# Boletales > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Boletales > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Boletales.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletales > Source revision: 1354819392 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Order of fungi}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = AD2009Sep13 Boletus edulis 02.jpg | image_caption = ''[Boletus edulis](/source/Boletus_edulis)'' | taxon = Boletales | authority = [E.-J.Gilbert](/source/E.-J.Gilbert) (1931) | subdivision_ranks = Families | subdivision = :[Boletaceae](/source/Boletaceae) :[Boletinellaceae](/source/Boletinellaceae) :[Coniophoraceae](/source/Coniophoraceae) :[Diplocystaceae](/source/Diplocystaceae) :[Gasterellaceae](/source/Gasterellaceae) :[Gomphidiaceae](/source/Gomphidiaceae) :[Gyroporaceae](/source/Gyroporaceae) :[Hygrophoropsidaceae](/source/Hygrophoropsidaceae) :[Paxillaceae](/source/Paxillaceae) :[Protogastraceae](/source/Protogastraceae) :[Rhizopogonaceae](/source/Rhizopogonaceae) :[Sclerodermataceae](/source/Sclerodermataceae) :[Serpulaceae](/source/Serpulaceae) :[Suillaceae](/source/Suillaceae) :[Tapinellaceae](/source/Tapinellaceae) }} The '''Boletales''' are an order of [Agaricomycetes](/source/Agaricomycetes) containing over 1300 species with a diverse array of [fruiting body](/source/fruiting_body) types. The [boletes](/source/boletes) are the best known members of this group, and until recently, the Boletales were thought to only contain boletes. The Boletales are now known to contain distinct groups of [agarics](/source/agarics), [puffball](/source/puffball)s, and other fruiting-body types. ==Taxonomy== [[File:Gomphidius subroseus 1.jpg|thumb|left|''[Gomphidius subroseus](/source/Gomphidius_subroseus)'', family [Gomphidiaceae](/source/Gomphidiaceae)]] The order Boletales originally was created to describe boletes, but based on micromorphological and [molecular phylogenetic](/source/molecular_phylogenetic) characteristics, a large number of nonbolete species have recently been reclassified to belong to this group, as well. The order also includes some gilled mushrooms, in the families [Gomphidiaceae](/source/Gomphidiaceae), [Serpulaceae](/source/Serpulaceae), [Tapinellaceae](/source/Tapinellaceae), [Hygrophoropsidaceae](/source/Hygrophoropsidaceae), and [Paxillaceae](/source/Paxillaceae), which often have the same flesh texture as the boletes, spore-bearing tissue which is also easily separable from the cap, and similar microscopic characteristics of [spore](/source/spore)s and [cystidia](/source/cystidia). Taxonomic studies using [secondary metabolite](/source/secondary_metabolite)s and later [molecular phylogenetic](/source/molecular_phylogeny) evidence moved several physically dissimilar groups into Boletales, including the [Sclerodermataceae](/source/Sclerodermataceae) (earthballs) and the [Rhizopogonaceae](/source/Rhizopogonaceae) ([false truffles](/source/false_truffles)). Phylogenetic analyses shows the [Sclerodermataceae](/source/Sclerodermataceae), [Boletinellaceae](/source/Boletinellaceae) and [Gyroporaceae](/source/Gyroporaceae) appear to form a discrete group within the Boletales, and together with the [Pisolithaceae](/source/Pisolithaceae), and the [Astraceae](/source/Astraceae), are grouped under the suborder [Sclerodermatineae](/source/Sclerodermatineae). Thus, the boletes of ''[Boletinellus](/source/Boletinellus)'' and ''[Phlebopus](/source/Phlebopus)'' are more closely related to [earthballs](/source/Scleroderma_citrinum) of ''[Scleroderma](/source/Scleroderma_(genus))'' than to ''[Boletus](/source/Boletus)''. Similarly, the bolete genus ''[Suillus](/source/Suillus)'' is more closely related to the agarics and false truffles of ''[Chroogomphus](/source/Chroogomphus)'', ''[Gomphidius](/source/Gomphidius)'', and ''[Rhizopogon](/source/Rhizopogon)'' than to ''Boletus''. In some older classification systems, a part of the family [Boletaceae](/source/Boletaceae) was separated to form the family Strobilomycetaceae. However, more recent [molecular genetics](/source/molecular_genetics) studies have found it to be an unnatural grouping. According to the 2008 (10th) edition of the ''[Dictionary of the Fungi](/source/Dictionary_of_the_Fungi)'', the Boletales comprise 17 [families](/source/Family_(taxonomy)), 96 [genera](/source/genus), and 1316 [species](/source/species). ==Ecology== [[Image:Boletus parasiticus.jpg|thumb|left|''[Pseudoboletus parasiticus](/source/Pseudoboletus_parasiticus)'' on ''[Scleroderma citrinum](/source/Scleroderma_citrinum)'']] The Boletales are largely [ectomycorrhizal](/source/ectomycorrhizal) fungi, hence are found mainly in or near woodlands. Certain species are [parasitic](/source/parasitic) rather than ectomycorrhizal. Members of the family [Gomphidiaceae](/source/Gomphidiaceae) are thought to be parasitic upon members of the family [Suillaceae](/source/Suillaceae); these relationships are often highly species-specific. Other parasitic boletes included ''[Pseudoboletus parasiticus](/source/Pseudoboletus_parasiticus)'' which grows on ''[Scleroderma citrinum](/source/Scleroderma_citrinum)''. A few species are [saprophytic](/source/Saprotrophic_nutrition) and [lignicolous](/source/lignicolous), like those in the genus ''[Buchwaldoboletus](/source/Buchwaldoboletus)''.{{cite journal |author=Ortiz-Sanata B, Both EE. |title=A preliminary survey of the genus ''Buchwaldoboletus'' |journal=Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences |year=2011 |volume=20 |pages=1–14 |url=https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/42355 }} ==Edibility and identification== [[File:Paxillus involutus 20061015w.jpg|thumb|right|''[Paxillus involutus](/source/Paxillus_involutus)'', family [Paxillaceae](/source/Paxillaceae)]] Boletes are usually identified by having a sponge-like surface under the cap, instead of the usual gills. They occur in a variety of colours, such as red, white, brown and gray. Many of the inedible boletes are either white or red, and these should be avoided during picking. The genus ''Boletus'' contains many edible species, most notably, ''[B. edulis](/source/Boletus_edulis)'', including ''[B. aereus](/source/Boletus_aereus)'' and ''[B. pinophilus](/source/Boletus_pinophilus)'', though many others are eaten, as well, such as ''[B. badius](/source/Boletus_badius)''. ''B. edulis'' and its relatives are of great commercial importance in Europe and North America. Species of ''[Suillus](/source/Suillus)'' are considered by many to be slimy and insipid; in Russia, though, they are often pickled and even sold commercially this way. In North America, ''S. pungens'', known also as the "slippery jack," is said by some to be delicious cooked, provided the slimy coat of its cap is removed beforehand. Many boletes, while not toxic, are nonetheless bitter-tasting and inedible. The [Paxillaceae](/source/Paxillaceae) contain a number of species that have been implicated in fatal poisonings. A few boletes are also highly toxic (though generally not deadly), notably the fairly conspicuous ''[Boletus satanas](/source/Boletus_satanas)'' and allies. Still, many [mushroom hunters](/source/mushroom_hunting) recommend that beginners start with boletes, since deadly mix-ups are far less likely than with agarics. ==Genera ''incertae sedis''== There are several genera classified in the Boletales that are i) poorly known, ii) have not been subjected to DNA analysis, or iii) if analysed phylogenetically do not group with as yet named or identified families, and have not been assigned to a specific family (i.e., ''incertae sedis'' with respect to familial placement). These include: *''[Corditubera](/source/Corditubera)'' *''[Corneromyces](/source/Corneromyces)'' *''[Marthanella](/source/Marthanella)'' *''[Phaeoradulum](/source/Phaeoradulum)'' ==See also== {{Portal|Fungi}} * [Bolete eater](/source/Bolete_eater) * [List of ''Boletus'' species](/source/List_of_Boletus_species) ==References== {{Reflist|2|refs= {{cite journal| last1=Binder| first1=M.| last2=Bresinsky| first2=A.| year=2002| title=Derivation of polymorphic lineage of Gasteromycetes from boletoid ancestors| journal=Mycologia| volume=94| issue=1| pages=85–98| url=http://www.mycologia.org/cgi/content/full/94/1/85| doi=10.2307/3761848| pmid=21156480| jstor=3761848| url-access=subscription}} {{cite journal |doi= 10.1080/15572536.2006.11832626 |last1= Binder |year=2006|title=Molecular systematics and biological diversification of Boletales|journal=Mycologia|volume=98|issue=6|pages=971–81 |pmid= 17486973 |first1= M. |last2= Hibbett |first2= D.S.| url=http://www.mycologia.org/cgi/content/full/98/6/971 |url-access=subscription }} {{cite book |author=Gilbert J.-E. |title=Les Livres du Mycologue Tome I-IV, Tom. III: Les Bolets |year=1931 |publisher=Le François |location=Paris |page=83 |language=fr}} {{cite journal |author=Ginns J. |title=''Corneromyces kinabalui'', gen. nov., sp. nov. (Aphyllophorales, Coniophoraceae) |journal=Mycologia |year=1976 |volume=68 |issue=5 |pages=970–5 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0068/005/0970.htm |doi=10.2307/3758712|jstor=3758712 |url-access=subscription }} {{cite journal |author=Hennings P. |title=Fungi camerunenses II |journal=Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie |year=1897 |volume=23 |pages=537–58 |language=de}} [http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjb/1967/37.php McNabb R.F.R. (1967) The Strobilomycetaceae of New Zealand] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050530095701/http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjb/1967/37.php |date=2005-05-30 }} gives a history of this smaller family. May, T.W., Milne, J., Wood, A.E., Shingles, S., Jones, R.H. & Neish, P. (2007). Interactive Catalogue of Australian Fungi. Version 2.0. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra / Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne. {{cite web |url=http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/fungi/cat/ |title=Interactive Catalogue of Australian Fungi |access-date=2007-02-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040815132839/http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/fungi/cat/ |archive-date=2004-08-15 }} [accessed 05 Feb 2007]. {{cite journal |author=Patouillard NT. |title=Champignons de la Guadeloupe |journal=Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France |year=1900 |volume=16 |pages=175–88 |language=fr}} {{cite book |author=Robinson R. |year=2003 |title=Fungi of the South West Forests|publisher=Department of Conservation & Land Management, Western Australia |isbn=978-0-7307-5528-9}} {{cite book |vauthors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |page=96 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}} {{cite journal | last1 = Besl | first1 = H | last2 = Bresinsky | first2 = A | year = 1997 | title = Chemosystematics of Suillaceae and Gomphidiaceae (suborder Suillineae) | journal = Plant Systematics and Evolution | volume = 206 | issue = | pages = 223–242 | doi = 10.1007/BF00987949 }} {{cite journal |vauthors=States JS, Fogel R |title=''Marthanella nidulosa'', sp. et gen. nov., a hypogeous basidiomycete from northern Arizona, U.S.A. |journal=Mycotaxon |year=1999 |volume=71 |pages=423–30 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0071/0423.htm}} {{cite journal|last1=Wu|first1=Gang|last2=Feng|first2=Bang|last3=Xu|first3=Jianping|last4=Zhu|first4=Xue-Tai|last5=Li|first5=Yan-Chun|last6=Zeng|first6=Nian-Kai|last7=Hosen|first7=Md. Iqbal|last8=Yang|first8=Zhu L.|title=Molecular phylogenetic analyses redefine seven major clades and reveal 22 new generic clades in the fungal family Boletaceae|journal=Fungal Diversity|volume=69|issue=1|pages=93–115|doi=10.1007/s13225-014-0283-8|year=2014|s2cid=15652037 }} }} ==External links== {{Commons category|Boletales|
Boletales}} * [http://www.mushroomexpert.com/boletales.html "The Boletes ('Boletales')"] by Michael Kuo, ''MushroomExpert.Com'', March 2005 * [http://www.hti.umich.edu:80/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=fung1tc;cc=fung1tc;view=toc;idno=AGK0838.0001.001 ''The Boletes of Michigan''] by Alexander H. Smith and Harry D. Thiers, 1971. (Full text monograph) {{Taxonbar|from=Q659629}} {{Authority control}} Category:Boletales Category:Basidiomycota orders --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Boletales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletales) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletales?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.