# Borjigin

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Member of Ghengis Khan's Mongol sub-clan

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"Borjigit" redirects here. For the empresses of this surname, see [Empress Borjigit](/source/Empress_Borjigit_(disambiguation)).

"Altan urag" redirects here. For the folk rock band, see [Altan Urag](/source/Altan_Urag). For the notion of having Genghis Khan as an ancestor, see [Descent from Genghis Khan](/source/Descent_from_Genghis_Khan).

Borjigin ᠪᠣᠷᠵᠢᠭᠢᠨ Боржигин Budunzars Clan Kiyat Borjigin Seal The Geneological Family Tree Charts of Imperial Mongol Borjigin Dynasties and showing its major and main Sub-Clans (According to Secret Histories Of The Mongols Records) Country Mongol Empire, Mongol states, Central Asian countries, Mongolia, China (Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang) Place of origin Khamag Mongol Founded c. 900 AD (early 10th-Century) Founder Bodonchar Munkhag Final ruler Maqsud Shah (in Asia) Alim Khan [1] (in Central Asia) Navaanneren Setsen Khan[2] (in East Asia) Şahin Giray[3] (in Europe) Titles Khagan, Khan, Ilkhan, Noyan, Tsar, Jonon, Khuntaij, General, Zasag, Darga, Yeronkhii Said, Baatar Estate(s) Mongolia Russia Central Asia Iran China Deposition 1930 Cadet branches House of Ögedei Jochids Kuchumovs Shaybanids Mustafins Girays Ashtarkhanids Töre Toluids Yuan (Kublaids) Zasagt Khan Tüsheet Khan Sain Noyon Khan Sechen Khan Hulaguids House of Chagatai Barlas Timurid dynasty Mughal dynasty Manghud Nogai dynasty Manghit dynasty (Uzbeks) Khiyad Tayichuds Urud Chonos

The **Borjigin** or **Borjigids**[b] are a [Mongol](/source/Mongols) tribal clan founded in the early 10th century or, around 900 AD. by [Bodonchar Munkhag](/source/Bodonchar_Munkhag).[c] The senior line of Borjigids provided ruling princes for [Mongolia](/source/Mongolia) and [Inner Mongolia](/source/Inner_Mongolia) until the 20th century.[7] The clan formed the [ruling class](/source/Ruling_class) among the [Mongols](/source/Mongols) and other peoples of [Central Asia](/source/Central_Asia) and [Eastern Europe](/source/Eastern_Europe). Today, the Borjigids are found in Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, Buryatia, and [Xinjiang](/source/Xinjiang),[7] and genetic research shows that [descent from Genghis Khan](/source/Descent_from_Genghis_Khan) and [Timur](/source/Timur) is common throughout Central and East Asia.[*[according to whom?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions)*]

## Origin and name

See also: [Chinggisids](/source/Chinggisids)

According to the *[Secret History of the Mongols](/source/Secret_History_of_the_Mongols)*, the first Mongol was born from the union of a blue-grey wolf and a fallow doe. Their 11th-generation descendant, [Alan Gua](/source/Alan_Gua), was impregnated by a ray of light[8] and begat five sons, the youngest being [Bodonchar Munkhag](/source/Bodonchar_Munkhag), progenitor of the Borjigids.[9][10] According to [Rashid al-Din Hamadani](/source/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani), many of the older Mongolian tribes were founded by members of the Borjigin clan, including the [Barlas](/source/Barlas), Urud, [Manghud](/source/Manghud), [Taichiud](/source/Taichiud), [Chonos](/source/Chonos_tribe), and Kiyat. Bodonchar's descendant [Khabul Khan](/source/Khabul_Khan) founded the [Khamag Mongol](/source/Khamag_Mongol) confederation around 1131. His great-grandson Temüjin ruled the [Khamag Mongol](/source/Khamag_Mongol) and unified the other Mongol tribes under him. He was declared [Genghis Khan](/source/Genghis_Khan) in 1206, thus establishing the [Mongol Empire](/source/Mongol_Empire). His descendants are the [Chinggisids](/source/Chinggisids).

The etymology of the word *Borjigin* is uncertain.

## History

Further information: [Chinggisids](/source/Chinggisids)

The [Mongol Empire](/source/Mongol_Empire) and its vassals, ca. 1300. The gray area is the later [Timurid Empire](/source/Timurid_Empire).

Members of the Borjigin clan ruled over the [Mongol Empire](/source/Mongol_Empire),[11] dominating large lands stretching from [Java](/source/Java) to [Iran](/source/Iran) and from [Mainland Southeast Asia](/source/Mainland_Southeast_Asia) to [Veliky Novgorod](/source/Veliky_Novgorod). Many of the ruling dynasties that took power following the disintegration of the Mongol Empire were of Chinggisid, and thus Borjigid, ancestry. These included the [Chobanids](/source/Chobanids), the [Jalayirid Sultanate](/source/Jalayirid_Sultanate), the [Barlas](/source/Barlas), the [Manghud](/source/Manghud), the [Khongirad](/source/Khongirad), and the [Oirats](/source/Oirats).

In 1368, the Borjigin-ruled [Yuan dynasty](/source/Yuan_dynasty) was expelled from [China](/source/China) following the advance of rebel forces that established the [Ming dynasty](/source/Ming_dynasty). The last Yuan emperor, [Toghon Temür](/source/Toghon_Tem%C3%BCr), withdrew north of the [Great Wall](/source/Great_Wall), where the court and its institutions continued to function in the [Mongolian Plateau](/source/Mongolian_Plateau) under what is conventionally known as the [Northern Yuan](/source/Northern_Yuan).

The retreat of the Yuan court did not represent a sudden collapse but rather a strategic relocation, after which the Borjigin rulers maintained political authority over Mongolia and sought to reassert influence over China in subsequent decades.

### Post-Mongol Empire

See also: [Chinggisid](/source/Chinggisid) and [Genetic descent from Genghis Khan](/source/Genetic_descent_from_Genghis_Khan)

The term "[Chinggisid](/source/Chinggisids)" derives from the name of Genghis (*Chinggis*) Khan (c. 1162–1227 CE). Genghis and his successors created a vast empire stretching from the [Sea of Japan](/source/Sea_of_Japan) to the [Black Sea](/source/Black_Sea), which, beginning in 1259, [divided into separate empires](/source/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire).

The [Tumens](/source/Tumen_(unit)) of Mongolia proper and vassal states of the Mongol Empire by 1400

After the breakup of the [Golden Horde](/source/Golden_Horde), the Khiyad Borjigids continued to rule in [Crimean Peninsula](/source/Crimean_Peninsula) and [Kazan](/source/Kazan) until they were annexed by the [Russian Empire](/source/Russian_Empire) in the late 18th century. In Mongolia, the Kublaids continued to reign as khagans of the Mongols, with brief interruptions by the descendants of [Ögedei](/source/%C3%96gedei) and [Ariq Böke](/source/Ariq_B%C3%B6ke).

Under [Dayan Khan](/source/Dayan_Khan) (1480–1517), a broad Borjigid revival reestablished Borjigid supremacy among the Mongols in Mongolia proper. The Borjigin lineage constituted the ruling house of the Mongols, with authority distributed among various branches of the imperial family rather than concentrated in a single unified structure. During the period following the decline of centralized power, the descendants of [Dayan Khan](/source/Dayan_Khan) governed their respective appanages in a decentralized and semi-autonomous system, maintaining allegiance to the Chinggisid khan while exercising independent control over their own territories.

The eastern [Khorchin Mongols](/source/Khorchin_Mongols) were under the Qasarids, and the Ongnigud and Abaqids were under the Belguteids and [Temüge Odchigenids](/source/Tem%C3%BCge_Odchigen). A fragment of the Qasarids later migrated to western Mongolia, where they became known as the [Khoshut](/source/Khoshut).

The [Qing dynasty](/source/Qing_dynasty) respected the Borjigids and the early emperors married Khorchin Qasarids. Even among the pro-Qing Mongols, traces of the alternative tradition survived. Aci Lomi, a banner general, wrote his *History of the Borjigid Clan* in 1732–35.[12] The 18th century and 19th century, Qing nobility was adorned by the descendants of the early Mongol adherents including the Borjigin.[13]

Asian dynasties descended from Genghis Khan included the [Yuan dynasty](/source/Yuan_dynasty) in China, the [Ilkhanate](/source/Ilkhanate) in [Persia](/source/Persia), the [Jochids](/source/Jochids) of the [Golden Horde](/source/Golden_Horde), the [Shaybanids](/source/Shaybanids) in [Siberia](/source/Siberia) and Central Asia, and the [Astrakhan Khanate](/source/Astrakhan_Khanate) in Central Asia. Chinggisid descent played a crucial role in [Tatar](/source/Tatars) politics. For instance, [Mamai](/source/Mamai) had to exercise his authority through a succession of puppet khans but could not assume the title of [khan](/source/Khan_(title)) himself because he lacked Chinggisid lineage.

- The *Chinggisid principle*,[14] or golden lineage, was the rule of inheritance laid down in the ([Yassa](/source/Yassa)), the legal code attributed to Genghis Khan.

- A *Chinggisid prince* was one who could trace direct descent from Genghis Khan in the male line, and who could therefore claim high respect among Mongol and [Turks](/source/Turkic_peoples) and in [Asia](/source/Asia).

- The *Chinggisid states* were the successor states or [khanates](/source/Khanate) after the Mongol empire broke up following the death of Genghis Khan's sons and their [successors](/source/List_of_Mongol_Khans).

- The term *Chinggisid people* was used[*[by whom?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions)*] to describe the people of Genghis Khan's armies who came in contact with Europeans. It applied primarily to the Golden Horde, led by [Batu Khan](/source/Batu_Khan), a grandson of Genghis. Members of the Horde were predominantly [Kipchak-speaking](/source/Kipchak_languages) peoples. Although the aristocracy was largely Mongol, Mongols were never more than a small minority in the armies and the lands they conquered.) Europeans often (incorrectly) referred to the people of the Golden Horde as "Tartars".

[Babur](/source/Babur) and [Humayun](/source/Humayun), founders of the [Mughal Empire](/source/Mughal_Empire) in India, asserted their authority as Chinggisids, claiming descent through their maternal lineage.

The Chinggisid also include such dynasties and houses as [Giray](/source/Giray_dynasty), [Töre](/source/T%C3%B6re_(dynasty)), [House of Siberia](/source/House_of_Siberia), [Ar begs](/source/Ar_begs), [Yaushev family](/source/Yaushev_family)[15] and other. The one of last ruling Chinggisids was [Maqsud Shah](/source/Maqsud_Shah), [Khan of Kumul](/source/Kumul_Khanate) from 1908 to 1930.

The three [Khalkha](/source/Khalkha) [khanates](/source/Khanates) included those ruled by [Sechen Khan](/source/Sechen_Khan), [Zasagt Khan](/source/Zasagt_Khan), and [Tüsheet Khan](/source/T%C3%BCsheet_Khan), who continued to regard themselves as the legitimate [Khagans](/source/Khagans)[16] and successors of the [Northern Yuan](/source/Northern_Yuan) until [Qing](/source/Qing_Dynasty) annexion 1691.[17] Although much of their independent political authority declined during [Qing rule](/source/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule), Borjigin nobles proclaimed Mongolia’s independence in 1911 and established the [Bogd Khanate](/source/Bogd_Khanate).[18] The three Khalkha khanates, along with their aristocratic ranks and titles, continued to exist within the [Mongolian People’s Republic](/source/Mongolian_People%E2%80%99s_Republic) until around 1930.[19] The last ruling Chinggisid and Borjigin aristocrat holding princely and monarchical status, [Navaanneren Setsen Khan](/source/Navaanneren), was executed in 1937.[20]

### Modern relevance

The Borjigin held power over Mongolia for many centuries (even during [Qing period](/source/Mongolia_during_Qing_rule)) and only lost power when [Communists](/source/Communists) took control in the 20th century. Aristocratic descent was something to be forgotten in the [socialist](/source/Socialist) period.[21] [Joseph Stalin](/source/Joseph_Stalin)'s associates executed some 30,000 Mongols including Borjigin nobles in a series of campaigns against their culture and religion.[22] Clan association has lost its practical relevance in the 20th century, but is still considered a matter of honour and pride by many [Mongolians](/source/Mongols). In 1920s, the [communist regime](/source/Mongolian_People's_Republic) banned the use of clan names. When the ban was lifted again in 1997, and people were told they had to have surnames, some families had lost knowledge about their clan association. Around 700,000 people are registered under the family name Borjigin in [Mongolia](/source/Mongolia).[23][24] The label Borjigin is used as a measure of cultural supremacy.[25]

In [Inner Mongolia](/source/Inner_Mongolia), the Borjigid or Kiyad name became the basis for many Chinese surnames adopted by [ethnic Inner Mongols](/source/Mongols_in_China).[11] The Inner Mongolian Borjigin Taijis took the surname [Bao](/source/Bao_(surname)) (鲍, from Borjigid) and in [Ordos](/source/Ordos_Loop) [Qi](/source/Qi_(surname)) (奇, Qiyat). A [genetic research](/source/Genetic_research) has proposed that as many as 16 million men from populations as far apart as [Hazaras](/source/Hazaras) in the West and [Hezhe people](/source/Hezhe_people) to the east may have Borjigid-Kiyad ancestry.[26] The Qiyat clan name is still found among the [Kazakhs](/source/Kazakhs), [Uzbeks](/source/Uzbeks) and [Nogai](/source/Nogais) [Karakalpaks](/source/Karakalpaks).

## Yuan dynasty family tree

See also: [Yuan and Northern Yuan dynasties emperor's family tree](/source/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)#Yuan_dynasty_and_Northern_Yuan)

[Genghis Khan](/source/Genghis_Khan) founded the [Mongol Empire](/source/Mongol_Empire) in 1206. His grandson, [Kublai Khan](/source/Kublai_Khan), after defeating his younger brother and rival claimant to the throne [Ariq Böke](/source/Ariq_B%C3%B6ke), founded the [Yuan dynasty](/source/Yuan_dynasty) in 1271, also known as *Dai Ön qemeqü Yeqe Mongɣol Ulus* in Mongolian. The dynasty was overthrown by the [Ming dynasty](/source/Ming_dynasty) during the reign of [Toghon Temür](/source/Toghon_Tem%C3%BCr) in 1368, but it survived in the [Mongolian Plateau](/source/Mongolian_Plateau), known as the [Northern Yuan dynasty](/source/Northern_Yuan_dynasty). Although the throne was usurped by [Esen Taishi](/source/Esen_Taishi) of the [Oirat Mongols](/source/Oirat_Mongols) in 1453 and he declared himself "Tengri Mandate the Great Khan of Great Yuan Dynasty", he was overthrown in the next year. A recovery of the khaganate was achieved by [Dayan Khan](/source/Dayan_Khan), but the territory was segmented by his descendants. The last [khan](/source/Khan_(title)) [Ligden](/source/Ligden_Khan) died in 1634 and his son [Ejei Khongor Khan](/source/Ejei_Khan) submitted himself to [Khuntaij](/source/Hong_Taiji) the next year, ending the Northern Yuan regime.[27] However, the Borjigin nobles continued to rule their subjects until the 20th century under the Khalkha Khanates, [Qing dynasty](/source/Qing_dynasty), [Bogd Khanate](/source/Bogd_Khanate) and [Mongolian People's Republic](/source/Mongolian_People's_Republic).[28][d]

Or in a different version (years of reign over the Northern Yuan dynasty [up to 1388] are given in brackets). In terms of existing, Great Yuan Dynasty as official name continued until 1634 the death of [Ligden Khan](/source/Ligden_Khan)

## See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Borjigin](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Borjigin).

- [History of Mongolia](/source/History_of_Mongolia)

- [Mongolian names](/source/Mongolian_names)

- [List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans](/source/List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans)

- [Turco-Mongol tradition](/source/Turco-Mongol_tradition)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** A Middle Mongolian plural-suffix *-t* has been written about by Éva Csáki in *Middle Mongolian Loan Words in Volga Kipchak Languages*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** [/ˈbɔːrdʒɪɡɪn/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English); [Mongolian](/source/Mongolian_language): Боржигин, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Mongolian): *Borzhigin*, ᠪᠣᠷᠵᠢᠭᠢᠨ pronounced [\[ˈpɔrt͡ɕɘkɘŋ\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Mongolian); [simplified Chinese](/source/Simplified_Chinese_characters): 孛儿只斤; [traditional Chinese](/source/Traditional_Chinese_characters): 孛兒只斤; [pinyin](/source/Pinyin): *Bó'érjìjǐn*; [Russian](/source/Russian_language): Борджигин, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Russian): *Bordžigin*; English plural: **Borjigins** or **Borjigid** (from [Middle Mongolian](/source/Middle_Mongolian));[4][a] [Manchu](/source/Manchu_language) plural?: [5]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** The *[Secret History of the Mongols](/source/The_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols)* traces it back to Yesugei's ancestor [Bodonchar](/source/Bodonchar_Munkhag)[6]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** [Wada Sei](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wada_Sei&action=edit&redlink=1) [[ja](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E7%94%B0%E6%B8%85)] did pioneer work on this field, and [Honda Minobu](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honda_Minobu&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Okada Hidehiro](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okada_Hidehiro&action=edit&redlink=1) modified it, using newly discovered Persian (Timurid) records and Mongol chronicles.

## References

### Citations

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Hamad Subani (2013). *The Secret History of Iran*. p. 90. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-304-08289-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-304-08289-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Шолой Сэцэн хан"](https://mongoltoli.mn/history/h/95). *Монголын түүх* (in Mongolian).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** *Encyclopedia Britannica*. William Benton. 1973. p. 726.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Histoire_des_campagnes_de_Gengis_Khan,_p._119_4-0)** *Histoire des campagnes de Gengis Khan*, p. 119.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Li, p. 97.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Histoire_des_campagnes_de_Gengis_Khan,_p._118_8-0)** *Histoire des campagnes de Gengis Khan*, p. 118.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Humphrey,_p._27_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Humphrey,_p._27_10-1) Humphrey & Sneath, p. 27.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** *The Secret History of the Mongols*, chapter 1, §§ 17, 21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Franke, Twitchett & Fairbank, p. 330.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Kahn, p. 10.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Atwood,_p._45_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Atwood,_p._45_14-1) Atwood, p. 45.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Perdue, p. 487.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Crossley, p. 213.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Halperin, chapter VIII.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Сабитов Ж. М. (2011). ["Башкирские ханы Бачман и Тура"](https://www.proza.ru/2012/03/20/1073) (in Russian) (Сибирский сборник. Выпуск 1. Казань ed.): 63–69. {{[cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal)}}: Cite journal requires |journal= ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:0_19-0)** Sanders, Alan A. K. (2010). *Historical Dictionary of Mongolia*. Scarecrow Press. p. 380. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0810874527](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810874527).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Rawski, Evelyn (1998). *The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions*. University of California Press. p. 69. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [052092679X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/052092679X).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Butler, William Elliott. *The Mongolian legal system: contemporary legislation and documentation*. p. 255.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["Сэцэн хан аймаг"](https://mongoltoli.mn/history/h/121). *Монголын түүх* (in Mongolian).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Сэцэн_хан_23-0)** ["Сэцэн хан аймаг"](https://mongoltoli.mn/history/h/97). *Монголын түүх* (in Mongolian).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Humphrey & Sneath, p. 28.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Weatherford, p. xv.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** "In Search of Sacred Names".

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Magnier.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Pegg, p. 22.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** "The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols", pp. 717-721.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Heirman & Bumbacher, p. 395.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Sneath, p. 21.

### Sources

- Atwood, C. P. *Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire*.

- Crossley, Pamela Kyle. *A Translucent Mirror*.

- Franke, Herbert; Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John King. *The Cambridge History of China: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368*.

- "The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols". *American Journal of Human Genetics*, 72.

- Halperin, Charles J. (1985). *Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History*. Indiana University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-253-20445-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20445-3). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-253-20445-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20445-5).

- Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter. *The Spread of Buddhism*.

- [*Histoire des campagnes de Gengis Khan*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0ScVAAAAIAAJ) (in French). E. J. Brill.

- Humphrey, Caroline; Sneath, David. *The End of Nomadism?*.

- ["In Search of Sacred Names"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070607003052/http://www.mongoliatoday.com/issue/5/names.html), *Mongolia Today*, archived from [the original](http://www.mongoliatoday.com/issue/5/names.html) on 2007-06-07.

- Kahn, Paul. *The Secret History of the Mongols*.

- Li, Gertraude Roth. [*Manchu: A Textbook for Reading Documents*](https://books.google.com/books?id=1bArr1-E5mQC).

- Magnier, Mark (October 23, 2004). ["Identity Issues in Mongolia"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-oct-23-fg-names23-story.html). *[Los Angeles Times](/source/Los_Angeles_Times)*.

- Pegg, Carole. *Mongolian Music, Dance & Oral Narrative*.

- Perdue, Peter C. *China Marches West*.

- Sneath, David. *Changing Inner Mongolia: Pastoral Mongolian Society and the Chinese State*.

- Weatherford, Jack. *Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World*. Three Rivers Press.

## Further reading

- Wada Sei 和田清. *Tōashi Kenkyū (Mōko Hen)* 東亜史研究 (蒙古編). Tokyo, 1959.

- Honda Minobu 本田實信. *On the genealogy of the early Northern Yüan*, Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, XXX-314, 1958.

- Okada Hidehiro 岡田英弘. *Dayan Hagan no nendai* ダヤン・ハガンの年代. Tōyō Gakuhō, Vol. 48, No. 3 pp. 1–26 and No. 4 pp. 40–61, 1965.

- Okada Hidehiro 岡田英弘. *Dayan Hagan no sensei* ダヤン・ハガンの先世. Shigaku Zasshi. Vol. 75, No. 5, pp. 1–38, 1966.

v t e Mongol Empire Terminology Titles Khagan Khan Khatun Khanum Jinong Khong Tayiji Noyan Tarkhan Political Military Jarlig Örtöö Orda Pax Mongolica Yassa Kurultai Paiza / Gerege Manghit / Mangudai Tümen Kheshig Darughachi Politics Organization Life Topics Administrative divisions and vassals Conquests Destructiveness Imperial Seal Military Religion Society and economy House of Borjigin House of Ögedei Mongol Armenia Byzantine–Mongol Alliance Franco-Mongol alliance Khanates Yuan dynasty Northern Yuan Chagatai Khanate House of Ögedei Golden Horde Wings Ilkhanate Major cities Almalik Avarga Azov (Azaq) Bukhara Bolghar Karakorum Dadu Majar Maragheh Qarshi Samarkand Sarai Batu/Berke Saray-Jük Shangdu (Xanadu) Soltaniyeh Tabriz Ukek Xacitarxan Campaigns Battles Asia Rise of Genghis Khan Dalan Baljut Khalakhaljid Sands Chakirmaut Central Siberia (1207-1308) Sakhalin (1264–1308) Qara Khitai (1216–18) Khwarazmian Empire (1219–1221) Persia (1219–1256) East Western Xia (1205–27) Northern China (1211–34) Korea (1231–60) Southern China (1235–79) Tibet (1236 / 1240 / 1252) Yunnan (1253–56) Japan (1274 / 1281) Southeast Burma (1277 / 1283 / 1287) Java (1293) Vietnam (1257 / 1284–88) Burma (1300–02) South India (1221–1327) Europe (lists) Georgia (1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64) Circassia (1237–1300s) Chechnya and Ingushetia (1237–1300s) Volga Bulgaria (1229–36) Alania (1238–1239) Kievan Rus' (1223 / 1236–40) (list) Poland and Bohemia (1240–41) Hungary (1241–42) Holy Roman Empire (1241–42) Serbia and Bulgaria (1242) Latin Empire (1242) Lithuania (1258–59) Poland (1259–60) Thrace (1264–65) Hungary (1285–86) Poland (1287–88) Serbia (1291) Middle East Anatolia (1241–43) Alamut (1253–1256) Baghdad (1258) Levant (1260–1323) Palestine (1260 / 1301) Civil wars Division of the Mongol Empire Toluid Civil War (1260–64) Berke–Hulegu war (1262) Kaidu–Kublai war (1268–1301) Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war (1314–1318) People Great Khans Genghis Khan Tolui (regent) Ögedei Khan Töregene Khatun (regent) Güyük Khan Oghul Qaimish (regent) Möngke Khan Kublai Khan (Khagans of the Yuan) Khans Jochi Batu Khan Sartaq Khan Orda Khan Berke Toqta Özbeg Khan Chagatai Khan Duwa Kebek Hulegu Abaqa Tekuder Arghun Ghazan Military Subutai Jebe Muqali Negudar Bo'orchu Guo Kan Boroqul Jelme Khubilai Aju Bayan Kadan Boroldai Nogai Khan Timeline of the Mongol Empire

v t e Yuan dynasty topics History Division of the Mongol Empire Toluid Civil War Kaidu–Kublai war Kublai Khan's campaigns Mongol conquest of China anti-Mongol fortresses conquest of the Song dynasty Battle of Xiangyang Yamen Sakhalin Japan Vietnam Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288) Java invasion Burma Battle of Ngasaunggyan Pagan Second Mongol invasion of Burma Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war War of the Two Capitals 1344 Yellow River flood Red Turban Rebellions Red Turban invasions of Goryeo Battle of Lake Poyang Ispah rebellion Government Emperors family tree Empresses Imperial Preceptor Zhongshu Sheng Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia Mongolia Manchuria Tibet Dpon-chen Goryeo under Mongol rule Science and technology Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns Jiaochao Coinage Shiyi Dexiaofang Nong Shu Architecture Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing) Miaoying Temple Pagoda of Bailin Temple Temple of Azure Clouds Jinan Great Southern Mosque Society and culture Yuan poetry History of Liao Jin Song Shilin Guangji Menggu Ziyun Wenxian Tongkao Zhongyuan Yinyun The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars Zaju The Chalk Circle The Injustice to Dou E The Orphan of Zhao The Story of the Western Wing Semu Islam Fashion Other topics Mongols Mongol Empire Borjigin ʼPhags-pa script History of Yuan Dadu Shangdu Northern Yuan Zhizheng tiaoge

v t e Mongolic peoples History Timeline Mongolian Plateau Mongol heartland States Rulers Slab Grave culture Ordos culture Languages Proto-Mongolic Serbi–Mongolic Para-Mongolic Medieval tribes Modern clans Nomadic empire Mongol Empire Turco-Mongol Mongolian nobility Writing systems Soyombo symbol Religion Proto-Mongols Donghu Xianbei Wuhuan Rouran Yujiulü Duan Yuwen Kumo Xi Murong Tuyuhun Tuoba Qifu Tufa Shiwei Didouyu Khitan Yelü Zubu Medieval tribes Baarins Barga Barlas Bayads Borjigin Chonos Dughlats Eljigin Gorlos Jalairs Katagans Keraites Khamag Khongirad Manghud Merkit Naimans Oirats Olkhonud Ongud* Qara Khitai Qara'unas Sunud Taichiud Tatar Tumed Uriankhai Ethnic groups Mongols Darkhad Dariganga Eljigin Khalkha Khotogoid Sartuul in China Abaga Abaganar Aohans Asud* Baarin Chahar Eastern Dorbet Darkhan (Shar Darkhad) Gorlos Kharchin Khishigten Khorchin Khuuchid Jaruud Naiman Ordos Tumed Urad Üzemchin Oirats Altai Uriankhai Baatud Bayad Chantuu* Choros Dörbet Dzungar Khoid Khoshut Khoton* Kalmyk incl. Buzava Myangad Olot Sart Kalmyks Torghut Upper Mongols Zakhchin Buryats Barga Hamnigan* Soyot* Other Aimaq** Bonan Daur Dongxiangs Hazaras** Kangjia Khatso (Yunnan Mongol) Mughal** Moghol Monguor Sichuan Mongols Sogwo Arig Tuvans** Tozhu Tuvans Yugurs See also: Donghu and Xianbei · Turco-Mongol · Modern ethnic groups *Mongolized ethnic groups.**Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.

v t e Royal and noble family trees Americas Mexico Aztec Thomsons Asia Brunei Burma Busaid Cambodia Khmer Varman Mahidharapura Göktürk Jerusalem Korea Mughal-Mongol Sri Lanka Thailand early and legend Lanna Timurid Vietnam United Arab Emirates China Ancient Spring and Autumn period Warring States Early Middle Late Kong (Confucius) Japan Monarchs Fujiwara Iran Achaemenid Arsacids Sasanian Bavandid Safavid Qajar Pahlavi Malaysia Monarchs Johor Kedah Kelantan Negeri Sembilan Pahang Perak Perlis Selangor Terengganu Singapura-Melakan Turkey Anatolian Seljuk Ottoman simplified Egypt Pharaonic dynasties 1st 4th 11th 12th 18th 19th 21st, 22nd and 23rd 25th 26th Muhammad Ali Europe Bagratuni Balšić Belgium Bohemia Branković De Graeff Denmark France simplified Bourbon Germany Greece Flanders Habsburg Hungary Monaco Netherlands Orange-Nassau Norway Petrović-Njegoš Poland Portugal Russia Serbia Nemanjić Sweden Von Graben Britain Monarchs England Scotland Wales Great Britain simplified Pontefract de Lacys Croatia Trpimirović Frankopan Šubić Zrinski Georgia From antiquity to united Georgia Kartli Kakheti Imereti Italy Monarchs Naples Sicily Medici Rome (Ancient) Caecilii Metelli Cornelii Scipiones Ancient Roman emperors Julio-Claudian Severan Byzantine emperors Spain Monarchs Aragon Castile Navarre

Authority control databases: National United States Israel

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Borjigin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borjigin) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borjigin?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.