# Blueberry

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Perennial plant with blue berries

This article is about the North American blueberry. For the Eurasian blueberry, see [Bilberry](/source/Bilberry). For other uses, see [Blueberry (disambiguation)](/source/Blueberry_(disambiguation)).

Blueberry Vaccinium caesariense Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Spermatophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Ericales Family: Ericaceae Genus: Vaccinium Section: Vaccinium sect. Cyanococcus Rydb. Species See text

Blueberries showing various stages of maturation. IG = Immature Green, GP = Green Pink, BP = Blue Pink, and R = Ripe.

**Blueberries** are a widely distributed and widespread group of [perennial](/source/Perennial) flowering plants with blue or purple berries. They are classified in the [section](/source/Section_(botany)) ***Cyanococcus*** within the [genus](/source/Genus) *[Vaccinium](/source/Vaccinium)*.[1] Commercial blueberries—both wild (lowbush) and [cultivated](/source/Cultivated_blueberries) (highbush)—are all native to North America. The highbush varieties were introduced into Europe during the 1930s.[2]

Blueberries are usually [prostrate shrubs](/source/Prostrate_shrub) that can vary in size from 10 centimeters (4 inches) to 4 meters (13 feet) in height. In the commercial production of blueberries, the species with small, pea-size berries growing on low-level bushes are known as "lowbush blueberries" (synonymous with "wild"), while the species with larger berries growing on taller, cultivated bushes are known as "highbush blueberries". In 2024, [Canada](/source/Canada) was the leading producer of lowbush blueberries, while the United States produced 29% of the world's supply of highbush blueberries.

## Description

Whole blueberry and in cross-section

Many species of blueberries grow wild in North America, including *[Vaccinium myrtilloides](/source/Vaccinium_myrtilloides)*, *[V. angustifolium](/source/Vaccinium_angustifolium)* and *[V. corymbosum](/source/Vaccinium_corymbosum)*, which grow on forest floors or near [swamps](/source/Swamp).[3]

Wild blueberries reproduce by [cross pollination](/source/Cross_pollination), with each seed producing a plant with a different genetic composition, causing within the same species differences in growth, productivity, color, leaf characteristics, disease resistance, flavor, and other fruit characteristics.[3] The mother plant develops underground stems called [rhizomes](/source/Rhizome), allowing the plant to form a network of rhizomes creating a large patch (called a *clone*) which is genetically distinct.[3] [Floral](/source/Floral) and leaf buds develop intermittently along the stems of the plant, with each floral bud giving rise to 5–6 flowers and the eventual fruit.[3] Wild blueberries prefer an acidic soil between 4.2 and 5.2 [pH](/source/PH) and only moderate amounts of moisture.[3] They have a hardy cold tolerance in their range in Canada and the northern United States.[3] Fruit productivity of lowbush blueberries varies by the degree of pollination, genetics of the clone, soil fertility, water availability, insect infestation, plant diseases, and local growing conditions.[3] Wild (lowbush) blueberries have an average mature weight of 0.3 grams (1⁄128 oz).[3]

Lowbush blueberries, sometimes called "wild blueberries", are generally not planted by farmers, but rather are managed on berry fields called "barrens".[4] Cultivated highbush blueberries prefer sandy or [loam](/source/Loam) soils, having shallow root systems that benefit from [mulch](/source/Mulch) and [fertilizer](/source/Fertilizer).[5] The [leaves](/source/Leaf) of highbush blueberries can be either [deciduous](/source/Deciduous) or [evergreen](/source/Evergreen), ovate to [lanceolate](/source/Lanceolate), and 1–8 cm (1⁄2–3+1⁄4 in) long and 0.5–3.5 cm (1⁄4–1+3⁄8 in) broad. The [flowers](/source/Flower) are bell-shaped, white, pale pink or red, sometimes tinged greenish.

The fruit is a [berry](/source/Berry_(botany)) 5–16 mm (3⁄16–5⁄8 in) in diameter with a flared crown at the end; they are pale greenish at first, then reddish-purple, and finally uniformly blue when ripe.[5] They are covered in a protective coating of powdery [epicuticular wax](/source/Epicuticular_wax), colloquially known as the "bloom".[3] They generally have a sweet taste when mature, with variable acidity.[3][5] Blueberry bushes typically bear fruit in the middle of the growing season: fruiting times are affected by local conditions, such as climate, altitude, and [latitude](/source/Latitude), so the time of harvest in the northern hemisphere can vary from May to August.[3][5]

### Identification

Commercially offered blueberries are usually from species that naturally occur only in eastern and north-central [North America](/source/North_America). Other sections in the genus are native to other parts of the world, including the [Pacific Northwest](/source/Pacific_Northwest) and the southern United States,[6] South America, Europe and Asia. Other wild shrubs in many of these regions produce similar-looking edible berries, such as [huckleberries](/source/Huckleberries) and [whortleberries](/source/Whortleberries) (North America) and [bilberries](/source/Bilberries) (Europe). These species are sometimes called "blueberries" and are sold as blueberry jam or other products.

The names of blueberries in languages other than English often translate as "blueberry", e.g. [Scots](/source/Scots_(language)) *blaeberry* and Norwegian *blåbær*. *blaeberry*, *blåbær* and French *myrtilles* usually refer to the European native *[V. myrtillus](/source/Vaccinium_myrtillus)* (bilberry), while *bleuets* refers to the North American blueberry.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Species

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Note: habitat and range summaries are from the *Flora of New Brunswick*, published in 1986 by Harold R. Hinds, and *Plants of the Pacific Northwest coast*, published in 1994 by Pojar and MacKinnon.

- *[Vaccinium angustifolium](/source/Vaccinium_angustifolium)* (lowbush blueberry):[7][8] acidic barrens, bogs and clearings, Manitoba to Labrador, south to Nova Scotia; and in the United States, from Maine westward to Iowa and southward to Virginia.

- *[Vaccinium boreale](/source/Vaccinium_boreale)* (northern blueberry): peaty barrens, Quebec and Labrador (rare in New Brunswick), south to New York and Massachusetts.[9]

- *[Vaccinium caesariense](/source/Vaccinium_caesariense)* (New Jersey blueberry)

- *[Vaccinium corymbosum](/source/Vaccinium_corymbosum)* (northern highbush blueberry)[7]

- *[Vaccinium darrowii](/source/Vaccinium_darrowii)* (evergreen blueberry)

- *[Vaccinium elliottii](/source/Vaccinium_elliottii)* (Elliott blueberry)

- *[Vaccinium formosum](/source/Vaccinium_formosum)* (southern blueberry)

- *[Vaccinium fuscatum](/source/Vaccinium_fuscatum)* (black highbush blueberry; syn. *V. atrococcum*)

- *[Vaccinium hirsutum](/source/Vaccinium_hirsutum)* (hairy-fruited blueberry)

- *[Vaccinium myrsinites](/source/Vaccinium_myrsinites)* (shiny blueberry)

- *[Vaccinium myrtilloides](/source/Vaccinium_myrtilloides)* (sour top, velvet leaf, or Canadian blueberry)

- *[Vaccinium pallidum](/source/Vaccinium_pallidum)* (dryland blueberry)

- *[Vaccinium simulatum](/source/Vaccinium_simulatum)* (upland highbush blueberry)

- *[Vaccinium tenellum](/source/Vaccinium_tenellum)* (southern blueberry)

- *[Vaccinium virgatum](/source/Vaccinium_virgatum)* (rabbiteye blueberry; syn. *V. ashei*)[7]

Some other blue-fruited species of *Vaccinium*:

- *[Vaccinium koreanum](/source/Vaccinium_koreanum)* (Korean blueberry)

- *[Vaccinium myrtillus](/source/Vaccinium_myrtillus)* ([bilberry](/source/Bilberry) or European blueberry)

- *[Vaccinium uliginosum](/source/Vaccinium_uliginosum)* (bog bilberry/blueberry, northern bilberry or western blueberry)

		- Wild blueberry in autumn foliage, [Pilot Mountain](/source/Pilot_Mountain_(North_Carolina)), North Carolina, in October

		- A maturing 'Polaris' blueberry (*Vaccinium corymbosum*)

		- A selection of blueberries, showing the typical sizes of the berries. The scale is marked in centimeters.

The lowbush varieties are *V. angustifolium*, *V. boreale*, *V. mytilloides*, *V. pallidum*, and *V. angustifolium* × *V. corymbosum*. They are still grown similarly to pre-Columbian semi-wild cultivation, i.e. [slash and burn](/source/Slash_and_burn). The highbush varieties are darrowii and corymbosum. Rabbiteye (*V. ashei*/*V. virgatum*) differ from both high- and lowbush.[8]

## Distribution

Flowers on a cultivated blueberry bush

Fresh blueberries

*Vaccinium* has a mostly [circumpolar distribution](/source/Circumpolar_distribution), with species mainly present in North America, Europe, and Asia.[1] Many commercially available species with English [common names](/source/Common_name) including "blueberry" are from North America,[8] particularly [Atlantic Canada](/source/Atlantic_Canada) and the [northeastern United States](/source/Northeastern_United_States) for wild (lowbush) blueberries, and several US states and [British Columbia](/source/British_Columbia) for cultivated (highbush) blueberries.[10][11]

North American native species of blueberries are grown commercially in the Southern Hemisphere in Australia, New Zealand and South American nations. *[Vaccinium meridionale](/source/Vaccinium_meridionale)* (the Andean blueberry) is wild-harvested and commonly available locally.[12] Several other wild [shrubs](/source/Shrub) of the genus *Vaccinium* also produce commonly eaten blue berries, such as the predominantly European *[V. myrtillus](/source/Vaccinium_myrtillus)* and other [bilberries](/source/Bilberries), which in many languages have a name that translates to "blueberry" in English.

## Cultivation

Main article: [Cultivated blueberries](/source/Cultivated_blueberries)

Blueberry harvester in [Michigan](/source/Michigan)

Blueberries may be cultivated, or they may be picked from semiwild or wild bushes. In North America, the most common cultivated species is *V. corymbosum*, the [northern highbush blueberry](/source/Northern_highbush_blueberry). Hybrids of this with other *[Vaccinium](/source/Vaccinium)* species adapted to southern U.S. climates are known collectively as southern highbush blueberries.[13] Highbush blueberries were first cultivated in [New Jersey](/source/New_Jersey) around the beginning of the 20th century.[11][8]

So-called "wild" (lowbush) blueberries, smaller than cultivated highbush ones, have intense color. *[V. angustifolium](/source/Vaccinium)* (lowbush blueberry) is found from the [Atlantic provinces](/source/Atlantic_provinces) westward to [Quebec](/source/Quebec) and southward to [Michigan](/source/Michigan) and [West Virginia](/source/West_Virginia). In some areas, it produces natural "blueberry barrens", where it is the dominant species covering large areas. Several [First Nations](/source/First_Nations_in_Canada) communities in [Ontario](/source/Ontario) are involved in harvesting wild blueberries.

"Wild" has been adopted as a marketing term for harvests of managed native stands of lowbush blueberries. The bushes are not planted or [selectively bred](/source/Selective_breeding), but they are pruned or burned over every two years, and pests are "managed".[14]

Numerous highbush [cultivars](/source/Cultivar) of blueberries are available, with diversity among them, each having individual qualities. A blueberry breeding program has been established by the [USDA-ARS](/source/USDA-ARS) breeding program at [Beltsville, Maryland](/source/Beltsville%2C_Maryland), and [Chatsworth, New Jersey](/source/Chatsworth%2C_New_Jersey). This program began when [Frederick Vernon Coville](/source/Frederick_Vernon_Coville) of the USDA-ARS collaborated with [Elizabeth Coleman White](/source/Elizabeth_Coleman_White) of [New Jersey](/source/New_Jersey).[15] In the early part of the 20th century, White offered pineland residents cash for wild blueberry plants with unusually large fruit.[16] After 1910 Coville began to work on blueberry, and was the first to discover the importance of [soil acidity](/source/Soil_acidity) (blueberries need highly acidic soil), that blueberries do not self-pollinate, and the effects of cold on blueberries and other plants.[17] In 1911, he began a program of research in conjunction with White, daughter of the owner of the extensive [cranberry bogs](/source/Cranberry_bog) at Whitesbog in the [New Jersey Pine Barrens](/source/New_Jersey_Pine_Barrens). His work doubled the size of some strains' fruit, and by 1916, he had succeeded in cultivating blueberries, making them a valuable crop in the Northeastern United States.[16][18] For this work he received the George Roberts White Medal of Honor from the [Massachusetts Horticultural Society](/source/Massachusetts_Horticultural_Society).

The [rabbiteye blueberry](/source/Rabbiteye_blueberry) (*Vaccinium virgatum* syn. *V. ashei*) is a southern type of blueberry produced from [the Carolinas](/source/The_Carolinas) to the [Gulf Coast](/source/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States) states. Production of rabbiteye blueberries was a focus in [Texas](/source/Texas) in the early 21st century.[19] Other important species in North America include *V. pallidum*, the hillside or dryland blueberry. It is native to the eastern U.S., and common in the [Appalachians](/source/Appalachian_Mountains) and the [Piedmont](/source/Piedmont_(United_States)) of the Southeast. Sparkleberry, *V. arboreum*, is a common wild species on sandy soils in the Southeast.

Successful blueberry cultivation requires attention to [soil pH](/source/Soil_pH) ([acidity](/source/Acidity)) measurements in the acidic range.[20][21][22]

Blueberry bushes often require supplemental fertilization,[21] but over-fertilization with nitrogen can damage plant health, as evidenced by nitrogen burn visible on the leaves.[20][21]

### Growing regions

Worldwide highbush blueberry growing areas (data from 2008)

Significant production of highbush blueberries occurs in [British Columbia](/source/British_Columbia), [Maryland](/source/Maryland), [Western Oregon](/source/Western_Oregon), [Michigan](/source/Michigan), [New Jersey](/source/New_Jersey), [North Carolina](/source/North_Carolina), and [Washington](/source/Washington_(U.S._state)). The production of southern highbush varieties occurs in California, as varieties originating from [University of Florida](/source/University_of_Florida), [Connecticut](/source/Connecticut), [New Hampshire](/source/New_Hampshire), [North Carolina State University](/source/North_Carolina_State_University) and [Maine](/source/Maine) have been introduced.

[Peru](/source/Peru), Spain, and Mexico also have significant production, as of 2023.[23]

#### United States

In 2018, [Oregon](/source/Oregon) produced the most cultivated blueberries, recording 59 million kilograms (131 million pounds), an amount slightly exceeding the production by [Washington](/source/Washington_(state)).[24] In descending order of production volume for 2017, other major producers were [Georgia](/source/Georgia_(US_state)), [Michigan](/source/Michigan), [New Jersey](/source/New_Jersey), California, and [North Carolina](/source/North_Carolina).[25]

[Hammonton, New Jersey](/source/Hammonton%2C_New_Jersey), claims to be the "Blueberry Capital of the World",[26] with over 80% of New Jersey's cultivated blueberries coming from this town.[27] Every year the town hosts a large festival, which draws thousands of people to celebrate the fruit.[28]

[Maine](/source/Maine) is known for its wild blueberries,[29] but the state's lowbush (wild) and highbush blueberries combined account for 10% of all blueberries grown in North America. Some 44,000 hectares (110,000 acres) are farmed, but only half of this acreage is harvested each year due to variations in pruning practices.[30] The wild blueberry is the official fruit of Maine.[31]

#### Canada

Wild blueberry fields in [Nova Scotia](/source/Nova_Scotia), Canada

Canadian production of wild and cultivated blueberries in 2024 was 165,608 tonnes, the country's second-largest fruit crop (after apples).[32] [British Columbia](/source/British_Columbia) was the largest Canadian producer of cultivated (highbush) blueberries, yielding 94% of the total national production in 2024.[32]

With Quebec as the leading producer (47% of total) of wild (lowbush) blueberries, [Atlantic Canada](/source/Atlantic_Canada) contributed the other half of the total Canadian production from [New Brunswick](/source/New_Brunswick) (26%), [Nova Scotia](/source/Nova_Scotia) (17%), and [Prince Edward Island](/source/Prince_Edward_Island) (10%) in 2024.[32] The town of [Oxford, Nova Scotia](/source/Oxford%2C_Nova_Scotia) is known as the *Wild Blueberry Capital of Canada*.[33]

Québec production of lowbush blueberries occurs especially in the regions of [Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean](/source/Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean) (where a popular name for inhabitants of the regions is *bleuets*, or "blueberries") and [Côte-Nord](/source/C%C3%B4te-Nord), which together provide 40% of Québec's total provincial production. This wild blueberry commerce benefits from [vertical integration](/source/Vertical_integration) of growing, processing, frozen storage, marketing, and transportation within relatively small regions of the province.[34] On average, 80% of Québec wild blueberries are harvested on farms (21 million kilograms (23,000 short tons)), the remaining 20% being harvested from public forests (5 million kilograms (5,500 short tons)).[34] Some 95% of the wild blueberry crop in Québec is frozen for export out of the province.[34]

#### Europe

Highbush blueberries were first introduced to Germany, Sweden, and the [Netherlands](/source/Netherlands) in the 1930s, and have since been spread to numerous other countries of Europe.[2] *V. corymbosum* only began to be cultivated in [Romania](/source/Romania) in a few years leading up to 2018 and rapidly increased in production and sales in that time (as with berries in general). As of 2018[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit) it remains relatively unmolested by pests and diseases (see [Diseases](#Diseases) below).[35]

#### Southern Hemisphere

*[Vaccinium meridionale](/source/Vaccinium_meridionale)*, a wild species of blueberry found in the Andes[36]

In the [Southern Hemisphere](/source/Southern_Hemisphere), Brazil, Chile, [Argentina](/source/Argentina), [Peru](/source/Peru), [Uruguay](/source/Uruguay), New Zealand, Australia, South Africa,[37] and [Zimbabwe](/source/Zimbabwe) grow blueberries commercially.[38]

In [Brazil](/source/Brazil), blueberries are produced in the states of [Rio Grande do Sul](/source/Rio_Grande_do_Sul), [Santa Catarina](/source/Santa_Catarina_(state)), [Paraná](/source/Paran%C3%A1_(state)), [São Paulo](/source/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)) and [Minas Gerais](/source/Minas_Gerais).[39]

Blueberries were first introduced to Australia in the 1950s, but the effort was unsuccessful. In the early 1970s, the Victorian Department of Agriculture imported seed from the U.S., and a selection trial was started. This work was continued into the mid-1970s when the Australian Blueberry Growers' Association was formed.[40]

In the 21st century, the industry grew in [Argentina](/source/Argentina): "Argentine blueberry production has increased over the last three years with planted area up to 400 percent," according to a 2005 report by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.[41] "Argentine blueberry production has thrived in four different regions: the province of Entre Rios in northeastern Argentina, the province of Tucuman, the province of Buenos Aires and the southern Patagonian valleys", according to the report.[42] In the [Bureau of International Labor Affairs](/source/Bureau_of_International_Labor_Affairs) [report](/source/List_of_Goods_Produced_by_Child_Labor_or_Forced_Labor) of 2014 on [child labor](/source/Child_labor) and [forced labor](/source/Forced_labor), blueberries were listed among the goods produced in such working conditions in Argentina.[43]

### Pests and diseases

#### Diseases

Main article: [List of Vaccinium diseases](/source/List_of_Vaccinium_diseases)

As of 2018[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit) *V. corymbosum* remains relatively unmolested by pests and diseases in Romania, with *[Phytophthora cinnamomi](/source/Phytophthora_cinnamomi)*, *[Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi](/source/Monilinia_vaccinii-corymbosi)*, *[Botryosphaeria](/source/Botryosphaeria) corticis*, *[Godronia](/source/Godronia) cassandrae*, *[Phomopsis](/source/Phomopsis)* sp., *[Botrytis cinerea](/source/Botrytis_cinerea)*, *[Naohidemyces vaccinii](/source/Naohidemyces_vaccinii)*, [*Microsphaera penicillata* var. *vaccinii*](/source/Microsphaera_penicillata_var._vaccinii), and various viruses being the most common.[35]

#### Pest management

#### Pesticides

[DDT](/source/DDT) began to be used in blueberry soon after its discovery in 1939, and a few years later in the mid-1940s research began into its use in North America.[8]

Because "wild" is a marketing term generally used for all low-bush blueberries, it does not indicate that such blueberries are free from pesticides.[44]

Insecticide [modes of action](/source/Mode_of_action) must be varied to avoid encouraging resistance in the invasive pest *[Drosophila suzukii](/source/Drosophila_suzukii)*.[8]

Some [insecticides](/source/Insecticide) can be counterproductive, harming [natural enemies](/source/Natural_enemy) of pests as well. For example, treatment for *Illinoia pepperi* can reduce populations of its [predators](/source/Predator). [Kaolin clay](/source/Kaolin_clay) for *[Rhagoletis mendax](/source/Rhagoletis_mendax)* also reduced effectiveness of *[Diachasma alloeum](/source/Diachasma_alloeum)*, its [parasitoid](/source/Parasitoid). The pest predator *[Harpalus erraticus](/source/Harpalus_erraticus)* maintains greater abundance with selective insecticides rather than broad-spectrum MoAs.[8]

#### Integrated pest management

Blueberries are naturally relatively unmolested by [arthropod](/source/Arthropod) pests. Nonetheless, there are 24 insect taxa known to be [pests](/source/Pest_(organism)) in North America, the worst in New Jersey, [Michigan](/source/Michigan), [Maine](/source/Maine), and Eastern Canada being *[Rhagoletis mendax](/source/Rhagoletis_mendax)*. Secondary but still important are *[Acrobasis vaccinii](/source/Acrobasis_vaccinii)*, *[Grapholita](/source/Grapholita) packardi*, and *[Conotrachelus](/source/Conotrachelus) [nenuphar](/source/Conotrachelus_nenuphar)*. These four are the most common targets for the development of IPM practices. as of 2019[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit), IPM research has also taken an interest in *[Drosophila suzukii](/source/Drosophila_suzukii)* and arthropods like [aphids](/source/Aphid) (that vector diseases such as scorch virus and [shoestring virus](/source/Blueberry_shoestring_virus)) and [cicadellids](/source/Cicadellid) (vectoring the [phytoplasma](/source/Phytoplasma) that causes blueberry stunt). Managing pests down to the cosmetic level is necessary for this fruit because they are a premium product.[8]

Changes in locale and environment – to new geographies, and into [greenhouses](/source/Greenhouse) – have required new pest management regimes, including innovative IPM. Conversely, importing foreign potential enemies into North America may yield good results: *[Operophtera brumata](/source/Operophtera_brumata)* is a pest of blueberries and [birches](/source/Birch) which is successfully parasitized by *[Cyzenis albicans](/source/Cyzenis_albicans)* despite the lack of historical, natural contact between the two. The same results were obtained with *[Scirtothrips](/source/Scirtothrips) citri* and *[Beauveria bassiana](/source/Beauveria_bassiana)*. Results are available for *[Choristoneura rosaceana](/source/Choristoneura_rosaceana)* and overwhelming numbers of *[Trichogramma](/source/Trichogramma) minutum*, and *[Cyclocephala longula](/source/Cyclocephala_longula)* overwhelmed by *[Steinernema](/source/Steinernema) scarabaei*. This has also been attempted with flower [thrips](/source/Thrips) and potential predators but with inconclusive results.[8]

#### International quarantine

*[Rhagoletis mendax](/source/Rhagoletis_mendax)* is a [quarantine pest](/source/Quarantine_pest) in [phytosanitary](/source/Phytosanitation) regimes of some countries around the world.[8]

#### Resistant cultivars

Insect resistance was not a priority in [breeding programs](/source/Breeding_program) until about the year 2000 and is still not a high priority. However, it may become more common as it becomes easier, especially using [marker-assisted breeding](/source/Marker-assisted_breeding). *V. ashei* is naturally more [resistant](/source/Plant_pest_resistance) than *V. corymbosum* to *[Scaphytopius](/source/Scaphytopius) magdalensis*. *V. ashei* is less resistant than *V. darrowii* to *[Prodiplosis](/source/Prodiplosis) vaccinia*. There is variation between cultivars of *V. ashei* in resistance to *[Oberea myops](/source/Oberea_myops)*. There is variation in resistance among cultivars of *V. corymbosum* to *[Acrobasis vaccinii](/source/Acrobasis_vaccinii)* and *[Popillia japonica](/source/Popillia_japonica)*. Wild *V.* spp. have greater resistance than highbush cultivars to *I. pepperi*. There is significant variation between highbush cultivars in the abundance of various [Tephritidae](/source/Tephritidae), thrips, and *[Homalodisca vitripennis](/source/Homalodisca_vitripennis)*.[8]

Blueberry production 2024, tonnes United States 401,970 Peru 353,600 Canada 165,608 Chile 97,219 Mexico 80,534 Spain 60,950 World 1,392,534 Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[45]

## Production

In 2024, world production of blueberries (lowbush and highbush combined) was 1.4 million [tonnes](/source/Tonne), led by the United States with 29% of the total, [Peru](/source/Peru) with 25%, and [Canada](/source/Canada) with 12% (table).

[Quebec](/source/Quebec) produced 43,997 tonnes of wild (lowbush) blueberries, accounting for 47% of the total Canadian production in 2024.[32]

### Regulations

Canada No. 1 blueberries are all similar in size, shape, weight, and color—the total product can be no more than ten percent off-color and three percent otherwise defective.[46]

## Nutrition

Blueberries are 84% water, 14% [carbohydrates](/source/Carbohydrate), 1% [protein](/source/Protein_(nutrient)), and contain negligible [fat](/source/Fat) (table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), blueberries supply 57 [calories](/source/Calorie) of [food energy](/source/Food_energy), and are a moderate source (11-16% of the [Daily Value](/source/Daily_Value), DV) of [vitamin K](/source/Vitamin_K), [vitamin C](/source/Vitamin_C), and [manganese](/source/Manganese_in_biology), with no other [micronutrients](/source/Micronutrient) in significant content (table).

Blueberries, raw Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) Energy 240 kJ (57 kcal) Carbohydrates 14.49 g Sugars 9.96 g Dietary fiber 2.4 g Fat 0.33 g Protein 0.74 g Vitamins and minerals Vitamins Quantity %DV† Vitamin A equiv. beta-Carotene lutein zeaxanthin 0% 32 μg 80 μg Vitamin A 54 IU Thiamine (B1) 3% 0.037 mg Riboflavin (B2) 3% 0.041 mg Niacin (B3) 3% 0.418 mg Pantothenic acid (B5) 2% 0.124 mg Vitamin B6 3% 0.052 mg Folate (B9) 2% 6 μg Vitamin C 11% 9.7 mg Vitamin E 4% 0.57 mg Vitamin K 16% 19.3 μg Minerals Quantity %DV† Calcium 0% 6 mg Copper 6% 0.057 mg Iron 2% 0.28 mg Magnesium 1% 6 mg Manganese 15% 0.336 mg Phosphorus 1% 12 mg Potassium 3% 77 mg Sodium 0% 1 mg Zinc 2% 0.165 mg Other constituents Quantity Water 84 g Link to USDA Database entry †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[47] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[48]

## Phytochemicals and research

Blueberries contain [anthocyanins](/source/Anthocyanin), other [polyphenols](/source/Polyphenol) and various [phytochemicals](/source/Phytochemical) under preliminary research for their potential biological effects.[49] Most polyphenol studies have been conducted using the highbush cultivar of blueberries (*V. corymbosum*), while content of polyphenols and anthocyanins in lowbush (wild) blueberries (*V. angustifolium*) exceeds values found in highbush cultivars.[50]

## Uses

Wikibooks [Cookbook](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook) has a recipe/module on

- ***[Blueberry](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Blueberry)***

Blueberries are sold fresh or are processed as [individually quick frozen](/source/Individual_quick_freezing) fruit, [purée](/source/Pur%C3%A9e), juice, or dried or infused berries. These may then be used in a variety of consumer goods, such as [jellies](/source/Jelly_(fruit_preserves)), [jams](/source/Jam), [pies](/source/Blueberry_pie), [muffins](/source/Muffin), snack foods, pancakes, or as an additive to [breakfast cereals](/source/Breakfast_cereal).

[Blueberry sauce](/source/Blueberry_sauce) is a sweet sauce prepared using blueberries as a primary ingredient.

Blueberry wine is made from the flesh and skin of the berries, which is fermented and then matured; usually, the lowbush variety is used.

## Gallery

		- A cut blueberry showing how, having been frozen and then thawed, the anthocyanins in the pericarp can run into the flesh

		- Core structure common to all anthocyanins, some of which produce the blue pigments in blueberries

## See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Blueberry](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Blueberry).

- [Food portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food)

- [List of culinary fruits](/source/List_of_culinary_fruits)

- [List of vegetables](/source/List_of_vegetables)

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-gain2005_42-0)** Pirovano, Francisco (January 12, 2005). ["Argentina Blueberries Voluntary 2005"](https://apps.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200501/146118470.doc). *GAIN Report*. [Foreign Agricultural Service](/source/Foreign_Agricultural_Service). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081016204951/http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200501/146118470.doc) from the original on October 16, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** ["List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150610003351/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/). *dol.gov*. Archived from [the original](http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/) on June 10, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** ["Catching the Toxic Drift: How Pesticides Used in the Blueberry Industry Threaten Our Communities, Our Water and the Environment"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110301051357/http://www.environmentmaine.org/reports/environmental-health/reduce-pesticide-exposure-reports/catching-the-toxic-drift-how-pesticides-used-in-the-blueberry-industry-threaten-our-communities-our-water-and-the-environment). Environment Maine. August 16, 2005. Archived from [the original](http://www.environmentmaine.org/reports/environmental-health/reduce-pesticide-exposure-reports/catching-the-toxic-drift-how-pesticides-used-in-the-blueberry-industry-threaten-our-communities-our-water-and-the-environment) on March 1, 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-fao_45-0)** ["Blueberry production in 2023; Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)"](https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL). UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2026. Retrieved January 17, 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** Government of Canada, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (March 2, 2018). ["Grades and Requirements for Blueberries; In: Canadian Grade Compendium; Volume 2 – Fresh Fruit or Vegetables"](http://inspection.gc.ca/about-the-cfia/acts-and-regulations/list-of-acts-and-regulations/documents-incorporated-by-reference/canadian-grade-compendium-volume-2/eng/1519996239002/1519996303947?chap=2#s6c2). *inspection.gc.ca*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190429100550/http://www.inspection.gc.ca/about-the-cfia/acts-and-regulations/list-of-acts-and-regulations/documents-incorporated-by-reference/canadian-grade-compendium-volume-2/eng/1519996239002/1519996303947?chap=2#s6c2) from the original on April 29, 2019. Retrieved July 12, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FDADailyValues_47-0)** [United States Food and Drug Administration](/source/Food_and_Drug_Administration) (2024). ["Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"](https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels). *FDA*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240327175201/https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels) from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_48-0)** ["TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545428/table/tab_4_7/). p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". *Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium*. pp. 101–124. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.17226/25353](https://doi.org/10.17226%2F25353). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-309-48834-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [30844154](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154). [NCBI](/source/Bookshelf_ID_(identifier)) [NBK545428](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545428).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-lpi_49-0)** ["Flavonoids"](https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/flavonoids). Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 2026. Retrieved January 17, 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** Kalt W, Ryan DA, Duy JC, Prior RL, Ehlenfeldt MK, Vander Kloet SP (October 2001). "Interspecific variation in anthocyanins, phenolics, and antioxidant capacity among genotypes of highbush and lowbush blueberries (*Vaccinium cyanococcus* spp.)". *J Agric Food Chem*. **49** (10): 4761–7. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1021/jf010653e](https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf010653e). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0021-8561](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8561). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [11600018](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11600018).

## Further reading

- Retamales, J. B., Hancock, J. F. (2012). *Blueberries* (Crop Production Science in Horticulture). CABI. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84593-826-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-826-0)

- Sumner, Judith (2004). *American Household Botany: A History of Useful Plants, 1620–1900*. Timber Press. p. 125. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-88192-652-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88192-652-3).

- Wright, Virginia (2011). *The Wild Blueberry Book*. Down East Books. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-89272-939-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89272-939-5).

v t e Blueberries Species Vaccinium angustifolium Vaccinium boreale Vaccinium caesariense Vaccinium corymbosum Vaccinium darrowii Vaccinium elliottii Vaccinium fuscatum Vaccinium hirsutum Vaccinium koreanum Vaccinium meridionale Vaccinium myrsinites Vaccinium myrtilloides Vaccinium pallidum Vaccinium tenellum Vaccinium virgatum General topics Blueberry As food Bilberry Blåbärssoppa Blueberry pie Blueberry sauce See also Blueberry tea Category: Blueberries

v t e Non-timber forest products Animal products Furs Honey pine Wild game Berries / tree fruit Banana Bilberry Binukaw Blackberry Blueberry Breadfruit Cocoa bean Coconut Durian Gambooge Huckleberry Jackfruit Juniper berry Lingonberry Raspberry Tamarind Woodland strawberry Edible plants / roots Betel Fiddlehead ferns Heart of palm Mahuwa flowers Sago palm queen Sassafras filé powder root beer Saw palmetto Wild ginseng Wild onions Bear garlic Canada onion Crow garlic Twincrest onion Pacific mountain onion Ramps Mushrooms Bare-toothed russula Bay bolete Birch bolete Cep Chanterelle Honey mushroom Lingzhi (reishi) Matsutake Morel Oyster mushroom Parasol mushroom Red cap Saffron milk cap Slippery jack Truffle Yellow knight Nuts spices Allspice Areca nut Bay leaf Black pepper Brazil nut Cinnamon Clove Hazelnut Malva nut Nutmeg Pine nut Vanilla Oil waxes Allanblackia Babassu Bacuri Candlenut Capuacu Carnauba Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus wightiana) Cocoa butter Eucalyptol Eucalyptus Illipe Japan wax Kokum Kombo Kpangnan Kusum Mafura Mahua Mango butter Murumuru Nagkesar Palm (kernel) Phulwara Pilu Pongamia Sal-seed (Shorea robusta) Sandalwood Shea butter Tamanu Tea-seed Tea-tree Tucuma Ucuuba Vateria indica Resins Benzoin Birch tar Camphor Creosote Frankincense Gamboge Kauri Lacquer Mastic Myrrh Pine tar Pitch Rosin Turpentine Varnish Sap / gum / etc. Birch syrup Chicle chewing gum Coconut sugar Date sugar Fruit syrup Gum arabic Gutta-percha Kino Latex Maple sugar Maple syrup Palm sugar Palm wine akpeteshie ogogoro Rubber Spruce gum Other Amadou Bamboo edible musical instruments textiles Birch bark Birch beer Cork Ferns Forage Gambier Moss Natural dyes henna Peat Quinine Rattan Shellac Tanbark tannin Tendu leaves Thatching Vegetable ivory Willow bark Related Dehesa (Iberian agroforestry) Forest farming / gardening Honey hunting Indian forest produce Mushroom hunting Naval stores Resin extraction Rubber tapping Wildcrafting Category Commons

Taxon identifiers Vaccinium sect. Cyanococcus Wikidata: Q13178 Wikispecies: Vaccinium sect. Cyanococcus FNA: 317367 GRIN: 18662 IPNI: 317267-2 Tropicos: 50140387 VASCAN: 2163

Authority control databases National United States Japan Israel Other Yale LUX

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