_station). South Station is a major [intermodal transportation](/source/Intermodal_passenger_transport) hub and is the terminus of Amtrak's *[Northeast Regional](/source/Northeast_Regional)*, *[Acela Express](/source/Acela_Express)*, and *[Lake Shore Limited](/source/Lake_Shore_Limited)* routes, in addition to multiple MBTA services. Back Bay is also served by MBTA and those three Amtrak routes, while Route 128, in the southwestern suburbs of Boston, is only served by the *Acela Express* and *Northeast Regional*.[306] Meanwhile, [Amtrak's](/source/Amtrak) *[Downeaster](/source/Downeaster_(train))* to [Brunswick](/source/Brunswick,_Maine), Maine terminates in North Station, and is the only Amtrak route to do so.[307]

Nicknamed "The Walking City", Boston hosts more pedestrian commuters than do other comparably populated cities. Owing to factors such as necessity, the compactness of the city and large student population, 13 percent of the population commutes by foot, making it the [highest percentage of pedestrian commuters in the country](/source/List_of_U.S._cities_with_most_pedestrian_commuters) out of the major American cities.[308] As of 2024, [Walk Score](/source/Walk_Score) ranks Boston as the third most walkable U.S. city, with a Walk Score of 83, a Transit Score of 72, and a Bike Score of 69.[309]

Boston has one of the highest rates of [bicycle commuting](/source/Bicycle_commuting).[310] The bikeshare program [Bluebikes](/source/Bluebikes), originally called Hubway, launched in late July 2011.[311] The system has 480 stations with a total of 4,500 bikes.[312] [PBSC Urban Solutions](/source/PBSC_Urban_Solutions) provides bicycles and technology for this [bike-sharing system](/source/Bicycle-sharing_system).[313]

## Notable people

Main article: [List of people from Boston](/source/List_of_people_from_Boston)

## International relations

The City of Boston has eleven official [sister cities](/source/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities):[314]

- [Kyoto](/source/Kyoto), Japan (1959)
- [Strasbourg](/source/Strasbourg), France (1960)
- [Barcelona](/source/Barcelona), Spain (1980)
- [Hangzhou](/source/Hangzhou), China (1982)
- [Padua](/source/Padua), Italy (1983)
- [Melbourne](/source/Melbourne), Australia (1985)
- [Beira](/source/Beira,_Mozambique), Mozambique (1990)
- [Taipei](/source/Taipei), Taiwan (1996)
- [Sekondi-Takoradi](/source/Sekondi-Takoradi), Ghana (2001)
- [Belfast](/source/Belfast), Northern Ireland (2014)
- [Praia](/source/Praia), Cape Verde (2015)

Boston has formal partnership relationships through a Memorandum Of Understanding with five additional cities or regions:

- [Guangzhou](/source/Guangzhou), China (2014)[315]
- [Lyon](/source/Lyon), France (2016)[316]
- [Copenhagen](/source/Copenhagen), Denmark (2017)[317]
- [Mexico City](/source/Mexico_City), Mexico (2017)[318]
- North West of Ireland, Ireland (2017)[319]

## See also

- [Boston Citgo Sign](/source/Boston_Citgo_Sign)
- [Boston City League](/source/Boston_City_League) (high-school athletic conference)
- [Boston nicknames](/source/Boston_nicknames)
- [Boston–Halifax relations](/source/Boston%E2%80%93Halifax_relations)
- [List of diplomatic missions in Boston](/source/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Boston)
- [List of tallest buildings in Boston](/source/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Boston)
- [National Register of Historic Places listings in Boston](/source/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Boston)
- [Outline of Boston](/source/Outline_of_Boston)
- [USS *Boston*](/source/USS_Boston), seven ships

## Notes

1. The average number of days with a low at or below freezing is 94.

1. Seasonal snowfall accumulation has ranged from 9.0 in (22.9 cm) in 1936–37 to 110.6 in (2.81 m) in 2014–15.

1. From 15% sample

1. Since the [Massachusetts State House](/source/Massachusetts_State_House) is located in the city's [Beacon Hill](/source/Beacon_Hill,_Boston) neighborhood, the term "Beacon Hill" is used as a [metonym](/source/Metonym) for the Massachusetts state government.[320][321]

1. The crime rate per 100,000 is based on the 2022 population of 649,768 in relation to the number of reported crimes in 2022.[322]

## References

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1. [\[1\]](https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_24_final_Report_7kGxEKS.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190805061330/https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_24_final_Report_7kGxEKS.pdf) August 5, 2019 at the Wayback Machine Accessed October 7, 2018.

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1. Thurston, H. (1907). "[St. Botulph](https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02709a.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221020235248/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02709a.htm) October 20, 2022 at the Wayback Machine." *The Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved June 17, 2014, from New Advent.

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1. Bilis, Madeline (September 15, 2016). ["TBT: The Village of Shawmut Becomes Boston"](https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2016/09/15/shawmut-boston/). *Boston Magazine*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231218230445/https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2016/09/15/shawmut-boston/) December 18, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 18, 2023.

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1. ["Chickataubut"](https://massachusetttribe.org/chickataubut). The Massachusett Tribe at Ponkapoag. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190611090719/http://massachusetttribe.org/chickataubut) June 11, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 21, 2021.

1. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1932). *English University Men Who Emigrated to New England Before 1646: An Advanced Printing of Appendix B to the History of Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century*. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 10.

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1. Banks, Charles Edward (1937). *Topographical dictionary of 2885 English emigrants to New England, 1620–1650*. The Bertram press. p. 96.

1. Christopher 2006, p. 46.

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1. Morris 2005, p. 7.

1. Morgan, Edmund S. (1946). "Thomas Hutchinson and the Stamp Act". *The New England Quarterly*. **21** (4): 459–492. [doi:10.2307/361566](https://doi.org/10.2307/361566). [ISSN 0028-4866](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4866). [JSTOR 361566](https://www.jstor.org/stable/361566)

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1. French, Allen (1911). [*The Siege of Boston*](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PqZcY9z3Vn4C). Macmillan.

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1. Hubbard, Robert Ernest. *Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"* pp. 45–8, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2020. ISBN 978-1-4766-7862-7.

1. Kennedy 1994, p. 46.

1. ["Home page"](http://www.bostonliteraryhistory.com) (Exhibition at Boston Public Library and Massachusetts Historical Society). *Forgotten Chapters of Boston's Literary History*. The Trustees of Boston College. July 30, 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210225045450/http://www.bostonliteraryhistory.com/) February 25, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 22, 2012.

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1. Kennedy 1994, p. 44.

1. B. Rosenbaum, Julia (2006). *Visions of Belonging: New England Art and the Making of American Identity*. Cornell University Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780801444708. By the late nineteenth century, one of the strongest bulwarks of Brahmin power was Harvard University. Statistics underscore the close relationship between Harvard and Boston's upper strata.

1. C. Holloran, Peter (1989). *Boston's Wayward Children: Social Services for Homeless Children, 1830-1930*. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 73. ISBN 9780838632970.

1. J. Harp, Gillis (2003). *Brahmin Prophet: Phillips Brooks and the Path of Liberal Protestantism*. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 13. ISBN 9780742571983.

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1. State Street Trust Company; Walton Advertising; & Printing Company (1922). [*Boston: one hundred years a city*](https://archive.org/stream/bostononehundred02stat/bostononehundred02stat_djvu.txt) (TXT). Vol. 2. Boston: State Street Trust Company. Retrieved April 20, 2009.

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1. Bolino 2012, pp. 285–286.

1. ["The History of Land Fill in Boston"](http://www.iboston.org/rg/backbayImap.htm). iBoston.org. 2006. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201221030505/http://www.iboston.org/rg/backbayImap.htm) December 21, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 9, 2006.. Also see Howe, Jeffery (1996). ["Boston: History of the Landfills"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070410073014/http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/bos_fill2.html). Boston College. Archived from [the original](http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/bos_fill2.html) on April 10, 2007. Retrieved April 30, 2007.

1. *Historical Atlas of Massachusetts*. University of Massachusetts. 1991. p. 37.

1. Holleran, Michael (2001). ["Problems with Change"](https://books.google.com/books?id=j_L08ikdUrkC). *Boston's Changeful Times: Origins of Preservation and Planning in America*. [The Johns Hopkins University Press](/source/The_Johns_Hopkins_University_Press). p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8018-6644-9. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210204135541/https://books.google.com/books?id=j_L08ikdUrkC) February 4, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 22, 2010.

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1. Rezendes, Michael (October 13, 1991). ["Has the time for Chelsea's annexation to Boston come? The Hub hasn't grown since 1912, and something has to follow that beleaguered community's receivership"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130723035734/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/59275776.html?FMT=ABS&date=Oct%2013,%201991). *The Boston Globe*. p. 80. Archived from [the original](https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/59275776.html?FMT=ABS&date=Oct%2013,%201991) on July 23, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2010.

1. Estes, Andrea & Cafasso, Ed (September 9, 1991). ["Flynn offers to annex Chelsea"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130723035906/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/bostonherald/access/69025902.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Sep+9,+1991&author=ANDREA+ESTES+and+ED+CAFASSO&pub=Boston+Herald&edition=&startpage=001&desc=Flynn+offers+to+annex+Chelsea). *[Boston Herald](/source/Boston_Herald)*. p. 1. Archived from [the original](https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/bostonherald/access/69025902.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Sep+9%2C+1991&author=ANDREA+ESTES+and+ED+CAFASSO&pub=Boston+Herald&edition=&startpage=001&desc=Flynn+offers+to+annex+Chelsea) on July 23, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2010.

1. ["Horticultural Hall, Boston - Lost New England"](https://lostnewengland.com/2016/01/horticultural-hall-boston/). *Lost New England*. January 18, 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201029083542/https://lostnewengland.com/2016/01/horticultural-hall-boston/) October 29, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 19, 2020.

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1. Bluestone & Stevenson 2002, p. 13.

1. Collins, Monica (August 7, 2005). ["Born Again"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165937/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/magazine/articles/2005/08/07/born_again/). *The Boston Globe*. Archived from [the original](http://www.boston.com/news/globe/magazine/articles/2005/08/07/born_again/) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2007.

1. Roessner, Jane (2000). [*A Decent Place to Live: from Columbia Point to Harbor Point – A Community History*](https://archive.org/details/decentplacetoliv01roes). Boston: Northeastern University Press. p. [80](https://archive.org/details/decentplacetoliv01roes/page/80). ISBN 978-1-55553-436-3.

1. Cf. Roessner, p.293. "The HOPE VI housing program, inspired in part by the success of Harbor Point, was created by legislation passed by Congress in 1992."

1. Kennedy 1994, p. 195.

1. Kennedy 1994, pp. 194–195.

1. Hampson, Rick (April 19, 2005). ["Studies: Gentrification a boost for everyone"](https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-04-19-gentrification_x.htm). *USA Today*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120628203315/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-04-19-gentrification_x.htm) June 28, 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 2, 2009.

1. Heudorfer, Bonnie & Bluestone, Barry. ["The Greater Boston Housing Report Card"](https://web.archive.org/web/20061108003526/http://www.tbf.org/uploadedFiles/Housing%20Report%20Card%202004.pdf). Center for Urban and Regional Policy (CURP), Northeastern University. p. 6. Archived from [the original](http://www.tbf.org/uploadedFiles/Housing%20Report%20Card%202004.pdf) on November 8, 2006. Retrieved December 12, 2016.

1. Feeney, Mark & Mehegan, David (April 15, 2005). ["Atlantic, 148-year institution, leaving city"](http://archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2005/04/15/atlantic_148_year_institution_leaving_city/). *The Boston Globe*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221240/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2005/04/15/atlantic_148_year_institution_leaving_city/) March 3, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 31, 2007.

1. ["FleetBoston, Bank of America Merger Approved by Fed"](http://archive.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2004/03/09/fleetboston_bank_of_america_merger_approved_by_fed/). *The Boston Globe*. March 9, 2004. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101331/http://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2004/03/09/fleetboston_bank_of_america_merger_approved_by_fed/) March 4, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 5, 2013.

1. Abelson, Jenn & Palmer, Thomas C. Jr. (July 29, 2005). ["It's Official: Filene's Brand Will Be Gone"](http://archive.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2005/07/29/its_official_filenes_brand_will_be_gone/). *The Boston Globe*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053514/http://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2005/07/29/its_official_filenes_brand_will_be_gone/) March 4, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 5, 2013.

1. Glaberson, William (June 11, 1993). ["Largest Newspaper Deal in U.S. – N.Y. Times Buys Boston Globe for $1.1 Billion"](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6IJIAAAAIBAJ&pg=4346,4610151). *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette*. p. B-12. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210511015226/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6IJIAAAAIBAJ&pg=4346,4610151) May 11, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 5, 2013.

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1. LeBlanc, Steve (December 26, 2007). ["On December 31, It's Official: Boston's Big Dig Will Be Done"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/25/AR2007122500600.html). *The Washington Post*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140825161122/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/25/AR2007122500600.html) August 25, 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 26, 2007.

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1. Hull 2011, p. 91.

1. Shand-Tucci, Douglass (1999). [*Built in Boston: City & Suburb, 1800–2000*](https://archive.org/details/builtinbostoncit00shan_0/page/11). 2 ed. University of Massachusetts Press. pp. [11, 294–299](https://archive.org/details/builtinbostoncit00shan_0/page/11). ISBN 978-1-55849-201-1.

1. ["Boston Public Library Copley Interior Photos"](https://www.bostoncentral.com/boston-public-library-copley-interior). *BostonCentral*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241209170744/https://bostoncentral.com/boston-public-library-copley-interior) December 9, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 28, 2024.

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1. Jan, Tracy (April 2, 2014). "Rural states seek to sap research funds from Boston". *The Boston Globe*

1. Bankston, A (2016). "Monitoring the compliance of the academic enterprise with the Fair Labor Standards Act". *F1000Research*. **5**: 2690. [doi:10.12688/f1000research.10086.2](https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10086.2). [PMC 5130071](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5130071). [PMID 27990268](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27990268)

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1. ["History of NESL"](http://www.nesl.edu/engaged/history.cfm). New England School of Law. 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160821053423/http://www.nesl.edu/engaged/history.cfm) August 21, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 17, 2010.

1. ["Emerson College"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130130033857/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/emerson-college-2146). *U.S. News & World Report*. 2013. Archived from [the original](http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/emerson-college-2146) on January 30, 2013. Retrieved February 6, 2013.

1. ["A Brief History of New England Conservatory"](https://web.archive.org/web/20081120101156/http://www.newenglandconservatory.edu//reports_factsheets/briefhistory.html). New England Conservatory of Music. 2007. Archived from [the original](http://www.newenglandconservatory.edu/reports_factsheets/briefhistory.html) on November 20, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2007.

1. Everett, Carole J. (2009). *College Guide for Performing Arts Majors: The Real-World Admission Guide for Dance, Music, and Theater Majors*. Peterson's. pp. 199–200. ISBN 978-0-7689-2698-9.

1. ["Best Trade Schools in Boston, MA"](https://www.expertise.com/business/trade-schools/massachusetts/boston). Expertise.com. August 16, 2024. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240817074042/https://www.expertise.com/business/trade-schools/massachusetts/boston) August 17, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 17, 2024.

1. Patton, Zach (January 2012). ["The Boss of Boston: Mayor Thomas Menino"](https://www.governing.com/topics/politics/gov-boss-of-boston-mayor-thomas-menino.html). *Governing*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201125023123/https://www.governing.com/topics/politics/gov-boss-of-boston-mayor-thomas-menino.html) November 25, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 5, 2013.

1. ["Boston City Charter"](https://www.cityofboston.gov/Images_Documents/2007%20the%20charter%20draft20%20%28final%20draft1%20with%20jumps%29_tcm3-16428.pdf). City of Boston. July 2007. p. 59. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210224125713/https://www.cityofboston.gov/Images_Documents/2007%20the%20charter%20draft20%20(final%20draft1%20with%20jumps)_tcm3-16428.pdf) February 24, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 5, 2013.

1. ["The Boston Public Schools at a Glance: School Committee"](http://boston.k12.ma.us/bps/bpsglance.asp#leadership). Boston Public Schools. March 14, 2007. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070403011648/http://boston.k12.ma.us/bps/bpsglance.asp) April 3, 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 28, 2007.

1. Irons, Meghan E. (August 17, 2016). ["City Hall is always above average – if you ask City Hall"](https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/08/17/city-hall-always-above-average-you-ask-city-hall/GUvNcsQlIhJYt8SPgjLzCN/story.html). *[The Boston Globe](/source/The_Boston_Globe)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210308031807/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/08/17/city-hall-always-above-average-you-ask-city-hall/GUvNcsQlIhJYt8SPgjLzCN/story.html) March 8, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 18, 2016.

1. ["Massachusetts Real Estate Portfolio"](https://www.gsa.gov/about-us/gsa-regions/region-1-new-england/buildings-and-facilities/massachusetts-real-estate-portfolio). United States General Services Administration. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240805231858/https://www.gsa.gov/about-us/gsa-regions/region-1-new-england/buildings-and-facilities/massachusetts-real-estate-portfolio) August 5, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 17, 2024.

1. ["Court Location"](https://www.ca1.uscourts.gov/court-info/court-location). United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240709134634/https://www.ca1.uscourts.gov/court-info/court-location) July 9, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 17, 2024.

1. ["John Joseph Moakley U.S. Courthouse"](https://www.gsa.gov/about-us/gsa-regions/region-1-new-england/buildings-and-facilities/massachusetts-real-estate-portfolio/john-joseph-moakley-us-courthouse). United States General Services Administration. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240730060259/https://www.gsa.gov/about-us/gsa-regions/region-1-new-england/buildings-and-facilities/massachusetts-real-estate-portfolio/john-joseph-moakley-us-courthouse) July 30, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 17, 2024.

1. ["Massachusetts's Representatives – Congressional District Maps"](http://www.govtrack.us/congress/findyourreps.xpd?state=MA). GovTrack.us. 2007. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120212000116/http://www.govtrack.us/congress/findyourreps.xpd?state=MA) February 12, 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 28, 2007.

1. Kim, Seung Min (November 6, 2012). ["Warren wins Mass. Senate race"](https://www.politico.com/story/2012/11/warren-wins-083441). *[Politico](/source/Politico)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160626143732/https://www.politico.com/story/2012/11/warren-wins-083441) June 26, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 17, 2024.

1. Hohmann, James (June 25, 2013). ["Markey defeats Gomez in Mass."](https://www.politico.com/story/2013/06/massachusetts-senate-election-result-ed-markey-gabriel-gomez-093392). *Politico*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170205203250/https://www.politico.com/story/2013/06/massachusetts-senate-election-result-ed-markey-gabriel-gomez-093392) February 5, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 17, 2024.

1. ["Registered Voters and Party Enrollment as of October 26, 2024"](https://www.sec.state.ma.us/divisions/elections/download/research-and-statistics/enrollment_count_20241105.pdf). Massachusetts Elections Division. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190101051327/https://www.sec.state.ma.us/ele/elepdf/enrollment_count_20181017.pdf) January 1, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 24, 2024.

1. Walters, Quincy (June 24, 2020). ["Despite Strong Criticism Of Police Spending, Boston City Council Passes Budget"](https://www.wbur.org/news/2020/06/24/despite-strong-criticism-of-police-spending-boston-city-council-passes-budget). WBUR. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210319095732/https://www.wbur.org/news/2020/06/24/despite-strong-criticism-of-police-spending-boston-city-council-passes-budget) March 19, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

1. Winship, Christopher (March 2002). ["End of a Miracle?"](http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/soc/faculty/winship/End_of_a_Miracle.pdf). Harvard University. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120522063733/http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/soc/faculty/winship/End_of_a_Miracle.pdf) May 22, 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 19, 2007.

1. ["Crime Data Explorer: Boston Police Department"](https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/LATEST/webapp/#/pages/explorer/crime/crime-trend). Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2024. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240916195226/https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/LATEST/webapp/#/pages/home) September 16, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 17, 2024.

1. Vorhees 2009, p. 52.

1. Vorhees 2009, pp. 148–151.

1. Baker, Billy (May 25, 2008). ["Wicked good Bostonisms come, and mostly go"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040320/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/05/25/my_word/). *The Boston Globe*. Archived from [the original](http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/05/25/my_word/) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2009.

1. Vennochi, Joan (October 24, 2017). ["NAACP report shows a side of Boston that Amazon isn't seeing"](https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2017/10/23/naacp-report-shows-side-boston-that-amazon-isn-seeing/eDmdfERav70OLfWige6cxO/story.html). *The Boston Globe*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210308124109/https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2017/10/23/naacp-report-shows-side-boston-that-amazon-isn-seeing/eDmdfERav70OLfWige6cxO/story.html) March 8, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 24, 2017.

1. ["LCP Art & Artifacts"](https://www.librarycompany.org/artifacts/athens.htm). Library Company of Philadelphia. 2007. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210505225944/http://librarycompany.org/artifacts/athens.htm) May 5, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 23, 2017.

1. Bross, Tom; Harris, Patricia; Lyon, David (2008). *Boston*. London, England: Dorling Kindersley. p. 22.

1. Bross, Tom; Harris, Patricia; Lyon, David (2008). *Boston*. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 59.

1. ["About Us"](https://bostonbookfest.org/about-us/). *Boston Book Festival*. 2024. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240804101102/https://bostonbookfest.org/about-us/) August 4, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 17, 2024.

1. Tilak, Visi (May 16, 2019). ["Boston's New Chapter: A Literary Cultural District"](https://www.usnews.com/news/cities/articles/2019-05-16/bostons-new-chapter-a-literary-cultural-district). *U.S. News & World Report*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190518001524/https://www.usnews.com/news/cities/articles/2019-05-16/bostons-new-chapter-a-literary-cultural-district) May 18, 2019 at the Wayback Machine.

1. ["The world's greatest orchestras"](http://www.gramophone.co.uk/editorial/the-world%E2%80%99s-greatest-orchestras). *Gramophone*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130224060051/http://www.gramophone.co.uk/editorial/the-world%E2%80%99s-greatest-orchestras) February 24, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 26, 2015.

1. ["There For The Arts"](https://www.tbf.org/-/media/tbforg/files/reports/thereforthearts.pdf). The Boston Foundation. 2008–2009. p. 5. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231202120327/https://www.tbf.org/-/media/tbforg/files/reports/thereforthearts.pdf) December 2, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 17, 2024.

1. Hull 2011, p. 175.

1. ["Who We Are"](http://www.handelandhaydn.org/learn/whoweare/whoweare_home.htm). Handel and Haydn Society. 2007. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070427052402/http://www.handelandhaydn.org/learn/whoweare/whoweare_home.htm) April 27, 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 28, 2007.

1. Hull 2011, pp. 53–55.

1. Hull 2011, p. 207.

1. ["Boston Harborfest – About"](http://www.bostonharborfest.com/about.html). Boston Harborfest Inc. 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130506053501/http://www.bostonharborfest.com/about.html) May 6, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 5, 2013.

1. ["Our Story: About Us"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130223235809/http://www.july4th.org/Our_Story/About_Us/). Boston 4 Celebrations Foundation. 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.july4th.org/Our_Story/About_Us/) on February 23, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.

1. ["7 Fun Things to Do in Boston in 2019"](https://www.travtasy.com/2019/09/fun-things-to-do-in-boston-this-weekend.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210308223630/https://www.travtasy.com/2019/09/fun-things-to-do-in-boston-this-weekend.html) March 8, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 19, 2019.

1. ["Start the Freedom Trail, Boston National Historical Park"](https://www.nps.gov/places/freedom-trail-start.htm). National Park Service. September 2, 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210903012946/https://www.nps.gov/places/freedom-trail-start.htm) September 3, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 17, 2024.

1. Hull 2011, pp. 104–108.

1. Ouroussoff, Nicolai (December 8, 2006). ["Expansive Vistas Both Inside and Out"](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/08/arts/design/08ica.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210309171700/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/08/arts/design/08ica.html) March 9, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 5, 2013.

1. ["Art Galleries"](https://www.sowaboston.com/galleries). *SoWa Boston*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210305183502/https://www.sowaboston.com/galleries) March 5, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 31, 2020.

1. ["Art Galleries on Newbury Street, Boston"](http://www.newbury-st.com/Boston/20/Art_Galleries). *www.newbury-st.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210304065404/http://www.newbury-st.com/Boston/20/Art_Galleries) March 4, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 18, 2016.

1. ["History of The Boston Athenaeum"](http://www.bostonathenaeum.org/node/38). Boston Athenæum. 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210422231156/https://www.bostonathenaeum.org/node/38) April 22, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 5, 2013.

1. Hull 2011, p. 164.

1. ["145 Best Sights in Boston, Massachusetts"](https://www.fodors.com/world/north-america/usa/massachusetts/boston/things-to-do/sights). *Fodor's Travel*. 2024. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240519104056/https://www.fodors.com/world/north-america/usa/massachusetts/boston/things-to-do/sights) May 19, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 17, 2024.

1. Riess, Jana (2002). *The Spiritual Traveler: Boston and New England: A Guide to Sacred Sites and Peaceful Places*. Hidden Spring. pp. 64–125. ISBN 978-1-58768-008-3.

1. ["First Church in Boston History"](http://www.firstchurchboston.org/about/history). First Church in Boston. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180927112654/https://www.firstchurchboston.org/about/history) September 27, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 12, 2013.

1. Molski, Max (June 17, 2024). ["Which city has the most championships across the Big Four pro sports leagues?"](https://www.nbcsportsboston.com/news/city-most-championships-nba-nfl-mlb-nhl/621597/). NBC Sports Boston. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240817071752/https://www.nbcsportsboston.com/news/city-most-championships-nba-nfl-mlb-nhl/621597/) August 17, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 17, 2024.

1. ["Fenway Park"](https://www.espn.com/mlb/team/_/name/bos). *ESPN*. 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150810232123/http://espn.go.com/travel/stadium/_/s/mlb/id/2/fenway-park) August 10, 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 5, 2013.

1. Abrams, Roger I. (February 19, 2007). ["Hall of Fame third baseman led Boston to first AL pennant"](http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/news/article.jsp?ymd=20070219&content_id=780&vkey=hof_news). National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070902113322/http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/news/article.jsp?ymd=20070219&content_id=780&vkey=hof_news) September 2, 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 1, 2009.

1. ["1903 World Series – Major League Baseball: World Series History"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060827080714/http://mlb.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/mlb/history/postseason/mlb_ws_recaps.jsp?feature=1903). Major League Baseball at MLB.com. 2007. Archived from [the original](http://mlb.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/mlb/history/postseason/mlb_ws_recaps.jsp?feature=1903) on August 27, 2006. Retrieved February 18, 2007. This source, like many others, uses the erroneous "Pilgrims" name that is debunked by the Nowlin reference following.

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## Works cited

- Bluestone, Barry & Stevenson, Mary Huff (2002). *The Boston Renaissance: Race, Space, and Economic Change in an American Metropolis*. Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 978-1-61044-072-1.
- Bolino, August C. (2012), *Men of Massachusetts: Bay State Contributors to American Society*, iUniverse, ISBN 9781475933765
- Christopher, Paul J. (2006). *50 Plus One Greatest Cities in the World You Should Visit*. Encouragement Press, LLC. ISBN 978-1-933766-01-0.
- Hull, Sarah (2011). *The Rough Guide to Boston*. 6 ed. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-4053-8247-2.
- Kennedy, Lawrence W. (1994). *Planning the City Upon a Hill: Boston Since 1630*. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-0-87023-923-6.
- Morris, Jerry (2005). [*The Boston Globe Guide to Boston*](https://archive.org/details/bostonglobeguide00jerr). Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-3430-6.
- Vorhees, Mara (2009). *Lonely Planet Boston City Guide*. 4th ed. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74179-178-5.

## Further reading

Main article: [Bibliography of Boston](/source/Bibliography_of_Boston)

- Beagle, Jonathan M. & Penn, Elan (2006). *Boston: A Pictorial Celebration*. Sterling Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-4027-1977-6.
- Brown, Robin & The Boston Globe (2009). [*Boston's Secret Spaces: 50 Hidden Corners In and Around the Hub*](https://archive.org/details/bostonssecretspa0000unse). 1st ed. Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-5062-7.
- Hantover, Jeffrey & King, Gilbert (2008). *City in Time: Boston*. Sterling Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-4027-3300-0.
- [*Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820–1980*](https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_r8s1). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. 1981. ISBN 978-0-313-21134-8. Short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980—see [index at pp. 406–411](https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_r8s1/page/406/mode/2up) for list.
- O'Connell, James C. (2013). [*The Hub's Metropolis: Greater Boston's Development from Railroad Suburbs to Smart Growth*](https://books.google.com/books?id=UY5SjKPbaGoC). MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01875-3.
- O'Connor, Thomas H. (2000). *Boston: A to Z*. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00310-1.
- Price, Michael & Sammarco, Anthony Mitchell (2000). [*Boston's Immigrants, 1840–1925*](https://books.google.com/books?id=RbMBOZux_Js). Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7524-0921-4.[dead link]
- *Mapping Boston*. MIT Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-262-61173-2.
- Seasholes, Nancy S. (2003). [*Gaining Ground: A History of Landmaking in Boston*](https://archive.org/details/gaininggroundhis0000seas). Cambridge, Massachusetts: [MIT Press](/source/MIT_Press). ISBN 978-0-262-19494-5.
- Shand-Tucci, Douglass (1999). [*Built in Boston: City & Suburb, 1800–2000*](https://archive.org/details/builtinbostoncit00shan_0). 2nd ed. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-55849-201-1.
- Southworth, Michael & Southworth, Susan (2008). *AIA Guide to Boston, Third Edition: Contemporary Landmarks, Urban Design, Parks, Historic Buildings and Neighborhoods*. 3rd ed. Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-4337-7.
- Vrabel, Jim & Bostonian Society (2004). [*When in Boston: A Time Line & Almanac*](https://archive.org/details/wheninbostontime00jimv_0). Northeastern University Press. ISBN 978-1-55553-620-6.
- Whitehill, Walter Muir & Kennedy, Lawrence W. (2000). [*Boston: A Topographical History*](https://archive.org/details/bostontopographi00whit_1). 3rd ed. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00268-5.

## External links

- [Official website](http://boston.gov)
- [Visit Boston](http://www.bostonusa.com/), official tourism website
- Vol. 4. pp. 290–296.
- [Historical Maps of Boston](https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=%22Boston+%28Mass.%29--Maps%22&search_field=subject) from the [Norman B. Leventhal Map Center](/source/Norman_B._Leventhal_Map_Center) at the [Boston Public Library](/source/Boston_Public_Library)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.