# Blockade of the Gaza Strip

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Restriction of movement and trade by Israel and Egypt (2007–present)

For the intensified blockade since 2023, see [Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)](/source/Israeli_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip_(2023%E2%80%93present)).

Blockade of the Gaza Strip Date Full blockade: June 2007 – present Duration 19 years Location Gaza Strip Cause Isolate Hamas after its takeover, prevent weapons smuggling and attacks, and exert political pressure Participants Israeli security forces Egyptian Border Guard

v t e Israeli-occupied territories Historical Sinai Peninsula (1956–57; 1967–1982) Southern Lebanon (1982–2000) Southern Lebanon (2024) Ongoing Israeli occupation of Palestine West Bank (1967–present) East Jerusalem (1967–present) Gaza Strip (1956–1957, 1967–2005) Gaza Strip blockade (1990s–present) Israeli occupation of Syria Golan Heights (1967–present) Invasion of Syria (2024–present) Israeli occupation of Lebanon Shebaa Farms (1967–present) Southern Lebanon (2026–present) Proposed Resettlement of the Gaza Strip West Bank annexation

v t e Gaza–Israel conflict Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict Palestinian rocket attacks Blockade of the Gaza Strip Israeli war crimes Palestinian war crimes 1956 Rafah massacre Khan Yunis massacre First Intifada Second Intifada Gaza cross-border raid Summer Rains Autumn Clouds 2006 shelling of Beit Hanoun Gaza–Egypt border breach Hot Winter 2008–2009 Gaza War March 2010 clashes 2010 Palestinian militancy campaign Southern Israel cross-border attacks March 2012 clashes 2012 Gaza War 2014 Gaza War Shuja'iyya Beach bombing incidents Deif family killings 2018–2019 border protests November 2018 clashes May 2019 clashes November 2019 clashes 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis 2022 clashes May 2023 clashes Gaza war October 7 attacks Gaza genocide

Blockade of the Gaza Strip Imports Smuggling tunnels Electricity crisis Crossings Israel Erez Karni Kerem Shalom Egypt Rafah 2004–2009 Philadelphi Accord Economic sanctions Fatah–Hamas battle Egypt–Gaza border breach Gaza War Viva Palestina Lifeline 3 2023–present Israeli total blockade of Gaza Israeli blockade of aid delivery to the Gaza Strip Kerem Shalom aid convoy looting Global March to Gaza Soumoud Convoy Gaza Freedom Flotilla 2010 Participants raid general reactions media reactions national reactions legal assessments Freedom Flotilla II participants Freedom Flotilla III Women's Boat to Gaza 2024 May 2025 drone attack June 2025 July 2025 2025 Global Sumud Flotilla participants 2026 Global Sumud Flotilla Groups involved Hamas Israel COGAT Tsav 9 support Fatah conflict reconciliation electricity ISIS-linked groups Egypt Free Gaza Movement Freedom Flotilla Coalition Global March to Gaza Maghreb Sumud Flotilla Sumud Nusantara v t e

The **Blockade of the Gaza Strip** refers to Israeli and Egyptian restrictions on movement and goods in the [Gaza Strip](/source/Gaza_Strip) that began in the early 1990s.[1] After [Hamas](/source/Hamas) took over in 2007, Israel significantly intensified existing movement restrictions and imposed a complete [blockade](/source/Blockade) on the movement of goods and people in and out of the [Gaza Strip](/source/Gaza_Strip).[2] In the same year, Egypt closed the [Rafah border crossing](/source/Rafah_Border_Crossing).[3] The blockade's stated aims are to prevent the smuggling of weapons into Gaza and exert economic pressure on Hamas.[1] While the blockade's legality has not been adjudicated in court, human rights groups believe it would be deemed illegal and that it is a form of [collective punishment](/source/Collective_punishment), as it restricts the flow of essential goods, contributes to economic hardship, and limits Gazans' [freedom of movement](/source/Freedom_of_movement).[2][4] The land, sea, and air blockade isolated Gaza from the rest of the [occupied Palestinian territory](/source/Occupied_Palestinian_territories) and the world.[5] The blockade and its effects have led to the territory being called an "open-air prison".[6][7]

Exit and entry into Gaza by sea or air is prohibited. There are only three crossings in and out of Gaza, two of them [controlled by Israel](/source/Erez_Crossing) and [one by Egypt](/source/Rafah_Border_Crossing). Israel heavily regulates Palestinians' movement through Erez, with applications considered only for a small number of laborers (less than 5% of the number considered in 2000) and for limited medical and humanitarian reasons.[8] Israel's military cooperation with Egypt and its control of the population registry (through which it controls who can obtain the necessary travel documents) gives it influence over movement through Rafah.[9] Imports are heavily restricted, with "dual use" items permitted only as part of donor projects. This includes construction material and computer equipment. Exports are also heavily restricted, with the main impediment to economic development in Gaza being Israel's ban on virtually all exports from the Strip.[10]

Israel blockaded the Gaza Strip at various levels of intensity in 2005–2006. Israeli-imposed closures date to 1991.[11][12][13][14][15] In 2007, after Hamas [seized control of the Gaza Strip](/source/Battle_of_Gaza_(2007)), Israel imposed an indefinite blockade of Gaza that remains in place, on the grounds that [Fatah](/source/Fatah) and [Palestinian Authority](/source/Palestinian_Authority) forces had fled the Strip and were no longer able to provide security on the Palestinian side.[16] Israel has said the blockade is necessary to protect itself from [Palestinian political violence](/source/Palestinian_political_violence) and [rocket attacks](/source/Palestinian_rocket_attacks), and to prevent [dual use goods](/source/Dual-use_technology) from entering Gaza.[17]

Israel has been accused of violating or failing to fulfill specific obligations it has under various ceasefire agreements[18][19][20] to alleviate or lift the blockade.[21] "Crossings were repeatedly shut and buffer zones were reinstated. Imports declined, exports were blocked, and fewer Gazans were given exit permits to Israel and the West Bank."[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*] Human rights groups, international community representatives, and legal professionals have decried the blockade as a form of [collective punishment](/source/Collective_punishment) in contravention of international law, specifically the [Fourth Geneva Convention](/source/Fourth_Geneva_Convention). Rights groups have held Israel mainly responsible as the [occupying power](/source/Israeli-occupied_territories).[29][30]

## Background

Section of the Gaza border with Israel showing restrictions, September 2023.

Israeli imposed closure on the movement of goods and people to and from Gaza dates back to 1991 when Israel cancelled the general exit permit for Palestinians in the occupied territories. This policy was initially temporary, but developed into a permanent administrative measure in March 1993 after heightened levels of violence by Palestinians inside Israel. Since then, the closure has become an institutionalized system in Gaza (and the West Bank), and has varied in intensity but never been completely lifted.[31] As the closure was coming into place, academics and diplomats were already describing it as a form of collective punishment,[32][33][34] a trend that continues in more recent times.[35][36] For example, between 1993 and 1996, total closure was imposed on the Gaza Strip for a cumulative 342 days. During periods of total closure, Israel enforced a complete ban on any movement of people or goods between Gaza and Israel, the [West Bank](/source/West_Bank) and foreign markets. The economic impact of these closures during 1996 alone was estimated by the World Bank as amounting to losses of almost 40% of Gaza's GNP.[37] In 1994, Israel built the [Gaza–Israel barrier](/source/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_barrier) as a security measure, despite this, Israeli security establishment has described the closure as having limited value against extremist attacks.[37][38] Since then, there are four border crossings between Israel and the Gaza Strip through the barrier: the [Kerem Shalom](/source/Kerem_Shalom), [Karni](/source/Karni_crossing), [Erez](/source/Erez_crossing), and [Sufa](/source/Sufa%2C_Israel) crossings. All goods bound for Gaza as well as exports passing through Israel must use one of these crossings, and undergo security inspection before being permitted to enter or leave Gaza.

In 2005, Israel [withdrew its settlers and forces](/source/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza) from the Gaza Strip, redeploying its military along the border. Following Hamas' [electoral victory](/source/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election) and subsequent [military confrontation](/source/Battle_of_Gaza_(2007)) with opposing party [Fatah](/source/Fatah) which led to Hamas taking control over all of Gaza in 2007, Israel further tightened restrictions in an attempt to exert economic pressure on Hamas. With this new tightening of restrictions, all trade was ceased and the entrance of goods was limited to a "humanitarian minimum", allowing only those good which are "essential to the survival of the civilian population".[39] Israeli security officials have described the ban on exports as "a political decision to separate Gaza from the West Bank" further describing it as a matter of "political-security" and a form of "economic warfare".[40][41][42]

Additionally, starting in 2009, Egypt built an underground [Egypt–Gaza barrier](/source/Egypt%E2%80%93Gaza_barrier) along the [Egypt–Gaza border](/source/Egypt%E2%80%93Gaza_border). The stated aim was to block smuggling tunnels. The [Rafah Border Crossing](/source/Rafah_Border_Crossing) is the only lawful crossing point between Egypt and Gaza, and was manned by PA security forces and the [European Union Border Assistance Mission Rafah](/source/European_Union_Border_Assistance_Mission_Rafah).[43] All humanitarian and other supplies passing through Israel or Egypt must pass through these crossings after security inspection.

Until 2013, there were hundreds of [smuggling tunnels](/source/Gaza_Strip_smuggling_tunnels) dug under the Egypt-Gaza border to smuggle goods, including fuel, into Gaza to bypass the blockade.

### 2005–2006 blockades

On 12 September 2005, the final day of the Israeli withdrawal, international politicians such as France's foreign minister [Philippe Douste-Blazy](/source/Philippe_Douste-Blazy) and Jordan's deputy prime minister [Marwan Muasher](/source/Marwan_Muasher) warned of Gaza being turned into an open-air prison.[44][45] Four days later, [Mahmoud Abbas](/source/Mahmoud_Abbas) told the UN General Assembly:

It is incumbent upon Israel to turn this unilateral withdrawal into a positive step in a real way. We must quickly resolve all outstanding major issues, including the Rafah border crossing with Egypt, the airport and the seaport, as well as the establishment of a direct link between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Without this, Gaza will remain a huge prison.[46]

Following the disengagement, human rights groups alleged that Israel frequently blockaded Gaza in order to apply pressure on the population "in response to political developments or attacks by armed groups in Gaza on Israeli civilians or soldiers".[47] The special envoy of the Quartet [James Wolfensohn](/source/James_Wolfensohn) noted that "Gaza had been effectively sealed off from the outside world since the Israeli disengagement [August–September 2005], and the humanitarian and economic consequences for the Palestinian population were profound. There were already food shortages. Palestinian workers and traders to Israel were unable to cross the border".[48]

On 15 January 2006, the Karni crossing – the sole point for exports of goods from Gaza – was closed completely for all kinds of exports.[49][50] The greenhouse project suffered a huge blow, as the harvest of high-value crops, meant to be exported for Europe via Israel, was essentially lost (with a small part of the harvest donated to local institutions).[50][51][52] Moreover, closing of Karni cut off the so-far resilient textile and furniture industries in Gaza from their source of income.[53] Starting February 2006, the Karni crossing was sporadically open for exports, but the amount of goods allowed to be exported was minuscule compared to the amount of goods imported[54] (which, in turn, barely supported Gaza's needs).[55][54] Between 1 January and 11 May, more than 12,700 tonnes of produce were harvested in Gaza's greenhouses, almost all of it destined for export; out of it, only 1,600 tonnes (less than 13%) were actually exported.[51]

### Sanctions on Hamas-led PA governments

The [election](/source/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election) for the [Palestinian Legislative Council](/source/Palestinian_Legislative_Council) took place on 25 January 2006, and was won by [Hamas](/source/Hamas). The election took place during a full blockade of Gaza.[56][50][57][54][a] After the PLC was sworn in on 18 February 2006,[58] in addition to its blockade of the Gaza Strip, Israel imposed other sanctions on the PA, including [withholding the PA's tax revenue](/source/Taxation_in_the_State_of_Palestine) (collected by Israel on the PA's behalf), and imposing travel restrictions on Hamas PLC members. Israel's position is that Hamas is a terrorist organisation that has vowed to destroy Israel, and is responsible for the death of hundreds of its citizens, and neither wanted to have any direct relations with the other.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] On 20 February, Hamas leader [Ismail Haniyeh](/source/Ismail_Haniyeh) was nominated to form a [new PA government](/source/Palestinian_government_of_March_2006), which was sworn in on 29 March.

Besides Israel's position in relation to a Hamas-led PA government, following the election, the [Quartet on the Middle East](/source/Quartet_on_the_Middle_East) had said that continued aid to and dialogue with the PA under a Hamas government was conditional on Hamas agreeing to three conditions: recognition of Israel, the disavowal of violent actions, and acceptance of previous agreements between Israel and the PA, including the Oslo Accords. Haniyeh refused to accept these conditions, and the Quartet stopped all dialogue with the PA and especially any member of the Hamas government, ceased providing aid to the PA and imposed [sanctions against the PA under Hamas](/source/2006%E2%80%9307_economic_sanctions_against_the_Palestinian_National_Authority).[59] Though initially opposed by the United States, a Quartet member, the US government agreed in April 2006 to discontinue $400 million of [foreign aid](/source/Foreign_aid) to the PA. Instead the US redirected $100 million to the United Nations and other non-Palestinian groups, but no aid money was given directly to the government of [Mahmoud Abbas](/source/Mahmoud_Abbas).[60]

As noted by [Wolfensohn](/source/James_Wolfensohn) (and also in an [EU](/source/European_Union) paper), withholding of the PA's own tax revenue – an action taken by Israel alone, not by the Quartet – was more damaging than the ceasing of international aid to the PA. These taxes, collected in Palestine (both in the West Bank and Gaza) by Israeli authorities, were supposed to be transferred to the PA's budget. By releasing or withholding these revenues, Israel was able, in the words of the International Crisis Group, to "virtually turn the Palestinian economy on and off".[61] Israel withheld these transfers from the PA until June 2007.[62][63] Withholding the tax revenue by Israel meant that the PA lacked money to pay its employees, including the police, further destabilizing the situation in Gaza.[64]

In March 2007, Fatah agreed to join Hamas in a [PA unity government](/source/Palestinian_National_Unity_Government_of_March_2007), also headed by Haniyeh. Shortly after, in June, Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip during the [Battle of Gaza](/source/Battle_of_Gaza_(2007)),[65] seizing PA government institutions in the Strip and replacing Fatah and other PA officials with Hamas members.[66]

Following the takeover, in the West Bank, President Mahmoud Abbas officially dissolved the Haniyeh-led PA government, suspended parts of the Basic Law, and [created a new PA government by decree](/source/Palestinian_Authority_Governments_of_June%E2%80%93July_2007), without approval of the PLC. This government was recognized by the international community, and international relations and aid to the PA government in the West Bank resumed, the economic sanctions were lifted, and Israel resumed the transfer of tax revenue to it.

In the autumn of 2007, Israel designated the Gaza Strip, under Hamas control, as a hostile entity, and instituted a series of sanctions which encompassed power reductions, stringent import restrictions, and border closures.[7] In January 2008, in response to ongoing rocket attacks on its southern communities, Israel expanded its sanctions, fully sealing its border with the Gaza Strip and temporarily halting fuel imports.[7] Later in January, following nearly a week of the heightened Israeli blockade, Hamas militants dismantled sections of the barrier along the Gaza Strip-Egypt border, which was closed from Hamas's takeover in mid-2007 until 2011, creating openings that, as per estimations, allowed hundreds of thousands of Gazans to cross into Egypt to procure food, fuel, and other goods unattainable due to the blockade. Egyptian president [Hosni Mubarak](/source/Hosni_Mubarak) temporarily allowed the border breach to mitigate civilian suffering in Gaza, prior to initiating efforts to reestablish the border.[7]

## History

The Gaza Strip

### Early 2000s

During the [Second Intifada](/source/Second_Intifada), Israel blockaded the Palestinian territories, including the Gaza Strip, several times.[67][68] In Gaza, the blockade caused unemployment to skyrocket to 85%. [Christian Aid](/source/Christian_Aid) reported that malnourishment among children doubled in one year due to the blockade.[69] Clinics run by [Middle East Council of Churches](/source/Middle_East_Council_of_Churches) also reported treating increasing numbers of underweight and malnourished children.[69]

### June 2007 – January 2008

In June 2007, [Hamas](/source/Hamas) took control of the Gaza Strip in the [Battle of Gaza](/source/Battle_of_Gaza_(2007)),[65] and removed Fatah officials. Following the Hamas takeover, the sanctions put in place after Hamas's 2006 electoral victory were dramatically tightened. Truck transits, which had been 12,000 per month in 2005, were reduced to 2,000 by November of that year, when in a further measure, in the context of Hamas rocket fire and Israeli attacks, food supplies were halved, fuel imports slashed and foreign currency restricted by the latter.[70]

Following the Hamas takeover in Gaza, Egypt and Israel largely sealed their border crossings with Gaza, on the grounds that Fatah had fled and the PA was no longer providing security on the Palestinian side.[16]

In July 2007, Israeli officials said they had been planning to open the Rafah border crossing to allow stranded Palestinians to return, but claimed that this plan had been cancelled after Hamas threatened to fire on the refugees.[71]

A *Jerusalem Post* article mentioned Hamas' complaints that since June 2008 the PA no longer granted passports to Gazans, thereby "preventing tens of thousands of Palestinians from being able to travel abroad".[72]

Egypt, fearing a spill-over of Hamas-style militancy into its territory, kept its border with Gaza largely sealed.[73] Israel sealed the border completely on 17 January in response to [rocket attacks on southern Israel](/source/List_of_rocket_and_mortar_attacks_in_Israel_in_2008) and [Palestinian militant](/source/Palestinian_militant) attacks on crossing points between Israel and Gaza.[74][75]

The Egyptian government feared also that Iran wanted to establish a base in its territory as well as in Gaza through its proxy Hezbollah following the [2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt](/source/2009_Hezbollah_plot_in_Egypt).[76][77]

### January 2008 breach of the Egypt-Gaza border

Main article: [2008 breach of the Egypt–Gaza border](/source/2008_breach_of_the_Egypt%E2%80%93Gaza_border)

On 22 January 2008, Gazans clashed with Egyptian police in front of the border, demanding that the [Rafah Border Crossing](/source/Rafah_Border_Crossing) be opened. The clashes included live fire, and there were injuries on both sides. Fifty women managed to cross, and Egyptian police responded with a water cannon assault. Additional Egyptian security forces arrived, and managed to restore calm and prevent further crossing.[78]

The breach of the Gaza–Egypt border began on 23 January 2008, after gunmen in the Gaza Strip set off an explosion near the Rafah Border Crossing, destroying part of the former [Israeli Gaza Strip barrier](/source/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_barrier). The United Nations estimated that as many as half of the population of the Gaza Strip crossed the border into Egypt seeking food and supplies.[79] Israel said that militants had exploited the breach in the border wall to send armed men into the Sinai to infiltrate Israel across the [Sinai-Israel border](/source/Borders_of_Israel#Border_with_Egypt). Egyptian troops at first permitted the crossing[73] but did not allow Palestinians to travel further than [El Arish](/source/El_Arish). On 25 January, Egyptian forces blocked almost all [illegal entry](/source/Illegal_entry) points to stem the flow of Gazans pouring in, and Egyptian riot police erected barbed wire and chain-link fences along the border. Palestinians used a bulldozer to knock down the fence and once again flooded in. Egyptian border police began stopping Palestinians from crossing and sealed the road from Rafah to El Arish. On 28 January, Egyptian security forces and Hamas militants strung barbed wire across one of the breaches, sealing it off. The Egyptians began repairing one of the two remaining breaches on 29 January, and closed the border with the Gaza Strip on 3 February 2008.

### June 2008 attempt at easing restrictions

Under a [ceasefire agreement](/source/2008_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_ceasefire) between Israel and Hamas in June 2008, Israel agreed to lift its blockade of Gaza Strip. At Egypt's request, Israel did not always respond to Palestinian ceasefire violations by closing the border.[80]

Israel accused Hamas of transporting weapons into Gaza via tunnels to Egypt, failing to stop rocket attacks, and noted that Hamas would not continue negotiating the release of Israeli [hostage](/source/Hostage) [Gilad Shalit](/source/Gilad_Shalit), who had been held by Hamas since 2006.[81] Hamas' decision alienated it from the government of Egypt, which had linked the opening of the Gaza-Egypt border crossing to Shalit's release.[82] In the early stage of the ceasefire, Israeli officials had said they found "a certain sense of progress" on Shalit's release.[83]

The UN recorded seven [Israel Defense Forces](/source/Israel_Defense_Forces) (IDF) violations of the ceasefire between 20 and 26 June, and three violations by Palestinian groups not affiliated with Hamas between 23 and 26 June.[84] On 18 December, the [Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades](/source/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam_Brigades), the military wing of Hamas, reported 185 Israeli violations during the lull period.[85] The [Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center](/source/Intelligence_and_Terrorism_Information_Center) reported a total of 223 rockets and 139 mortar shells fired from Gaza during the lull, including 20 rockets and 18 mortar shells before 4 November.[86] It noted that "Hamas was careful to maintain the ceasefire" until 4 November, when the ceasefire was "seriously eroded."[87] Rocket fire decreased by 98 percent in the four-and-a-half months between 18 June and 4 November, compared to the four-and-a-half-months preceding the ceasefire.[88] Hamas denied responsibility for the rocket fire during the lull. Human Rights Watch reported that Hamas security forces demonstrated an ability to curb rocket fire while some people detained for rocket fire were released without explanation.[89]

In August 2008, the first [NGO](/source/Non-governmental_organization)-organized attempts to breach Israel's maritime closure of the Gaza Strip occurred when two vessels, containing activists from the [Free Gaza Movement](/source/Free_Gaza_Movement) and [International Solidarity Movement](/source/International_Solidarity_Movement), sailed from [Cyprus](/source/Cyprus) towards Gaza, carrying hearing aids and balloons. The boats reached Gaza on 23 August 2008 after the Israeli government allowed the boats free passage.[90] Four more voyages occurred from October until December 2008, as passengers were transported another boat called the "Dignity", a 66-foot yacht owned by the [Free Gaza Movement](/source/Free_Gaza_Movement).[91] The Dignity was rammed three times while it was sailing in international waters by the Israeli Navy and significant damage was incurred.[92]

On 28 October 2008, the Dignity, carrying 26 activists and medical supplies, docked in a strip harbor without interference. Israel had initially decided to stop the vessel, but the decision was made to let it through just before it reached Gaza.[91] The Dignity sailed to Gaza four times before it was attacked on 30 December 2008 in international waters, as it sailed towards Gaza to deliver medicine and medical help.[93]

In August 2008, it was reported that Israel despite the ceasefire was still allowing in very few goods.[94] A WikiLeaks cable from the US embassy in Tel Aviv dated 3 November 2008 revealed that Israel still maintained the economy of the Gaza strip "on the brink of collapse" without "pushing it over the edge". The cable said that "Israeli officials have confirmed to Embassy officials on multiple occasions that they intend to keep the Gazan economy functioning at the lowest level possible consistent with avoiding a humanitarian crisis."[95]

### 2008–2009 Gaza war and aftermath

An explosion caused by an [Israeli](/source/Israel) airstrike in [Gaza](/source/Gaza_City) during the [Gaza War](/source/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%9309))

In January 2009, after the first phase of the [Gaza War](/source/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%9309)), Israel said it would allow in some humanitarian aid, but will continue its economic blockade in order to weaken the power of Hamas.[96] In June 2009, on the second anniversary of the blockade, 38 United Nations and non-governmental humanitarian organisations issued a joint press release calling for "free and uninhibited access for all humanitarian assistance in accordance with the international agreements and in accordance with universally recognised international human rights and humanitarian law standards".[97] As of July 2009, Israel said it is making the humanitarian relief efforts in Gaza one of its top priorities.[98] The amount of goods Israel allows into Gaza is one quarter of the pre- blockade flow.[97]

Israeli prime minister [Ehud Olmert](/source/Ehud_Olmert)'s spokesman [Mark Regev](/source/Mark_Regev) said, "We want to make sure that reconstruction for the people of Gaza is not reconstruction for the Hamas regime". On 25 February, U.S. State Department spokesman Robert Wood said, "Aid should never be used as a political weapon. We'll try to push to get into Gaza as many supplies as possible."[99]

Rafah border crossing – British aid convoy entering Gaza Strip from Egypt in 2009

The [Olmert](/source/Ehud_Olmert) cabinet had decided in March 2009 that food and medical supplies to Gaza would be allowed through unfettered. This was met with resistance by Israel's Defense Ministry, which controls the border crossings.[100] An Israeli military spokesperson said that each item was decided on an individual basis and that food was being let through daily. According to NGO Gisha, the amount of food entering Gaza is as of May 2009, about 25% of the pre-June 2007 figures. A UN study has found that Gazan families are eating fewer meals a day and mainly relying on [carbohydrates](/source/Carbohydrates) such as rice and flour because protein foods are expensive or unavailable. Chicken eggs have doubled in price due to the destruction of chicken coops during the Gaza War.[100]

### February 2009 Hamas-UNRWA incident

On 3 February, 3,500 blankets and over 400 food parcels were confiscated by Hamas police personnel from an [UNRWA](/source/UNRWA) distribution center. On the following day, the UN [Emergency Relief Coordinator](/source/Emergency_Relief_Coordinator) demanded that the aid be returned immediately.[101] In a separate incident on 5 February, Hamas seized 200 tons of food from UNRWA aid supplies. The following day, UNRWA suspended its activities in Gaza. Hamas issued a statement stating that the incident was a misunderstanding between the drivers of the trucks and had been resolved through direct contact with the UNRWA.[102] On 9 February, UNRWA lifted the suspension on the movement of its humanitarian supplies into Gaza, after the Hamas authorities returned all of the aid supplies confiscated.[103]

### 2010–2011 freedom flotillas

Main articles: [2010 Gaza flotilla raid](/source/2010_Gaza_flotilla_raid) and [Freedom Flotilla II](/source/Freedom_Flotilla_II)

**May 2010 Gaza flotilla raid**

On 31 May 2010, the [Israeli Navy](/source/Israeli_Navy) seized an aid convoy of six ships known as the "[Gaza Freedom Flotilla](/source/2010_Gaza_Freedom_Flotilla)".[104] aiming to break through the blockade, carrying humanitarian aid and construction materials. The flotilla had declined an Israeli request to change course to the [port of Ashdod](/source/Port_of_Ashdod), where the Israeli government had said it would inspect the aid and deliver (or let humanitarian organizations deliver) Israeli-approved items to Gaza.[105]

Image provided by the [IDF](/source/Israel_Defense_Forces) of weaponry it says was used by passengers aboard the [MV Mavi Marmara](/source/MV_Mavi_Marmara). Israeli soldiers [raided](/source/2010_Gaza_flotilla_raid) the [Gaza Freedom Flotilla](/source/2010_Gaza_flotilla_raid) in international waters in 2010. Nine of the flotilla passengers were killed and 30 were wounded; some Israeli soldiers were wounded.

Israeli [Shayetet 13](/source/Shayetet_13) naval commandos boarded the ships from speedboats and helicopters launched from three missile ships, while the flotilla was still in international waters.[106] On the [MV *Mavi Marmara*](/source/MV_Mavi_Marmara), the main ship of the convoy, passengers attacked and managed to capture three soldiers.[107] Israeli soldiers responded with rubber bullets and live ammunition from soldiers in helicopters and on the ship. Several of the activists were shot in the head by Israeli forces, some from behind and at close range.[108] Israel was accused of using disproportionate force. On other ships, soldiers were met with passive resistance which was easily suppressed with non-lethal techniques. Nine passengers were killed and dozens wounded. Nine soldiers were also injured, two of them seriously. All of the ships were seized and towed to [Ashdod](/source/Ashdod), while passengers were imprisoned in Israel and then deported to their home countries.[109][110][111][112][113][114] The [MV *Rachel Corrie*](/source/MV_Rachel_Corrie), a seventh ship that had been delayed, set sail from [Malta](/source/Malta) on the same day of the flotilla's interception. Israeli naval vessels shadowed the *Rachel Corrie*, and after it ignored three warnings, Israeli commandos boarded the ship from speedboats, arrested the crew, and forced it to sail to Ashdod.[115]

**Freedom Flotilla II**

Following the Gaza flotilla raid, a coalition of 22 [NGOs](/source/Non-governmental_organization) assembled in July 2011 a flotilla of 10 vessels and 1,000 activists to breach the blockade.

The vessels docked in [Greece](/source/Greece) in preparation for the journey to Gaza, but the Greek government announced that it would not allow the vessels to leave for Gaza,[116] and the [Hellenic Coast Guard](/source/Hellenic_Coast_Guard) stopped three vessels attempting to evade the travel ban and leave port. On 7 July, most activists left for home, leaving only a few dozen to continue the initiative.[117] On 16 July, the French yacht *Dignite Al Karama* was allowed to leave port after informing Greek authorities that its destination was [Alexandria](/source/Alexandria), Egypt. The yacht then headed directly for Gaza. The [Israeli Navy](/source/Israeli_Navy) stopped the *Dignite Al Karama* about 65 kilometers off Gaza. After the boat was warned and refused to turn back, it was surrounded by three Israeli naval vessels and boarded by [Shayetet 13](/source/Shayetet_13) commandos, who took it over. The boat was then taken to Ashdod.[118] Ultimately, the Freedom Flotilla sailing did not take place.

**November 2011 flotilla**

On 4 November 2011, the Israeli Navy intercepted two vessels heading towards Gaza in a private initiative to break the blockade. Shayetet 13 commandos boarded the vessels from speedboats and took them over with no resistance. The vessels were then taken to Ashdod port.[119]

### June 2010 easing of the blockade

Facing mounting international calls to ease or lift their blockade in response to the [2010 Gaza flotilla raid](/source/2010_Gaza_flotilla_raid), Egypt and Israel lessened the restrictions starting in June 2010. Israel announced that it will allow all strictly civilian goods into Gaza while preventing weapons and what it designates as "dual-use" items from entering Gaza.[120] Egypt partly opened the Rafah border crossing from Egypt to Gaza, primarily for people, but not for supplies, to go through.[121] The Israeli NGO Gisha Legal Center for Freedom of Movement reported in a July 2010 publication[122] that Israel continues to prevent normal functioning of the Gazan economy. Israel continues to severely restrict and/or prevent people from entering or exiting Gaza according to Gisha.[123][124][125] The [United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs](/source/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs) (UNOCHA) conducted an assessment of the humanitarian impact of the easing of the blockage in January and February 2011 and concluded that they did not result in a significant improvement in people's livelihoods.[126] The World Bank estimated in 2015 that the GDP losses caused by the blockade since 2007 was above 50%, and entailed large welfare losses.

On 1 June 2010, the Rafah border crossing from Egypt to Gaza was partially opened. Egypt's foreign ministry has made it clear that the crossing will remain open mainly for people, not for aid, to go through.[121] Several aid trucks began making it into Gaza during the following morning including some carrying power generators from the Egyptian [Red Crescent](/source/Red_Crescent), and hundreds of Gazans who had been staying in Egypt returned home, although little traffic, human or cargo, flowed from Gaza to Egypt.[127] On 3 June, the manager of the Gaza side of the Rafah crossing, Salameh Barakeh, explained that the crossing is open for the free travel of patients, foreign passport holders, those with residency status in other countries, students and internationals.[128] The Arab Physicians Union officials submitted a request to Egyptian authorities on 3 June 2010 to send 400 tons of food, blankets, electric generators for hospitals and construction material from Egypt to Gaza, but their request was denied by Egyptian authorities without specific reason. Emad Gad, political analyst at Egyptian Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, believes the government should keep the Rafah border under control because opening it completely could allow weapons smuggling or illegal financial transactions.[121]

On 17 June 2010, Israel's Prime Minister's Office announced that Israel's security cabinet had agreed to relax Israel's blockade on the Gaza Strip, and issued an English-language press release, according to which a decision to ease the blockade had been made. The English text reads: "It was agreed to liberalize the system by which civilian goods enter Gaza [and] expand the inflow of materials for civilian projects that are under international supervision." However, no binding decision has been made during the cabinet meeting, and an announcement issued in Hebrew did not mention any such decision. The prime minister's office said that a meeting would be held soon, and expressed hope that a binding decision will be taken then.[129]

#### International response to easing of restrictions

[Tony Blair](/source/Tony_Blair), who welcomed Israel's decision to ease the restrictions on behalf of the [Quartet on the Middle East](/source/Quartet_on_the_Middle_East), said that the Quartet – the UN, US, EU, and Russia – would continue talks with Israel "to flesh out the principles". Suggesting that "items of ordinary daily life, including materials for the construction of homes, infrastructure and services as the UN have asked" should be allowed to enter Gaza, he said, "the decision to allow foodstuffs and household items is a good start".[130] A spokesperson for the [Secretary-General of the United Nations](/source/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations) declared that the Secretary-General would be encouraged that the Israeli government is reviewing its policy towards Gaza. He added that the United Nations would continue to seek a fundamental change in policy as agreed by the Quartet. Hamas spokesperson [Sami Abu Zuhri](/source/Sami_Abu_Zuhri) said that Israel's decision would have been designed to "beautify" the blockade and mislead public opinion.[131][132]

A [British Foreign Office](/source/British_Foreign_Office) spokesman said: "It is good that Israel is giving serious consideration to resolving these issues, [b]ut further work is needed. We need to see the additional steps still to be announced." EU officials also said they were disappointed by the decision.[131] German [Minister of Economic Cooperation and Development](/source/Federal_Ministry_of_Economic_Cooperation_and_Development) [Dirk Niebel](/source/Dirk_Niebel) said that the Israeli announcement was "not sufficient". During a visit to the country, Niebel intended to visit a sewage treatment plant being financed with German development aid, but was denied entry into the Gaza strip by Israel. He commented that the Israeli government sometimes would "not make it easy for its friends to explain why it behaves the way it does."[133] A spokesperson for Israel's Foreign Ministry responded that Israel would have been obliged to allow any other European minister entry if it had allowed Niebel to visit the Gaza strip, thus conferring additional legitimacy to the Hamas government.[134]

Chris Gunness from UNRWA criticised Israel's move to ease the blockade as not being adequate, saying that

Even if the blockade is eased it remains illegal under international law as it is a collective form of punishment on a civilian population. Eighty percent of Gaza's population is aid-dependent. Allowing more aid in is perpetuating this dependency and not addressing the issue of self-sufficiency or the root causes of the crisis. What have not been addressed by the easing of the closure are the issues of exports as well as the limited number of crossings open to facilitate the flow of goods. Operation Cast Lead destroyed at least 60,000 homes and structures which need to be urgently repaired and rebuilt. The easing of the blockade is not addressing this adequately.[135]

Maxwell Gaylard, UN Deputy Special and Humanitarian Coordinator for the Middle East also criticised Israel, saying "Permitting mayonnaise and potato chips into Gaza is really irrelevant in dealing with the underlying issues. What we need to see is an improvement in Gaza's water, sanitation, power grid, educational and health sectors. Gaza's economy is shot to pieces and its infrastructure is extremely fragile."[135]

#### New blockade policy by Israel

On 20 June 2010, Israel's Security Cabinet approved a new system governing the blockade that would allow practically all non-military or dual-use items to enter the Gaza strip. According to a cabinet statement, Israel would "expand the transfer of construction materials designated for projects that have been approved by the Palestinian Authority, including schools, health institutions, water, sanitation and more – as well as (projects) that are under international supervision."[17] Despite the easing of the land blockade, Israel will continue to inspect all goods bound for Gaza by sea at the port of [Ashdod](/source/Ashdod).[136]

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said that the decision enabled Israel to focus on real security issues and would eliminate "Hamas' main propaganda claim,"[137] and that it would strengthen the case for keeping the sea blockade in place.[138] He also said the decision would have been coordinated with the United States and with [Tony Blair](/source/Tony_Blair), the representative of the [Quartet for the Middle East](/source/Quartet_for_the_Middle_East).[137] Blair characterized the decision as a "very significant step forward", but added that the decision needs to be implemented.[17] In a statement, the Quartet said that the situation remained "unsustainable and unacceptable" and maintained that a long-term solution was urgently needed.[139][140] The UNRWA called for a complete lift of the Gaza blockade, expressing concern that the new policy would continue to limit Gaza's ability to develop on its own.[140] The [European Union's representative for foreign policy](/source/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy), [Catherine Ashton](/source/Catherine_Ashton), welcomed the decision. She called the step "a significant improvement" and expressed the expectation that the measures take effect as soon as possible, adding that "more work remains to be done."[141] The U.S. government welcomed the decision, expressing the belief that the easing would significantly improve the lives of Gaza Strip residents and prevent weapons smuggling.[17] It expressed its intention to contribute to an international effort to "explore additional ways to improve the situation in Gaza, including greater freedom of movement and commerce between Gaza and the West Bank."[142] Hamas dismissed the measures as trivial and "media propaganda", and demanded a complete lifting of the blockade, including the removal on all restrictions on the import of construction material.[17] Israeli Arab member of Knesset [Hanin Zoabi](/source/Hanin_Zoabi) commented that the easing of the blockade would prove that "it is not a security blockade, but a political one," adding that the flotilla "succeeded in undermining the blockade's legitimacy."[143]

The U.S., United Nations, European Union and Russia in 2010 were jointly consulting with Israel, the Palestinian Authority and Egypt on additional measures, described by the [United States Department of State](/source/United_States_Department_of_State) as a "fundamental change in policy" toward the Gaza strip.[138]

#### Lieberman Proposal

On 2 June 2010 a letter in the London newspaper *[The Times](/source/The_Times)* suggested the establishment of a permanent humanitarian sea corridor linking Cyprus with Gaza.[144] In July 2010, a similar proposal emerged from Israel's foreign minister [Avigdor Lieberman](/source/Avigdor_Lieberman) who proposed it as part of an initiative to shift full responsibility over the Gaza Strip to the international community. He announced that he planned to discuss the idea, which was labelled a "personal initiative" with the EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton.[145][146]

Lieberman proposed that units of the [French Foreign Legion](/source/French_Foreign_Legion) and commando units from EU member states be sent in to secure the Gaza border crossings to prevent the smuggling of weapons, and that the border with Israel be sealed. Ships that underwent inspections in [Cyprus](/source/Cyprus) or [Greece](/source/Greece) would be allowed to dock in Gaza and unload humanitarian cargoes. The EU would help improve and build civilian infrastructure, and Gaza would become a fully independent entity.[147]

Lieberman, then defense minister, proposed a similar maritime corridor plan to Cyprus in 2018,[148] at a time when a number of such options were being considered in Israel.[149][150]

#### Humanitarian impact assessment

In January and February 2011, the [United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs](/source/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs) (UNOCHA) conducted an assessment of the effects of the measures to ease the access restrictions.[126] They concluded that they did not result in a significant improvement in people's livelihoods.[126]

They found that a limited reactivation of the private sector resulted from the increased availability of consumer goods and some raw materials but the "pivotal nature of the remaining restrictions" and the effects of three years of strict blockade prevented a significant improvement in livelihoods.[126] Although the unemployment rate in Gaza fell from 39.3% to 37.4% in the second half of 2010 there were significant food price rises.[126] There was little or no improvement in food insecurity rates in Gaza which continued to affect 52% of the population.[126] Few of the 40,000 housing units needed to replace homes lost during [Operation Cast Lead](/source/Operation_Cast_Lead) and for natural population growth could be built as a result of the ongoing restrictions on importing building materials.[126] The approval of over 100 projects funded by international organizations intended to improve the "extremely deteriorated" water and sanitation, education and health services, followed the easing of the blockade.[126] The implementation of these projects was delayed by the entry approval process for materials and the limited opening of the Karni crossing.[126] OCHA found that there had been no improvement in the quality of services provided to the population of the Gaza Strip as a result of the projects so far.[126] There was no significant increase in the number of exit permits granted by Israel to allow access to the outside world including other parts of the Palestinian territories.[126] Permits continued to be issued by Israel only on an exceptional basis with 106–114 per day being issued during the second half of 2010.[126] OCHA described Egypt's move to regularly operate its crossing with Gaza for special categories of people as a "significant, albeit limited, improvement".[126]

They concluded that the easing of restrictions was "a step in the right direction" but called on Israel to fully abolish the blockade including removing restrictions on the import of construction materials and the exports of goods, and to lift the general ban on the movement of people between Gaza and the West Bank via Israel in order to comply with what they described as international humanitarian and human rights law obligations.[126]

According to the [World Health Organization](/source/World_Health_Organization), the shortage of essential medicines and equipment has been the primary obstacle to providing adequate health care in the Gaza Strip since the 2012 conflict. Gazan hospitals had a shortage of more than 50% of "medical consumables" even before the conflict. Workers in some hospitals reported having to sterilize and re-use single-use equipment due to the lack of critical items. Palestinian hospitals are unable to meet the need of their patients due to economic underdevelopment and the varying strictness of the Israeli blockade.[151] According to B'Tselem, [Restrictions on Movement](http://www.btselem.org/freedom_of_movement/economy) the blockade, which not only restricts Gazans' access to Israel but also communication between Gaza and the West Bank, has denied Gazan fishermen access to 85% of the waters they have been guaranteed access to.[152]

During the [2014 Israel–Gaza Conflict](/source/2014_Israel-Gaza_Conflict), 108,000 people were displaced, almost all of whom are still living in UNWRA refugee camps or inadequate improvised shelters. 28 schools, numerous wells, and other important civil infrastructure like major sewage and electricity plants were destroyed during Operation Protective Edge.[153] Since then over 2,000 truckloads of materials for reconstruction have been allowed into Gaza, but according to a UN estimate, 735 truckloads per day, for three years, would be necessary to rebuild all the damaged infrastructure.[154]

### Further easing (2011–2013)

Following the [Egyptian Revolution of 2011](/source/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011), Egypt for some time opened the Rafah border crossing permanently as of 28 May 2011. A limited number of women of all ages and men aged below 18 and above 40 were able to enter Egypt without a visa,[155] although there are still severe restrictions on the movement of personnel and goods to and from Gaza.[156][157] In 2012 Egypt started supplying fuel to the Gaza Strip, to help ease a lengthy fuel crisis arising from a dispute between Egypt and the Hamas government in Gaza over whether Gaza can trade with Egypt openly, or only via Israel.[158]

In 2013 Israel eased its regulation on the entering of construction material into Gaza. The regulation was an attempt to reduce rocket fire in the south.[159]

Prior to a Gaza visit, scheduled for April 2013, Turkey's prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan explained to Turkish newspaper *[Hürriyet](/source/H%C3%BCrriyet)* that the fulfilment of three conditions by Israel was necessary for friendly relations to resume between Turkey and Israel: an apology for the raid (Prime Minister Netanyahu had delivered an apology to Erdogan by telephone on 22 March 2013), the awarding of compensation to the families affected by the raid, and the lifting of the Gaza blockade by Israel. The Turkish prime minister also explained in the *Hürriyet* interview, in relation to the April 2013 Gaza visit, "We will monitor the situation to see if the promises are kept or not."[160] At the same time, Netanyahu affirmed that Israel would only consider exploring the removal of the Gaza blockade if peace ("quiet") is achieved in the area.[161]

### During the Gaza war

These paragraphs are an excerpt from [Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)](/source/Israeli_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip_(2023%E2%80%93present)).[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israeli_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip_(2023%E2%80%93present)&action=edit)]

On 9 October 2023, [Israel](/source/Israel) intensified its blockade of the Gaza Strip when it announced a "total blockade", blocking the entry of food, water, medicine, fuel and electricity after the [October 7 attacks](/source/October_7_attacks) and the ensuing [Gaza war](/source/Gaza_war).[162][163] The blockade has been credited with contributing significantly to the [Gaza genocide](/source/Gaza_genocide).[164][165][166] Israel has conditioned its lifting of the blockade with the return of the [hostages abducted by Hamas](/source/Gaza_war_hostage_crisis),[167] which has been criticized as [collective punishment](/source/Collective_punishment) and an apparent [war crime](/source/War_crime).[168][169][170] As of August 2025, 27 European countries and over 100 international aid organizations have called for an end to Israel's blockade of aid into Gaza.[171][172]

A few weeks after 9 October 2023, Israel eased the complete blockade after receiving pressure from U.S. President [Joe Biden](/source/Joe_Biden), but still continued to severely restrict the amount of aid entering the Gaza Strip. The first supplies entered on 21 October 2023.[173][174] The blockade exacerbated Gaza's [humanitarian crisis](/source/Gaza_humanitarian_crisis_(2023%E2%80%93present)).[175] In January 2024, Israeli authorities blocked 56% of humanitarian aid to northern Gaza.[176] On 9 February 2024, [UNRWA](/source/UNRWA)'s director [Philippe Lazzarini](/source/Philippe_Lazzarini) said that Israel had blocked food for 1.1 million Palestinians in Gaza.[177]

During the [January 2025 Gaza war ceasefire](/source/January_2025_Gaza_war_ceasefire), Israel relaxed aid restrictions, allowing much more aid than previously.[178] On 2 March 2025, however, Israel completely blocked all supplies from entering the territory, making it the longest complete closure in the history of the blockade.[178][179] Since 26 May 2025, the [United States](/source/United_States)- and Israeli-backed [Gaza Humanitarian Foundation](/source/Gaza_Humanitarian_Foundation) has facilitated limited and largely ineffective aid distribution, marred by [mass killings](/source/2025_Gaza_Strip_aid_distribution_killings) that resulted in over 1,400 Palestinian deaths.[180]

The blockade has created [famine](/source/Famine) conditions in the Gaza Strip, which was exacerbated by [Israeli airstrikes](/source/Bombing_of_Gaza) targeting food infrastructure and restrictions on [humanitarian aid](/source/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Gaza_war).[181] In a number of incidents, Israeli protesters, including [West Bank](/source/West_Bank) settlers, [blocked aid trucks carrying humanitarian aid](/source/Israeli_blockade_of_aid_delivery_to_the_Gaza_Strip) heading towards the Gaza Strip, and in some cases attacked them.[182][183]

#### Famine

These paragraphs are an excerpt from [Gaza Strip famine](/source/Gaza_Strip_famine).[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaza_Strip_famine&action=edit)]

The population of the [Gaza Strip](/source/Gaza_Strip) underwent a [famine](/source/Famine) as a result of an [Israeli blockade](/source/Israeli_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip_(2023%E2%80%93present)) during the [Gaza war](/source/Gaza_war) between 22 August 2025 and 19 December 2025.[184][185] The prevention of basic essentials and [humanitarian aid](/source/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Gaza_war) from entering Gaza,[186][187][188] as well as [airstrikes](/source/Israeli_bombing_of_the_Gaza_Strip) that destroyed food infrastructure, such as bakeries, mills, and food stores, caused a widespread scarcity of essential supplies.[b] Humanitarian aid was also blocked by [protests](/source/Israeli_blockade_of_aid_delivery_to_the_Gaza_Strip) at borders and ports. Increasing [societal breakdown in Gaza](/source/Societal_breakdown_in_the_Gaza_Strip_during_the_Gaza_war), including looting, was also cited as a barrier to the provision of aid.

By August 2025, [Integrated Food Security Phase Classification](/source/Integrated_Food_Security_Phase_Classification) (IPC) projections showed that 100% of the population are experiencing "high levels of acute food insecurity", and 32% were projected to face Phase 5 catastrophic levels by 30 September 2025.[190] On 22 August 2025, the IPC said that famine is taking place in one of the five [governorates](/source/Governorates_of_Palestine) in the Gaza Strip: specifically, the [Gaza Governorate](/source/Gaza_Governorate) which includes [Gaza City](/source/Gaza_City). The IPC added that, within the next month, famine was likely to also occur in both the [Deir al-Balah Governorate](/source/Deir_al-Balah_Governorate) and the [Khan Yunis Governorate](/source/Khan_Yunis_Governorate). The IPC had insufficient data on the [North Gaza Governorate](/source/North_Gaza_Governorate) for a classification but concluded that conditions were likely similar or worse than in the Gaza Governorate.[190][191] Within the next 6 weeks as of 16 August, the number of people in IPC Phase 5 was expected to rise from 500,000 to over 640,000.[192]

On 22 October 2025, the [International Court of Justice](/source/International_Court_of_Justice) found that Israel is obliged to guarantee sufficient food to Gazans and to allow [UNRWA](/source/UNRWA) to operate in Gaza.[193] On 19 December, the IPC published a report declaring that there is no longer a famine in Gaza after improvements in food delivery following the ceasefire, but warned that the situation remains "highly fragile" with 100,000 still facing "catastrophic conditions", although that number was projected to decline to 1,900 by April 2026.[185][194] As of January 2026, Gazans have received enough humanitarian aid to meet their basic food needs for the first time since the start of the war.[195]

## Border crossings

Main article: [Gaza–Israel barrier § Crossing points](/source/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_barrier#Crossing_points)

At the end of 2023, there were two open border crossings with Israel ([Kerem Shalom border crossing](/source/Kerem_Shalom_Crossing) and [Erez](/source/Erez_Crossing)), with an additional option via an Israel-Egypt crossing ([Nitzana](/source/Nitzana_Border_Crossing)), and two border crossings with Egypt ([Rafah Crossing](/source/Rafah_Crossing) and [Salah al-Din Gate](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salah_al-Din_Gate&action=edit&redlink=1) 4 km northwest of Rafah Crossing).[196] On 12 March 2024, as a "pilot project", the 96th gate in the security fence (near Kibbutz [Be'eri](/source/Be'eri)) was used by a convoy of six trucks taking humanitarian aid to northern Gaza under IDF protection.[197]

## Military impact

The Israeli government justifies the blockade as a security measure. According to [Sara Roy](/source/Sara_Roy), Israeli security officials have said the blockade has limited value against extremist attacks.[31] [Ghazi Hamad](/source/Ghazi_Hamad), a senior Hamas member, said in 2024 that the blockade made importing components for Hamas weapons industry a challenge. Machine tools and explosives were either labeled for civilian use or hidden inside shipments of food or other goods.[198] Jerome Slater described the blockade as a form of continuing Israeli control over the Strip,[199] adding that "most Palestinian terrorism almost certainly would have ended" if Israel had ceased to occupy the West Bank and Gaza,[200] and considered it probable that the policy of deliberate impoverization creates as much terrorism as it deters.[201]

## Socioeconomic impact

The worsening economic and humanitarian situation raised great concern abroad. According to the [UN Conference on Trade and Development](/source/UN_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development) (UNCTAD), in January 2003, the Israeli blockade and closures had drained as much as US$2.4 billion out of the economy of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.[202]

Throughout 2006, the [Karni crossing](/source/Karni_crossing) was only partially operational, costing Palestinians $500,000 a day, as less than 10% of the Gaza Strip's minimal daily export targets were achieved. Basic food commodities were severely depleted, bakeries closed and food rationing was introduced.[203]

The [World Bank](/source/World_Bank) estimated in 2015 that the GDP losses caused by the blockade since 2007 was above 50%, and entailed large welfare losses. Gaza's manufacturing sector, once significant, shrunk by as much as 60% in real terms, due to the wars in the past 20 years and the blockade. Gaza's exports virtually disappeared since the imposition of the 2007 blockade. The World Bank said that "solutions have to be found to enable faster inflow of construction materials into Gaza" while taking into account "legitimate security concerns of neighboring countries."[204]

In May 2015, the World Bank reported that the Gaza economy was on the "verge of collapse". 40% of Gaza's population lived in poverty, even though around 80% received some sort of aid. It said the restrictions had to be eased to allow construction materials "to enter in sufficient quantities" and to allow exports. "The economy cannot survive without being connected to the outside world", The World Bank said the tightened restrictions meant the construction sector's output was reduced by 83%.[205]

### Role in turning Gaza into an "open-air prison"

Several rights groups have characterized the situation in Gaza as an "open-air prison",[206][6] including the [United Nations](/source/United_Nations),[207] [Human Rights Watch](/source/Human_Rights_Watch),[29] and the [Norwegian Refugee Council](/source/Norwegian_Refugee_Council).[208] This characterization was often cited by a number of human rights activists, politicians, and media news outlets reporting on the [Gaza-Israel conflict](/source/Gaza-Israel_conflict) and the wider [Palestinian–Israeli conflict](/source/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict).[209][210][211][212][213][214] Former British prime minister [David Cameron](/source/David_Cameron),[215] US senator [Bernie Sanders](/source/Bernie_Sanders),[216] former Israeli diplomat [Gideon Levy](/source/Gideon_Levy),[217] and Israeli historian [Ilan Pappe](/source/Ilan_Pappe) have endorsed this characterization as well.[218]

In 2022, Human Rights Watch issued a report on the situation in the Gaza Strip, which it called an "open-air prison" due to the blockade and held Israel responsible as the occupying power, and to a lesser degree Egypt, which has restricted movement of Palestinians through its border.[29] The report highlighted how this blockade has led to humanitarian crises, namely shortages of essential supplies, limited [access to healthcare](/source/Healthcare_in_the_State_of_Palestine), and high levels of poverty and unemployment among the Palestinian population in Gaza.[29] It claimed that Israel has formed a formal policy of separation between Gaza and the West Bank, despite both forming parts of the [Palestinian territories](/source/Palestinian_territories).[29] The Israeli blockade on Gaza has restricted the freedom of movement of Gaza Palestinians to both the West Bank and the outside world; in particular, Palestinian professionals were most impacted by these restrictions, as applying for travel permit takes several weeks.[29]

The Norwegian Refugee Council report issued in 2018 called the territory "the world's largest open-air prison", highlighting in it several figures, including lack of access to clean water, to reliable electrical supply, to health care, food and employment opportunities.[208] It lamented the fact that a majority of Palestinian children in Gaza suffer from psychological trauma, and a portion of which suffer from stunted growth.[208]

### Economic effects

Following the implementation of the blockade, Israel halted all exports from the Gaza Strip. Israeli human rights organization Gisha, the Legal Center for Freedom of Movement, obtained an Israeli government document which says "A country has the right to decide that it chooses not to engage in economic relations or to give economic assistance to the other party to the conflict, or that it wishes to operate using '[economic warfare](/source/Economic_warfare)'".[219] Sari Bashi, the director of Gisha, said that this showed that Israel was not imposing its blockade for its stated reasons of a security measure to prevent weapons from entering Gaza, but rather as collective punishment for the Palestinian population of Gaza.[219]

In November 2010, the Israeli government allowed Gaza to resume agricultural exports, while still banning industrial exports. Shortly afterward, Gazan farmers began exporting [strawberries](/source/Strawberry), [peppers](/source/Bell_pepper), [carnations](/source/Carnation), and [cherry tomatoes](/source/Cherry_tomato). The exports travel to Europe via Israel, and Israel then transfers the money to agricultural cooperatives, which in turn pay the Palestinian farmers. The exports were implemented with aid from the [Netherlands](/source/Netherlands), which was monitored by the Israeli defense establishment.[220]

It is estimated that in November, less than 20,000 liters of fuel per week entered Gaza via the tunnels, compared to nearly 1 million liters per day until June 2013. The [Gaza Power Plant](/source/Gaza_Power_Plant) (GPP), which had been supplying 30 percent of the electricity available in Gaza, has been exclusively dependent on Egyptian diesel smuggled through the tunnels, since early 2011. On 1 November, after depleting its fuel reserves, the GPP was forced to shut down, triggering power outages of up to 16 hours per day, up from 8–12 hours prior to that.[221]

The World Bank estimated in 2015 that the GDP losses caused by the blockade since 2007 was above 50%, and entailed large welfare losses. Gaza's manufacturing sector, once significant, shrunk by as much as 60 percent in real terms, due to the wars in the past 20 years and the blockade. Gaza's exports virtually disappeared since the imposition of the 2007 blockade. The World Bank said that "solutions have to be found to enable faster inflow of construction materials into Gaza" while taking into account "legitimate security concerns of neighboring countries."[204]

### Movement of people

Further information: [Palestinian freedom of movement](/source/Palestinian_freedom_of_movement) and [Israeli permit regime in the Gaza Strip](/source/Israeli_permit_regime_in_the_Gaza_Strip)

Because of the widespread violence within Israel during the [Second Intifada](/source/Second_Intifada) that began in September 2000, Israel closed all entry points between Israel and the Palestinian territories, including the Gaza Strip, and closed the [Gaza International Airport](/source/Gaza_International_Airport). On 9 October 2001, all movement of people and goods between Israel and the Palestinian territories was halted, and a complete internal closure came into effect on 14 November 2001.[222]

Palestinian workers wait at the [Erez Crossing](/source/Erez_Crossing) to enter the Gaza Strip, July 2005.

The Intifada came to an end in February 2005, and Israel forces and settlers left the Gaza Strip by 1 September 2005 as part of [Israel's unilateral disengagement plan](/source/Israel's_unilateral_disengagement_plan). To improve the movement of people and economic activity in the Gaza Strip, Israel and the PA on 15 November 2005 signed an "[Agreement on Movement and Access](/source/Agreement_on_Movement_and_Access)" (AMA). The AMA provided for the reopening of the [Rafah crossing](/source/Rafah_crossing) with Egypt, which was to be monitored by the PA and the [European Union](/source/European_Union). Only people with [Palestinian identity cards](/source/Palestinian_identity_card) or foreign nationals, subject to Israeli oversight, were to be permitted to cross.[223][224] In mid-November 2005, Israel started allowing some workers and traders to enter Israel via the [Erez crossing](/source/Erez_crossing), if they had Israeli-issued permits, but until 21 January 2006, the crossing was open on less than 50% of working days on average.[225][57]

Palestinians were invariably banned from traveling between Gaza and the West Bank. Following the [Israeli disengagement from Gaza](/source/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza) in September 2005, Israel "[established] a domestic legal framework apparently aimed at sealing off Gaza from Israel and from the West Bank"[226] Israel had previously agreed, as part of the Oslo Accords, to treat Gaza and the West Bank as a single territorial unit, a position upheld by the Israeli High Court.[226] But after the 2005 disengagement, Israel adopted the position that Gaza residents have "no vested right" to cross into the West Bank; and that although there is "a certain connection" between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, it "does not give Gaza residents a right to enter [the West Bank]".[226] Gaza residents who did not try to cross the territory of Israel proper but instead traveled around it, using the "long and expensive" route via Egypt and Jordan to travel from Gaza to the West Bank, were still turned back by Israeli border personnel at the [Allenby Bridge](/source/Allenby_Bridge) when attempting to enter the West Bank from Jordan.[226] This policy was still in place as of 2014: Gaza residents, except in rare "humanitarian" cases, are not allowed to enter the West Bank – even if they do not travel via Israel proper but around it, trying to enter via the Allenby Bridge.[227]

AMA stipulated the opening hours of crossings between Gaza and Israel and the number of trucks/truckloads to pass through them.[228] It also stipulated that bus convoys, carrying Palestinians from Gaza to the West Bank and vice versa, would start on 15 December 2005; and truck convoys, carrying goods on the same route, would start on 15 January 2006.[53] This agreement was not upheld, as neither bus nor truck convoys started by their respective dates.[53] Israel first announced that according to its interpretation, Israel was only obliged to run a "test" or "pilot" bus route and only for Palestinians meeting certain Israeli-specified requirements, then delayed this pilot project "indefinitely".[226] The part of the agreement concerning opening hours and throughput of border crossings was not implemented either.[228][54]

The Palestinians claim that Israel did not honor AMA in relation to movement of people between Gaza and the West Bank. The bus convoys between Gaza and the West Bank (which were to start on 15 December 2005) never started.[53][226]

Gazans are invariably banned from entering the West Bank, and Israel adopted the position that they have no legal right to do so. This position has not changed since 2005.[226][227]

### Land blockade

The [Muslim Brotherhood](/source/Muslim_Brotherhood) in the Egyptian parliament wished to open trade across the border with Gaza in 2012, a move said to be resisted by Egypt's [Tantawi](/source/Mohamed_Hussein_Tantawi) government.[229]

#### Goods blocked

In the "Failing Gaza"[230] report, [Amnesty International](/source/Amnesty_International) and other organizations wrote that cement, glass, steel, bitumen, wood, paint, doors, plastic pipes, metal pipes, metal reinforcement rods, aggregate, generators, high voltage cables and wooden telegraph poles were "high priority reconstruction materials currently with no or highly limited entry into Gaza through official crossings."[230] A 2009 UN report by Kevin M. Cahill called the restrictions "Draconian", and said that reconstruction efforts were being undermined by Israel's refusal to permit the importation of steel, cement or glass, among other [building materials](/source/Building_materials), and its policy of restricted importation of [lentils](/source/Lentil), pasta, [tomato paste](/source/Tomato_paste) and juice, as well as batteries for hearing aids for deaf children. He said that despite the restrictions, UNRWA had been able to provide a basic food supply to over a million refugees in the Gaza Strip. He added that he "visited a food station where hundreds of displaced persons waited to collect their meager staples of rice, sugar, lentils and cooking oil. While this program may save people from starvation, it is a diet that does not prevent the highest level of [anemia](/source/Anemia) in the region, with alarming rates of childhood stunting due to inadequate nutrition."[231]

The Palestinians who negotiated the 2008 cease-fire believed that commerce in Gaza was to be restored to the levels preceding Israel's 2005 withdrawal and Hamas's electoral victory.[232][233] Israeli policy tied the easing of the blockade to success in reducing rocket fire.[94] Israel permitted a 20% increase in goods trucked into Gaza in the pre-lull period, up from 70 to 90 truckloads a day,[232] including not only humanitarian supplies but also clothes, shoes, refrigerators, and construction materials.[234] Fuel supplies increased from 55 [MW](/source/Megawatt) worth to 65 MW worth.[234] [BBC News](/source/BBC_News) reported on 11 November that Gaza was then receiving only 28% of the amount of goods traded before the Hamas takeover.[234]

Over the one-month period from 4 November to 8 December, approximately 700 truck loads of goods went into Gaza, accounting for approximately 1/40th of estimated pre-blockade commerce.[233]

Israel said that food imports into the Strip were limited by its inability to operate at border checkpoints.[234] It accused Hamas of exacerbating fuel shortages by leading labor union strikes by power plant workers.[234] It has also accused Hamas of underfunding the [Gaza health care system](/source/Gaza_strip#Health), and then blaming the situation on Israel despite supposed free trade of medical supplies. Shipments of permitted medical supplies have [expired](/source/Shelf_life) due to the lengthy process required for passage through border crossings, requiring their destruction.[235] Israel said that travel restrictions on Gazans are necessary to protect national security, citing the cases of three Gazans who claimed to require medical attention in Israel but were in fact planning attacks in Israel.[234]

#### Tunnels

Smuggling tunnel in Rafah, 2009

Main article: [Gaza Strip smuggling tunnels](/source/Gaza_Strip_smuggling_tunnels)

The Gaza smuggling tunnels are mainly located at [Rafah](/source/Rafah), on the border with Egypt. The tunnels connect the Egyptian town of Rafah with the [Palestinian](/source/Palestinian_people) [refugee camp](/source/Refugee_camp) of Rafah. As a result of the blockade, these tunnels became a vital supply artery for Gaza.[236][237] They are used for various purposes, such to transport people (in and out) and commercial materials like medicine, food and clothes, cigarettes, alcohol, and vehicle parts into Gaza.[238][239] They are also used to smuggle illegal arms (including rockets, mortars and explosives) to Gaza militants.[238][239] Often cars are sliced into four parts and transported across and re-assembled in Gaza.[237] Ahead of the Islamic festival, [Eid al-Adha](/source/Eid_al-Adha), they were used to transport live cattle.[237]

According to a tunnel operator, Israel bombards tunnels from the air, while Egypt either pumps poisonous gases and water or detonates explosives to destroy tunnels. During the Gaza War, Israel destroyed most of the tunnels, reducing their number to 150 (from 3,000) as of late 2009.[237] Egypt is constructing an [underground steel barrier](/source/Egypt-Gaza_barrier) to prevent circumvention of the blockade through tunnels.

The UN estimates unemployment has risen from 32.5% in September, to around 40%. In addition to people directly employed by tunnels, the shortage of materials has stopped the majority of construction projects in Gaza and left many jobless.[240]

Following the [removal](/source/2013_Egyptian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat) of Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi from office, Egypt's military had destroyed most of the 1,200 tunnels used for smuggling food, weapons and other goods into Gaza.[241] After protest sit-ins in Egypt supporting Morsi [were dispersed](/source/August_2013_Rabaa_Massacre), the border crossing was closed 'indefinitely'.[242]

#### Buffer zone

In October 2014, days after an attack in which 33 Egyptian soldiers were killed, Egypt announced it may create a buffer zone between Palestinian Rafah and Egyptian Rafah, where most tunnels were believed to be.[243][244] Initially, the width of the buffer zone was 500 meter but on 18 November 2014, Egypt said it would expand it to 1 km.[245] On 29 December 2014, the buffer zone was extended again to 5 km.[246]

Egyptian authorities began implementing phase two in the flattening of large swaths of Egyptian Rafah where over 2,000 families lived, and widened the buffer zone. According to Egyptian reports, the second phase involved destroying everything standing across an additional 500 meters from the border area, on top of the 500 meters already cleared several months earlier.[247]

#### Effects of land blockade on Gaza

There have been several reports and studies analysing the effect of the blockade on Gaza.

In July 2008, an [UNRWA](/source/UNRWA) report on the situation in Gaza stated that "the number of households in Gaza below the consumption poverty line continued to grow, reaching 51.8% in 2007 (from 50.7% in 2006)".[248] In the same year, a Palestinian Bureau of Statistics study concluded that 80% of families in Gaza were living below the poverty line.[249] A [World Health Organization](/source/World_Health_Organization) assessment conducted in 2009 claimed that the level of anemia in babies (9–12 months) was as high as 65%, while a Socio-economic and Food Security Survey Report stated that 61% of Gazans are food insecure and reliant on humanitarian aid. Of those that are food insecure, 65% are children under 18 years. Lastly, a [European Network of Implementing Development Agencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Network_of_Implementing_Development_Agencies&action=edit&redlink=1) (EUNIDA) report notes that, because of the security buffer zone imposed around Gaza as part of the blockade, as of June 2009, 46% of agricultural land was either inaccessible or out of production.[250]

On 14 June 2010, the [International Committee of the Red Cross](/source/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross) noted that the increasing scarcity of items has led to rises in cost of goods while quality has fallen.[251] There is also "an acute electricity crisis", where electricity supplies are "interrupted for seven hours a day on average". As a consequence, they note that public services, particularly health services, have suffered, posing "a serious risk to the treatment of patients". In addition, medical equipment is difficult to repair, and medical staff cannot leave to gain more training. Lastly, the ICRC note that sanitation is suffering, because construction projects lack the equipment needed, or the equipment is of poor quality. Only 60% of the population is connected to a sewerage collection system, with the rest polluting the Gaza aquifer. As a result, water is largely "unfit for consumption".[30]

A 25 May 2010 [United Nations Development Programme](/source/UNDP) report stated that, as a result of the blockade, most of Gaza's manufacturing industry has closed, and unemployment stood at an estimated 40%, a decrease on previous years. The blockade has also prevented much needed construction, noting that almost "none of the 3,425 homes destroyed during Cast Lead have been reconstructed, displacing around 20,000 people". Less than 20% "of the value of the damages to educational facilities has been repaired", only "half of the damage to the power network has been repaired", "no repair has been made to the transport infrastructure", "a quarter of damaged farmland has been rehabilitated and only 40% of private businesses have been repaired".[252]

An August 2012 report by UNRWA of the blockade's effects and general trends in Gaza forecasted that the region's population growth would outpace developments in economic infrastructure. In its press release, UN humanitarian coordinator Maxwell Gaylard said, "Gaza will have half a million more people by 2020 while its economy will grow only slowly. In consequence, the people of Gaza will have an even harder time getting enough drinking water and electricity, or sending their children to school."[253]

A UN [OCHA](/source/OCHA) 2015 report stated that "longstanding access restrictions imposed by Israel have undermined Gaza's economy, resulting in high levels of unemployment, food insecurity and aid dependency," and that "Israeli restrictions on the import of basic construction materials and equipment have significantly deteriorated the quality of basic services, and impede the reconstruction and repair of homes."[254]

### Naval blockade

See also: [Palmer Report](/source/2010_Gaza_flotilla_raid#UN_Palmer_Report) and [Maritime Exclusion Zone](/source/Maritime_Exclusion_Zone)

The [Israeli Navy](/source/Israeli_Navy) enforces a maritime [blockade](/source/Blockade) of the [Port of Gaza](/source/Port_of_Gaza) and the coastline.[255][256]

Under the [Oslo II Accord](/source/Oslo_II_Accord), activities of the [Palestinian Naval Police](/source/Palestinian_Naval_Police) are restricted to 6 nautical miles (11 km) from the coast.[257] Under the 1994 [Gaza–Jericho Agreement](/source/Gaza%E2%80%93Jericho_Agreement), which was not implemented, Palestinian fishing was to be permitted up to 20 nautical miles (37 km) offshore.[258] In 2007, Israel restricted fishermen travel to 6 nautical miles (11 km) offshore. Israeli officials said the restrictions were necessary because of past incidents of Palestinians using fishing boats for smuggling and attacks. Israeli [patrol boats](/source/Patrol_boat) regularly patrol Gaza's coastline and fire on Palestinian fishing vessels that go beyond the permitted distance from shore.[258] In July 2018, Israel further restricted the Gaza fishing space to 3 nautical miles (5.6 km).[259]

Israel has intercepted a number of vessels attempting to bring supplies into Gaza, claiming that they may be providing goods that may be used to build arms. A humanitarian mission organised by the [Free Gaza Movement](/source/Free_Gaza_Movement), with [Cynthia McKinney](/source/Cynthia_McKinney) and [Mairead Maguire](/source/Mairead_Maguire) on board, was intercepted by Israel attempting to sail to Gaza. They were deported but the supplies were later delivered to Gaza over land by truck.

On 29 April 2014, *Gaza's Ark*, a vessel being converted in Gaza from a fishing boat to carry cargo to Europe, was sunk by an explosion following a telephone warning to the guard, who was uninjured.[260][261] The organisers of the project suspect that Israel forces are responsible.[262]

Between 2000 and 2018, [Al Mezan Center for Human Rights](/source/Al_Mezan_Center_for_Human_Rights) has documented 1,283 incidents involving Palestinian fishermen, including 1,192 shooting incidents that led to the death of 8 fishermen and to the injury of 134 fishermen. During these incidents, 656 fishermen were detained, and 209 boats were confiscated.[263][*[unreliable source?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources)*]

#### Effect on the fishing industry

*[Al Jazeera](/source/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network)* report on the effects on the fishing industry

The sea blockade has caused damage to Gaza fishing industry.

The [UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs](/source/UN_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs) has estimated that Gaza fishermen need to journey at least 12–15 nautical miles from shore to catch larger shoals, and sardines in particular are 6 nmi (11 km) offshore. Shoals closer to shore have been depleted. The total catch pre-blockade in 1999 was nearly 4,000 tons, this was reduced to 2,700 tons in 2008. In the 90s, the Gaza fishing industry was worth $10 million annually or 4% of the total Palestinian economy; this was halved between 2001 and 2006. 45,000 Palestinians were employed in the fishing industry, employed in jobs such as catching fish, repairing nets and selling fish. Fish also provided much-needed animal protein to Gazans' diet.[264]

The [International Committee of the Red Cross](/source/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross) also notes that "90% of Gaza's 4000 fishermen are now considered either poor (with a monthly income of between US$100 and US$190) or very poor (earning less than US$100 a month), up from 50% in 2008." Nezar Ayyash, head of Gaza's fishermen's union, is quoted as saying that he has been arrested and his boat confiscated several times.[30] According to the Palestinian Fishermen's Syndicate, there are 3,800 registered fishermen in the Gaza Strip. Only 2,000 of them are currently working as a result of restrictions, constant attacks and growing cost of fishing equipment.

### Energy restrictions

See also: [Gaza electricity crisis](/source/Gaza_electricity_crisis)

Almost all of Gaza's liquid fuel and about half of its electricity are supplied by Israel, while Gaza's sole power plant runs on crude diesel imported via Israel. In normal times, Israel exempts from the blockade fuel for the power plant as well as for essential services such as hospitals, and does not cut electricity supplies. But during times of conflict, Israel has disrupted supplies. In late October 2007, in response to persistent rocket fire on southern Israel, Israel cut diesel exports to Gaza by 15% and gasoline exports by 10%, and created targeted electrical outages for 15 minutes after a rocket attack. According to Israeli officials, the energy flow to hospitals and Israeli shipments of crude diesel to Gaza's sole power plant was unaffected. The Israeli government argued that these limited energy cuts were a nonviolent way to protest Hamas rocket attacks.[265]

The next day, [Attorney General of Israel](/source/Attorney_General_of_Israel) [Menachem Mazuz](/source/Menachem_Mazuz) suspended the electricity cuts, and the [Israeli Supreme Court](/source/Supreme_Court_of_Israel) gave the government three days to justify its energy cuts policy.[266]

On 1 December 2007, the Israeli Supreme Court ruled that the electricity cuts were unlawful, and ordered the Israeli military to stop them by the following day, but also allowed Israel to continue reducing its diesel and gasoline shipments to Gaza.[267]

### Control of Gazan air space

The Oslo Accords interim peace agreements expressly give Israel security control over Gazan airspace and coastal waters.[268] Gazan air space is controlled by radar.[258] There are regular overflights by Israeli fighter jets and a surveillance balloon is tethered near the Erez crossing. [Unmanned aerial vehicles](/source/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle) patrol the sky for surveillance,[258] also engaging in missile strikes targeting people and infrastructure; these drones produce a nearly constant buzzing noise audible from the ground and are therefore referred to by Palestinians in Gaza as *[zanana](/source/Zanana)*.[269]

### Limitation of basic goods

Israel allows limited [humanitarian supplies](/source/Humanitarian_aid) from aid organizations into the Gaza Strip, but not dual-use items, which can also be used for military purposes. According to the [Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories](/source/Coordinator_of_Government_Activities_in_the_Territories) of the Israel Defense Forces, in May 2010, this included over 1.5 million litres of diesel fuel and gasoline, fruits and vegetables, wheat, sugar, meat, chicken and fish products, dairy products, animal feed, hygiene products, clothing and shoes.[270]

According to [Gisha](/source/Gisha_(human_rights_organization)), items that have at various times been denied importation into Gaza in 2010 include ordinary consumer goods such as jam, candles, books, musical instruments, shampoo, A4 paper, and livestock such as chicken, donkeys, and cows.[271][272] The [UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs](/source/UN_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs) (COGAT) also lists [wheelchairs](/source/Wheelchair), dry food items, [crayons](/source/Crayon), [stationery](/source/Stationery), and [soccer balls](/source/Soccer_ball) as shipments that Israeli authorities have prevented from entering Gaza.[273][274][275] International aid group [Mercy Corps](/source/Mercy_Corps) said it was blocked from sending 90 tons of macaroni and other foodstuffs. After international pressure, Israeli authorities said that they were giving the shipment a green light.[99] Israel was also reported to have prevented aid groups from sending in other items, such as paper, art supplies, tomato paste and lentils.[276] Because of an Israeli ban on the importation of construction materials such as cement and steel, which could be used to build bunkers for military use by Hamas, the UN Relief and Works Agency started to build mud brick homes.[277]

Aid agencies say that while food and other essential supplies pile up in warehouses and await trucks at crossing points, Israel's COGAT, which controls access to Gaza, routinely rejects or delays shipments, often without explanation. Humanitarian workers and officials describe the approval process as arbitrary and sometimes contradictory. Even minor issues, such as a single item deemed problematic, can result in the entire truck being turned back, forcing it to restart a lengthy clearance process that may take weeks. Items have been rejected as "luxuries", including chocolate croissants, or flagged as potential dual-use goods: a truckload of green sleeping bags was turned away because COGAT associated the color with the military.[278][279]

Since early January 2026, Israel has permitted certain commercial traders to import and sell items classified as dual-use in Gaza while humanitarian organisations remain prohibited from bringing in the same goods. Under this system, private-sector shipments of items such as generators and metal pallets have been allowed to enter Gaza through Israeli-controlled crossings. Aid officials and humanitarian agencies have said this has made essential items available primarily through commercial markets, where they are sold at significantly higher prices, limiting access for much of the civilian population. Dual-use items barred since the start of the Gaza war include wheelchairs, walkers, crutches, solar panels, and smoke detectors.[280] Critics of these restrictions, including United Nations agencies and human rights organisations, say their broad scope has impeded repairs to critical civilian infrastructure, including water and sanitation systems, worsening the humanitarian situation. They argue that restrictions on reconstruction materials have had a greater documented impact on civilian life than allegations of diversion cited by Israeli authorities.[281]

#### Limitation system

In September 2007, the Israeli cabinet voted to tighten the restrictions on the Gaza strip. The cabinet decision stated, "the movement of goods into the Gaza Strip will be restricted; the supply of gas and electricity will be reduced; and restrictions will be imposed on the movement of people from the Strip and to it."[282]

In January 2010, the Israeli group [Gisha](/source/Gisha_(human_rights_organization)) took Israeli authorities to court, forcing them to reveal which goods were permitted and which goods were not. The Israeli government replied that canned fruit, fruit juices and chocolate are blocked, while at the same time canned meat, canned tuna, mineral water, [sesame paste](/source/Tahini), tea and coffee are allowed into the Gaza Strip.[283] Banned items also included coriander, shampoo and shoes.[282][284]

In October 2010, papers were released which revealed a system to maintain the minimum level of basic goods entering the Strip. It contained upper and lower warning lines, identifying surpluses and shortages of listed products in Gaza.[285]

In October 2012, an Israeli court forced Israel's Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT) to release a document that detailed "red lines" for "food consumption in the Gaza strip" during the 2007 blockade. According to the COGAT, the document was a rough draft, and never actually implemented. He want on further to say that there was never even any discussion after the document had been drafted. The document calculates the minimum number of calories necessary to keep Gazans from malnutrition and avoid a humanitarian crisis. This number was converted to a number of daily truckloads, the number being decreased to account for food produced in Gaza, and further on the basis of "culture and experience" of the Gazans. This reduction, if implemented, would have resulted in an increase in sugar and a decrease in fruits, vegetables, milk, and meat.[282] [Gisha](/source/Gisha_(human_rights_organization)), an Israeli human-rights group, said that in fact the number of truckloads allowed into Gaza was less than stipulated in the calculation. The UN said that if the policy was intended to cap food imports, it would go against humanitarian principles. The body responsible for the calculation said its intent was to ensure no shortages occur, not to cap food imports. Israeli officials now acknowledge the restrictions were partly meant to pressure Hamas by making the lives of Gazans difficult.[286]

Israel limits the amount of load the trucks may carry, ostensibly for security reasons. In the past, the total height of goods stacked on trucks was not allowed to exceed 1.2 meters. The Israeli authorities did not explain why they did not use to its full potential the scanner, donated by the Dutch government and calibrated according to the military's specifications, which can scan at a height of 2 meters. In February 2016, the allowed height was increased to 1.5 meters.[287]

## Legality of the blockade

See also: [Legal assessments of the Gaza flotilla raid](/source/Legal_assessments_of_the_Gaza_flotilla_raid)

While the blockade's legality has not been adjudicated in court, several non-judicial entities have expressed opinions. International law regards a blockade as an act of war.[288] Laws of war define a blockade as encirclement of an area and prevention of access to it with the aim to make the enemy surrender through deprivation and isolation. It is a legitimate means of warfare. [Security Council Resolution 1373](/source/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1373), adopted on 28 September 2001 after the [September 11 attacks](/source/September_11_attacks) on the United States, obliges all member states to prohibit making resources available to militant organizations. The [Fourth Geneva Convention](/source/Fourth_Geneva_Convention) allows humanitarian assistance to be denied if there is a serious concern that it will be delivered to those who are not innocent civilians and create an advantage for the enemy.[289]

Former [UN Secretary-General](/source/UN_Secretary-General) [Ban Ki-moon](/source/Ban_Ki-moon), the [United Nations Human Rights Council](/source/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council) (UNHRC),[290] and other human rights organizations have criticized the blockade. In 2011, a panel of UN experts concluded that the naval blockade of Gaza constituted [collective punishment](/source/Collective_punishment) and in doing so violated international law, contradicting a previous [UN investigation](/source/Geoffrey_Palmer_(New_Zealand_politician)#UN_Inquiry) that declared it was legal.[291]

The [International Committee of the Red Cross](/source/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross) (ICRC) termed Israel's blockade of Gaza "collective punishment" in violation of international humanitarian law. In 2010 it also called the blockade a violation of the Geneva Conventions and called for its lifting.[292]

The 2010 [UNHRC](/source/UNHRC) Report on the Flotilla Incident also noted that the naval blockade and other travel restrictions imposed on the Gaza Strip had tripled "abject poverty" among refugees in the territory, making 61 per cent of households food insecure causing "disproportionate damage to the civilian population".[293]

In 2009, George Bisharat argued that when the blockade was tightened in 2007, Israel constituted an occupying power under customary international law and therefore had an affirmative duty to provide food and medical supplies under Article 55 of the Fourth Geneva Convention. He further claimed that the tightening constituted a collective punishment of the population of Gaza for Hamas's 2006 electoral victory, violating Article 33 of the Fourth Geneva Convention.[288]

A 2011 policy paper by [Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research](/source/Foundation_for_Political%2C_Economic_and_Social_Research) stated that the "arguments that conditions required for declaring a blockade are actually met in the case of Israeli blockade of Gaza" were both inadequate and a misinterpretation of international law. In addition, Israel's overarching argument directed at Gazans that "you have elected Hamas, now endure its consequences" amounted to collective punishment and was illegal.[294]

Law professor [Noura Erakat](/source/Noura_Erakat) wrote in 2012 that Israel's blockade was "illegal pursuant to international humanitarian law because it contravenes its obligations towards a civilian population living under its occupation" and said this had been covered at length by various commentators and human rights organizations.[295]

The Global International Humanitarian Law Centre of Diakonia published in 2014 that:

... as outlined by the Hague Regulations (1899/1907), a territory is considered occupied when it is placed under the effective control of a hostile army. The Gaza Strip remains under belligerent occupation as Israel continues to retain effective control over significant aspects of civil life in the Gaza Strip on a daily basis as well as directly exercising certain elements of governing control over the territory and the people of the Gaza Strip. For as long as Israel maintains effective control over the Gaza Strip, it must fully comply with its obligations under IHL and IHRL, as the occupying power. This includes providing for the welfare of the occupied Palestinian population therein.[296]

[Filippo Grandi](/source/Filippo_Grandi), Commissioner General of the [UNRWA](/source/UNRWA), said in 2014 that "Israel's blockade is illegal and [it] must be lifted ... the siege on the Gaza Strip which has been imposed on the Gaza Strip for more than half a decade is considered the longest in history; longer than that of Sarajevo, Berlin and Leningrad", adding that "the world should not forget about the security of the people of Gaza ... Their security is worth the same as everybody else's security so we appeal to the humanitarian sense of all."[297]

UNRWA also referred to the blockade as illegal as it entered its tenth year in June 2016, saying that it was one of "the principle causes of the socio-economic and psychosocial crisis in Gaza".[298] [Amnesty International](/source/Amnesty_International) called in 2017 for the lifting of the "illegal blockade", warning of a "looming humanitarian catastrophe".[299]

## Reactions

See also: [Reactions to the Gaza flotilla raid](/source/Reactions_to_the_Gaza_flotilla_raid)

### Palestinian

#### Fatah

Linked with the [conflict following his party's loss in the 2006 election](/source/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict), Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas approved the Egyptian border restrictions by the new regime, purportedly aimed at protecting Egypt from danger. In 2014 and subsequent years, Abbas supported Egypt's crackdown on [smuggling tunnels](/source/Gaza_Strip_smuggling_tunnels) and welcomed the flooding of the tunnels by Egypt in coordination with the PA.[300][301][302]

In 2010, Abbas declared that he opposed lifting the Israeli naval blockade of the Gaza Strip because this would bolster Hamas. Egypt also supported this position.[303]

In 2016, Abbas objected to the entrance of Qatari fuel to the Gaza electricity plant via Israel, because his PA would be unable to collect taxes on the fuel.[304]

In 2016 most Palestinian parties welcomed Turkish initiatives to end the strict Israeli siege on the Gaza Strip by building a [seaport](/source/Gaza_Seaport_plans) for the movement of people and goods. This step was condemned by Fatah and the PA, a senior Fatah leader saying that his movement would not allow this to happen, while the Fatah Executive Committee said this was an Israeli trick to separate Gaza from the West Bank. In turn a Hamas official condemned the PA's position; "This position proves that the PA is part of the Israeli-led siege which has been imposed on Gaza for ten years".[305]

In 2017, the PA government imposed its own sanctions against Gaza, including, among other things, cutting off salaries to thousands of PA employees, as well as financial assistance to hundreds of families in the Gaza Strip. The PA initially said it would stop paying for the electricity and fuel that Israel supplies to the Gaza Strip, but after a year partially backtracked.[306]

### Israel

[Israel](/source/Israel) Since 2005, Israel asserts that it ended its occupation of Gaza when it [disengaged from the coastal strip in 2005](/source/Israel's_unilateral_disengagement_plan).[307] After [Israel's unilateral disengagement plan](/source/Israel's_unilateral_disengagement) from the Gaza strip, Israel no longer has troops stationed within Gaza. Israel has retained control over Gaza's airspace and coastline, and over its own border with the territory. Egypt has control of its border with Gaza. Israel and Egypt also control the flow of goods in and out. Israel controls fuel imports to Gaza, and also controls the majority of electricity used in Gaza (approximately 60%), which it supplies from the Israeli electrical grid.[75][308] There have been a series of attacks by Israeli ground forces such as the [2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict](/source/2008%E2%80%932009_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict), as well as [rocket attacks](/source/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel) on Israel and cross-border attacks by Gazan militant groups against Israeli troops.

In September 2007, citing an intensification of [Qassam rocket](/source/Qassam_rocket) attacks, Israel restricted the transfer of electricity, fuel, and other supplies into Gaza. Israel said the blockade's purpose was to pressure Hamas into ending the rocket attacks and to deprive them of the supplies necessary for the continuation of rocket attacks.[309][310][311] Israel argues that it is not legally responsible for Gaza beyond whatever is necessary to avoid a humanitarian crisis.[75]

According to a US Congressional Research Service report:

While there are differing views in Israel concerning the Gaza blockade ... most Israelis equate security with survival and peace. Israel's leaders appear to believe that the blockade of the Gaza Strip [among other security and deterrence measures], have brought about a quiet. ... As of the date of the Gaza flotilla incident, no Israeli had been killed in a terrorist or in a cross-border rocket attack in more than a year. Therefore, the Israeli government is reluctant to abandon the blockade tactic ... from its perspective.[312]

Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu maintained that the blockade is necessary to prevent weapons from reaching Gaza, saying, "it's our obligation—as well as our right in accordance to international law and to common sense—to prevent these weapons from entering by air, sea, and land." Of the [Gaza Freedom Flotilla](/source/2010_Gaza_Freedom_Flotilla), he said: "Had the blockade been breached, this flotilla would have been followed by dozens, by hundreds of ships. The amount of weapons that can be transported aboard a ship is totally different from what we saw get through the tunnels." He argued that the consequences of Israel's failure to maintain the blockade would be "an Iranian port in Gaza, only a few dozen kilometers from Tel Aviv and Jerusalem."[312]

According to an Israeli government document:

A country has the right to decide that it chooses not to engage in economic relations or to give economic assistance to the other party to the conflict, or that it wishes to operate using 'economic warfare'.[219]

An Israeli government spokesman added in 2010 that the blockade is intended to bring about a political goal and that Israel "could not lift the embargo altogether as long as Hamas remains in control" of Gaza.[219]

Speaking in 2006, Dov Weisglass, an advisor to Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, allegedly said that, "The idea is to put the Palestinians on a diet, but not to make them die of hunger."[313] Although this quote is widely reported, the original quote appears to have been: "It's like an appointment with a dietician. The Palestinians will get a lot thinner, but won't die."[314] Weisglass has denied this report.[315]

According to US diplomatic cables obtained by the [WikiLeaks](/source/WikiLeaks) organization, diplomats stationed in the US embassy in Tel Aviv were briefed by Israelis on the blockade of the Gaza Strip. One of the cables states that "as part of their overall embargo plan against Gaza, Israeli officials have confirmed (...) on multiple occasions that they intend to keep the Gazan economy on the brink of collapse without quite pushing it over the edge".[316]

### Egypt

[Egypt](/source/Egypt) Egypt's argument is that it cannot open Rafah crossing unless the Palestinian Authority headed by [Mahmoud Abbas](/source/Mahmoud_Abbas) controls the crossing and international monitors are present. Egypt Foreign Minister [Ahmed Aboul Gheit](/source/Ahmed_Aboul_Gheit) said Hamas wants the border opened because it would represent Egyptian recognition of the group's control of Gaza. "Of course this is something we cannot do," he said, "because it would undermine the legitimacy of the Palestinian Authority and consecrate the split between Gaza and the West Bank."[317]

According to Sharif Elmusa, Associate Professor of Political Science at the American University in Cairo, Israel wants Gaza to fade into Egypt. Egyptian authorities are determined to avoid opening the Rafah crossing without ending the Israeli siege, which would ultimately serve Israel's goal of displacing the Gaza problem onto Egypt. Secondly it is Cairo's concern that under Hamas rule violence can spill into Sinai and threaten tourism, leaving Egypt vulnerable to US and Israeli accusations of ineffectively fighting terrorism.[318]

Following the events of the [Gaza flotilla raid](/source/2010_Gaza_flotilla_raid) in May 2010, after Egypt opened its borders with Gaza, it was reported that former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak was caught between the need to appease growing public anger at Israel's actions and the necessity of maintaining his close relationship with Israel. This friendship was needed to secure more than $2bn of American aid annually, money on which many analysts believe Mubarak's former regime depended.[127]

While Israel contends that the blockade is necessary to prevent smuggling of weapons into Gaza, Egypt argues that it is needed to prevent smuggling of them from Gaza into the Sinai.[319]

In the [2014 Israel-Gaza conflict](/source/2014_Israel-Gaza_conflict), Israel claimed that over 30 underground attack tunnels were discovered under the [Gaza-Israel border](/source/Gaza-Israel_border) which are used by militants in order to infiltrate Israel. It also claimed that over 600,000 tons of cement required to construct the tunnels was originally designated for humanitarian aid and diverted.[320]

### United States

Although the United States officially supports the blockade,[321] in February 2010 Secretary of State [Hillary Clinton](/source/Hillary_Clinton) urged Israeli minister of defence [Ehud Barak](/source/Ehud_Barak) to ease it. The US has long pressed Israel to ease restrictions on Gaza.[322] Of the Gaza flotilla raid on 31 May 2010, Clinton said, "The situation in Gaza is unsustainable and unacceptable."[323] Of the impending second Gaza flotilla, she said, "the Gaza flotilla is not necessary or useful."[324] In June 2010, Clinton said the humanitarian needs in the Hamas-controlled area must be met along with legitimate Israeli security concerns.[325]

### The United Nations

On 24 January 2008, the [United Nations Human Rights Council](/source/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council) released a statement calling for Israel to lift its siege on the Gaza Strip, allow the continued supply of food, fuel, and medicine, and reopen border crossings.[326] According to *[The Jerusalem Post](/source/The_Jerusalem_Post)*, this was the 15th time in less than two years the council had condemned Israel for its human rights record regarding the Palestinian territories.[327] Israel and the United States boycotted the proceedings. Before that, U.N. Undersecretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs [John Holmes](/source/John_Holmes_(British_diplomat)) called the blockade "collective punishment", saying, "We all understand the security problems and the need to respond to that but collective punishment of the people of Gaza is not, we believe, the appropriate way to do that."[328]

On 15 December 2008, after a statement in which he called the embargo on Gaza a [crime against humanity](/source/Crimes_against_humanity), [United Nations Special Rapporteur](/source/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur) [Richard A. Falk](/source/Richard_A._Falk) was prevented from entering the Palestinian territories by Israeli authorities and expelled from the region.[329] Israeli ambassador to the United Nations Itzhak Levanon[330] said the Special Rapporteur's mandate was "hopelessly unbalanced", "redundant at best and malicious at worst".[331]

In August 2009, U.N. human rights chief Navi Pillay criticised Israel for the blockade in a 34-page report, calling it a violation of the rules of war.[332]

In March 2010, [United Nations Secretary-General](/source/United_Nations_Secretary-General) [Ban Ki-moon](/source/Ban_Ki-moon) said the blockade was causing "unacceptable suffering" and that families were living in "unacceptable, unsustainable conditions".[333]

A UN Fact Finding mission in September 2009 led by South African Judge [Richard Goldstone](/source/Richard_Goldstone) (the [Goldstone report](/source/Goldstone_report)) concluded that the blockade was possibly a crime against humanity, and recommended that the matter be referred to the [International Criminal Court](/source/International_Criminal_Court) if the situation had not improved in six months.

In May 2010, the UN [Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs](/source/Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs) said that Gaza's formal economy had collapsed since the imposition of the blockade,[334] adding that the "restrictions imposed on the civilian population by the continuing blockade of the Gaza Strip amount to collective punishment, a violation of international humanitarian law."[250]

In June 2010, United Nations envoy to the Middle East and former UK prime minister [Tony Blair](/source/Tony_Blair) said:

The policy of Gaza is counter-productive and what [Israel] should be doing is allow material in to rebuild homes and sanitation and power and water systems and allow business to flourish. Nor do we in fact do damage to the position of Hamas by harming people in Gaza. People are harmed when the quality of service is poor and people cannot work.[335]

He also called for Hamas to stop the "terrorism coming out of Gaza".[335] In the same month, Robert Serry, the UN special envoy for Middle East peace process, said:

The flotilla crisis is the latest symptom of a failed policy. The situation in Gaza is unsustainable and the current policy is unacceptable and counter-productive, and requires a different, more positive strategy. The closure and blockade of the Gaza Strip needs to come to an end. There is now a welcome international consensus on Gaza.[336]

In the September 2011 [Palmer Report](/source/2010_Gaza_flotilla_raid#UN_Palmer_Report), the UN investigative committee for the 2010 Flotilla to Gaza said that Israel's naval blockade of Gaza was legal under [international law](/source/International_law), but criticised the nature of the [Israeli raid](/source/2010_Gaza_flotilla_raid).[337][338] Later that month, five independent U.N. rights experts reporting to the U.N. Human Rights Council rejected that conclusion, saying the blockade had subjected Palestinians in Gaza to collective punishment in "flagrant contravention of international human rights and humanitarian law".[291]

### European Union

In May 2011, EU [commissioner for humanitarian aid](/source/European_Commissioner_for_International_Cooperation%2C_Humanitarian_Aid_and_Crisis_Response) [Kristalina Georgieva](/source/Kristalina_Georgieva) said the European Union and the [United Nations](/source/United_Nations) were "calling for the immediate, sustained and unconditional opening of crossings for the flow of humanitarian aid, commercial goods and persons" after she and UN [under secretary-general for humanitarian affairs and emergency relief](/source/Under-Secretary-General_for_Humanitarian_Affairs_and_Emergency_Relief_Coordinator) [Valerie Amos](/source/Valerie_Amos) had met with Israeli defence minister [Ehud Barak](/source/Ehud_Barak) in [Tel Aviv](/source/Tel_Aviv).[339] She then said in an interview with Israel's [Ynet](/source/Ynet) that she believed the "humanitarian crisis...was artificially created because of the blockade" but added that a flotilla was not the correct response: "We are not in favor of attempts to help people in this way".[340]

### Turkey

Turkish prime minister [Recep Tayyip Erdoğan](/source/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan) harshly criticised the blockade, especially after the Gaza flotilla raid. Erdoğan raised the possibility of trying to forcibly breach the blockade by sending the [Turkish Navy](/source/Turkish_Navy) to escort any future flotilla or by trying to visit Gaza himself. The Turkish government made clear that it opposed the blockade and regarded it as illegal, and before the flotilla raid, issued a demand for safe passage. Turkish foreign minister [Ahmet Davutoğlu](/source/Ahmet_Davuto%C4%9Flu) said that Turkey was willing to normalize relations with Israel if it lifted the blockade.[341] When Israel eased the blockade, the Turkish Foreign Ministry called it "a positive but insufficient step" and said, "Turkey considers that Israel's inhuman blockade of Gaza represents a threat to regional peace and stability and considers that the blockade must be entirely lifted."[342]

### Ireland

After visiting Gaza in March 2010, Irish foreign minister [Micheál Martin](/source/Miche%C3%A1l_Martin) called the Israeli blockade of Gaza "inhumane and unacceptable" and called on the European Union and other countries to increase pressure on Israel to lift the blockade. Martin was the first EU foreign minister to enter Gaza in over a year. He said that all the blockade achieved was to "enrich Hamas and marginalize even further the voices of moderation".[343]

### United Kingdom

During [Prime Minister's Questions](/source/Prime_Minister's_Questions), [UK prime minister](/source/UK_prime_minister) [David Cameron](/source/David_Cameron) said, "Friends of Israel – and I count myself a friend of Israel – should be saying to the Israelis that the blockade actually strengthens Hamas's grip on the economy and on Gaza, and it's in their own interests to lift it and allow these vital supplies to get through. ... We should do everything we can through the UN, where resolution 1860 is absolutely clear about the need to end the blockade and to open up Gaza."[344] In July 2010, Cameron called on Israel to relax the blockade. He said "Humanitarian goods and people must flow in both directions. Gaza cannot and must not be allowed to remain a prison camp."[345][346] In response, [Ephraim Sneh](/source/Ephraim_Sneh), former Israeli minister, said: "Cameron is right – Gaza is a prison camp, but those who control the prison are Hamas. I'm totally against the double standards of a nation which fights the Taliban but is showing its solidarity with their brothers, Hamas."[345]

[Nick Clegg](/source/Nick_Clegg), the [deputy prime minister of the United Kingdom](/source/Deputy_prime_minister_of_the_United_Kingdom) speaking after the Gaza flotilla raid, criticized the blockade saying "So the events of the last 24/48 hours confirm in my mind, as they do if you hear what [William Hague](/source/William_Hague) and [David Cameron](/source/David_Cameron) have done and everyone in Government, the view that the blockade on Gaza is neither sustainable nor tenable in its present form."[347] He also commented that "If we needed any confirmation about the unjustified and untenable blockade of Gaza, we have been reminded overnight of the need to lift this blockade. What is going on in Gaza is a humanitarian catastrophe. While of course Israel has every right to defend itself and its citizens from attack, we must now move towards lifting the blockade from Gaza as soon as possible."[348]

[William Hague](/source/William_Hague), the [foreign secretary](/source/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs), said in a prepared speech to the [House of Commons](/source/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom) that the blockade of Gaza was "unacceptable and unsustainable", and that it was "the view of the British government, including the previous government, that restrictions on Gaza should be lifted – a view confirmed in United Nations security council resolution 1860 which called for sustained delivery of humanitarian aid and which called on states to alleviate the humanitarian and economic situation", and that "current Israeli restrictions are counterproductive for Israel's long term security".[349]

Acting Labour Leader Harriet Harman also said, "This blockade must end."[344]

### Humanitarian organizations

[Human Rights Watch](/source/Human_Rights_Watch) argues that Israel is still an occupying power and is responsible for Gaza under the *1949 Fourth Geneva Convention*, which seeks to protect the civilian population.[75][29]

Amnesty International said, "The blockade constitutes collective punishment under international law and must be lifted immediately", and that as the occupying power, Israel has a duty under international law to ensure the welfare of Gaza's inhabitants, including their rights to health, education, food and adequate housing.[350]

On 7 March 2008, several international aid groups, including [Amnesty International](/source/Amnesty_International), [CARE International UK](/source/CARE_International), and [Oxfam](/source/Oxfam), issued a report saying that the humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip was more acute than at any time since the beginning of the Israeli occupation in 1967. While critical of Palestinian militants firing rockets from Gaza into Israel, and acknowledging that "Israel has the right and obligation to protect its citizens", they said that as the "occupying power in Gaza" it also has a legal duty to ensure Gaza civilians have access to food, clean water, electricity and medical care. They urged Israel to lift the blockade, characterizing it as [collective punishment](/source/Collective_punishment) against the territory's 1.5 million residents.[351]

According to the ICRC, "The hardship faced by Gaza's 1.5 million people cannot be addressed by providing humanitarian aid. The only sustainable solution is to lift the closure."[30] The ICRC also called the blockade "a collective punishment imposed in clear violation of Israel's obligations under international humanitarian law".[30]

In May 2015, the [Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor](/source/Euro-Mediterranean_Human_Rights_Monitor) issued a report on the situation in Gaza nine months after the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. The report noted that the cost of relief, recovery, and reconstruction due to the war had reached $4 billion, but that of the $3.5 billion international donors pledged for Gaza's reconstruction, only $954 million had been disbursed as of early April. The report also shed light on the UNRWA financial crises that threatened the stability of its operation in Gaza and probably the humanitarian situation there. It accused Egyptian authorities of joining Israel in imposing a siege on Gaza. According to the report, Egypt had closed Rafah crossing 66% of the time in 2014, 100 days from the beginning of 2015 to May of the same year. As the world's attention had shifted away to other pressing issues, the report warned that, if the international community did not resume its responsibilities, Gaza would blow up into another war. The Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor called on the international community to take practical steps to end the blockade, on the Egyptian government to open Rafah crossing without any restrictions, and for support for the Palestinian call for a commercial seaport in Gaza that guaranteed free import and export of goods and private international travel.[352]

### Non-governmental organizations

[Justus Weiner](/source/Justus_Weiner) and [Avi Bell](/source/Avi_Bell) of the pro-Israeli lobby group [JCPA](/source/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs) said that Israel's combat actions and blockade cannot be considered collective punishment. They cite Article 75(4)(b) of Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, which says the bar on collective punishment forbids the imposition of criminal-type penalties on individuals or groups on the basis of another's guilt, or the commission of acts that would otherwise violate the rules of distinction and/or proportionality.[353] According to Weiner and Bell, the blockade does not "involve the imposition of criminal-type penalties or the violation of the rules of distinction and proportionality."[354]

The [Islamic Action Front](/source/Islamic_Action_Front) (IAF), a [Jordanian](/source/Jordan) [Islamist](/source/Islamist) group, criticized Egypt for the blockade and accused it of "collaborating" with Israel and the United States. "The Egyptian authorities are ...increasing the suffering of the Palestinians in Gaza by building the steel wall and closing the border crossings with Gaza," said Hamzah Mansour, a member of the Shura Council of the IAF.[355]

[Gideon Rose](/source/Gideon_Rose) of the [Council on Foreign Relations](/source/Council_on_Foreign_Relations) has written that the blockade serves a secondary aim, which is to undermine Hamas by making life unpleasant for Gaza's residents.[356]

### Individuals

- Former U.S. president [Jimmy Carter](/source/Jimmy_Carter) – In June 2009, Carter met with Hamas leaders in Gaza for three hours. Before his meeting with former Palestinian Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh and other Hamas officials, Carter spoke forcefully against the economic blockade of Gaza. He told a crowd at an awards ceremony for UN refugee school pupils:[357] The responsibility for this terrible human rights crime lies in Jerusalem, Cairo, Washington, and throughout the international community. This abuse must cease; the crimes must be investigated; the walls must be brought down, and the basic right of freedom must come to you.

- [Pope Benedict XVI](/source/Pope_Benedict_XVI) – During a May 2009 visit to [Bethlehem](/source/Bethlehem), Benedict mentioned Gazans, saying: "Please be assured of my solidarity with you in the immense work of rebuilding which now lies ahead and my prayers that the embargo will soon be lifted."[100]

- In August 2014, at the height of the [2014 Israel–Gaza conflict](/source/2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict), Carter and former president of Ireland [Mary Robinson](/source/Mary_Robinson) called for a UN-mandated lifting of the blockade.[358]

## International relief

Following the [2014 Gaza War](/source/2014_Gaza_War), a donors conference was held in Egypt where different countries committed to donate total sum of US$5.4 billion.[359] In September 2014, Turkey proposed sending a [powership](/source/Powership) to Gaza to ease the shortage of electricity,[360] but in December 2014 Israel rejected the proposal stating that the infrastructure in Gaza was not compatible with the ship.[361]

## See also

- [Politics portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics)
- [Israel portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Israel)
- [Palestine portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Palestine)

- [2006 Palestinian legislative election](/source/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election)

- [Criticism of Israel](/source/Criticism_of_Israel)

- [Egypt–Gaza border](/source/Egypt%E2%80%93Gaza_border)

- [Egypt–Israel relations](/source/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_relations)

- [Gaza–Israel barrier](/source/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_barrier)

- [Gaza–Israel conflict](/source/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict)

- [Gaza Strip § History](/source/Gaza_Strip#History)

- [Legal assessments of the Gaza flotilla raid](/source/Legal_assessments_of_the_Gaza_flotilla_raid)

- [Operation Bringing Home the Goods](/source/Operation_Bringing_Home_the_Goods)

- [Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel](/source/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** Wolfensohn, who was the special envoy of the Quartet at that time, makes the connection between the nonfulfillment of the border-crossings agreement and the election results. He also points out it was not the only reason of such election results.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-191)** According to [B'Tselem](/source/B'Tselem), the famine risk is a direct outcome of Israeli policy: "This reality is not a byproduct of war, but a direct result of Israel's declared policy. Residents now depend entirely on food supplies from outside Gaza, as they can no longer produce almost any food themselves. Most cultivated fields have been destroyed, and accessing open areas during the war is dangerous in any case. Bakeries, factories and food warehouses have been bombed or shut down due to lack of basic supplies, fuel and electricity."[189]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_1-1) ["Light at the End of Their Tunnels? Hamas and the Arab Uprisings"](https://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Israel%20Palestine/129-light-at-the-end-of-their-tunnels-hamas-and-the-arab-uprisings.pdf) (PDF). *International Crisis Group*. 14 August 2012. p. 38, note 283. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120902185323/https://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Israel%20Palestine/129-light-at-the-end-of-their-tunnels-hamas-and-the-arab-uprisings.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2 September 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2024. The prime minister is comfortable with limited economic growth in Gaza, particularly as a way to modify Hamas's urge to get into trouble. We still want there to be a discrepancy between economic life in Gaza and the West Bank, but we no longer feel it needs to be so large.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_2-1) ["Gaza Up Close"](https://web.archive.org/web/20240301211430/https://features.gisha.org/gaza-up-close/). *Gisha – Legal Center for Freedom of Movement*. 2023. Archived from [the original](https://features.gisha.org/gaza-up-close) on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Egypt to reopen Gaza strip crossing for first time since 2007"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/25/egypt-to-reopen-gaza-strip-crossing). *The Guardian*. 25 May 2011. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved 12 October 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Palmer Report Did Not Find Gaza Blockade Legal, Despite Media Headlines"](https://www.amnestyusa.org/updates/palmer-report-did-not-find-gaza-blockade-legal-despite-media-headlines). *[Amnesty International](/source/Amnesty_International) USA*. 6 September 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231209211239/https://www.amnestyusa.org/updates/palmer-report-did-not-find-gaza-blockade-legal-despite-media-headlines/) from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["The Gaza Strip | The humanitarian impact of 15 years of blockade – June 2022"](https://www.unicef.org/mena/documents/gaza-strip-humanitarian-impact-15-years-blockade-june-2022). *www.unicef.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250306101404/https://www.unicef.org/mena/documents/gaza-strip-humanitarian-impact-15-years-blockade-june-2022) from the original on 6 March 2025. Retrieved 8 March 2025.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-open-air_prison_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-open-air_prison_6-1) Multiple sources: - [Cook, Jonathan](/source/Jonathan_Cook) (27 October 2014). ["How Israel is turning Gaza into a super-max prison"](https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/how-israel-is-turning-gaza-into-a-super-max-prison-1.304687/). *[The National (Abu Dhabi)](/source/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi))*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141220012330/http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/how-israel-is-turning-gaza-into-a-super-max-prison) from the original on 20 December 2014. One Israeli analyst has compared the proposed solution to transforming a third-world prison into a modern US super-max incarceration facility. - ["Noam Chomsky: My Visit to Gaza, the World's Largest Open-Air Prison"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151024235819/http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/12635-noam-chomsky-my-visit-to-gaza-the-worlds-largest-open-air-prison). *[Truthout](/source/Truthout)*. 9 November 2012. Archived from [the original](http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/12635-noam-chomsky-my-visit-to-gaza-the-worlds-largest-open-air-prison) on 24 October 2015. And it hardly takes more than a day in Gaza to appreciate what it must be like to try to survive in the world's largest open-air prison - [Cameron, David](/source/David_Cameron) (20 July 2014). ["Havens Are Few, if Not Far, for Palestinians in Gaza Strip"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170708035445/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/21/world/middleeast/havens-are-few-if-not-far-for-palestinians-in-gaza-strip-seeking-refugee-status.html?_r=0). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. Archived from [the original](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/21/world/middleeast/havens-are-few-if-not-far-for-palestinians-in-gaza-strip-seeking-refugee-status.html?_r=0) on 8 July 2017. Prime Minister David Cameron of Britain in 2010 called Gaza "an open-air prison", drawing criticism from Israel. - Dawber, Alistair (13 April 2013). ["Tales from Gaza: What is life really like in 'the world's largest outdoor prison'?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170813080736/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/tales-from-gaza-what-is-life-really-like-in-the-worlds-largest-outdoor-prison-8567611.html). *[The Independent](/source/The_Independent)*. Archived from [the original](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/tales-from-gaza-what-is-life-really-like-in-the-worlds-largest-outdoor-prison-8567611.html) on 13 August 2017. Locals call it "the world's biggest prison", and it's not difficult to understand why ... Mr Jnead's children, and their prospects in what is often referred to as the world's largest open prison, is top of his concerns. - Chehab, Zaki (2007). [*Inside Hamas: The Untold Story of Militants, Martyrs and Spies*](https://web.archive.org/web/20221102100700/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-8BAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT194). [I. B. Tauris](/source/I._B._Tauris). p. 182. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-85771-360-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-360-5). Archived from [the original](https://books.google.com/books?id=V-8BAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT194) on 2 November 2022. The Rafiah crossing is the gateway to what Palestinians refer to as their open-air prison – the Gaza Strip. - Anna Ball, ['Impossible Intimacies,'](https://books.google.com/books?id=NX3aAAAAQBAJ) in Anastasia Valassopoulos (ed.) *Arab Cultural Studies: History, Politics and the Popular,* [Routledge](/source/Routledge) 2013 pp71-91 p.73: "...Gaza Strip Barrier, a structure that has sealed Gaza's border with Israel and has led to Gaza's description as ″the world's largest open-air prison",

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-britannica_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-britannica_7-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-britannica_7-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-britannica_7-3) ["Blockade of Gaza Strip"](https://www.britannica.com/place/Gaza-Strip/Blockade). *Britannica*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231114172350/https://www.britannica.com/place/Gaza-Strip/Blockade) from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023. In autumn 2007 Israel declared the Gaza Strip under Hamas a hostile entity and approved a series of sanctions that included power cuts, heavily restricted imports, and border closures. In January 2008, facing sustained rocket assaults into its southern settlements, Israel broadened its sanctions

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Exits by Palestinians from Gaza via Erez Crossing – Gisha. (26 December 2023). Retrieved from [https://gisha.org/en/exits-by-palestinians-via-erez-crossing-to-israel-the-west-bank-and-abroad](https://gisha.org/en/exits-by-palestinians-via-erez-crossing-to-israel-the-west-bank-and-abroad) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240501050948/https://gisha.org/en/exits-by-palestinians-via-erez-crossing-to-israel-the-west-bank-and-abroad/) 1 May 2024 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** FAQs – Gisha. (2023, 26 November). Retrieved from [https://gisha.org/en/faqs](https://gisha.org/en/faqs) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231107204313/https://gisha.org/en/faqs/) 7 November 2023 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-dedevelopment_10-0)** The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-development, 3rd ed., by Sara Roy.Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** El-Prince, Maryam (13 November 2023). ["Gaza Conflict Cascading Effects: The Rafah Question"](https://www.thecairoreview.com/essays/gaza-conflict-cascading-effects-the-rafah-question/). *[The Cairo Review of Global Affairs](/source/The_Cairo_Review_of_Global_Affairs)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250126233845/https://www.thecairoreview.com/essays/gaza-conflict-cascading-effects-the-rafah-question/) from the original on 26 January 2025. Retrieved 4 December 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Israel halts talks with P.A on Bus convoys between Gaza and W. Bank"](https://imemc.org/article/15378/). *[International Middle East Media Center](/source/International_Middle_East_Media_Center)*. 8 December 2005. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241113111848/https://imemc.org/article/15378/) from the original on 13 November 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Israel threatens Gaza siege"](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/12/9/israel-threatens-gaza-siege). *[Al Jazeera](/source/Al_Jazeera_English)*. 9 December 2005. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241202170240/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/12/9/israel-threatens-gaza-siege) from the original on 2 December 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["Landmark day on Gaza-Egypt border"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4472854.stm). *[BBC News](/source/BBC_News)*. 26 November 2005. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241201134652/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4472854.stm) from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Explainer: Gaza – One Of The Most Densely Populated Places On Earth Scarred By War"](https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/israel-palestine-war-hamas-gaza-one-of-the-most-densely-populated-places-on-earth-scarred-by-war-4461971). *NDTV.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215012/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/israel-palestine-war-hamas-gaza-one-of-the-most-densely-populated-places-on-earth-scarred-by-war-4461971) from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-nytimes.com_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-nytimes.com_16-1) Kershner, Isabel (14 December 2007). ["Abbas's Premier Tells Israel to Reopen Gaza"](https://web.archive.org/web/20111130045542/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/14/world/middleeast/14mideast.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. Archived from [the original](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/14/world/middleeast/14mideast.html) on 30 November 2011.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Ynet_Cabinet_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Ynet_Cabinet_17-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Ynet_Cabinet_17-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Ynet_Cabinet_17-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Ynet_Cabinet_17-4) Benhorin, Yitzhak (20 June 2010). ["Cabinet: All non-military items can enter Gaza freely"](http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3907978,00.html). [Ynet news](/source/Ynet_news). Associated Press. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100623014021/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3907978,00.html) from the original on 23 June 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Jones, Stephen (22 January 2009). ["Gaza: The conflict between Israel and Hamas"](http://www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/SN04946.pdf) (PDF). [House of Commons Library](/source/House_of_Commons_Library).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["Gaza: Israel Hamas ceasefire agreement in full"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/9694410/Gaza-Israel-Hamas-ceasefire-agreement-in-full.html). *[The Daily Telegraph](/source/The_Daily_Telegraph)*. 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180623133747/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/9694410/Gaza-Israel-Hamas-ceasefire-agreement-in-full.html) from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Page, Rob (2014). ["Gaza ceasefire agreement"](https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/184470/SN06969.pdf) (PDF). [House of Commons Library](/source/House_of_Commons_Library). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180622111507/https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/184470/SN06969.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["Conditions for a ceasefire: Why Hamas fires those rockets"](https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21607895-hamas-wants-two-big-concessions-it-may-not-get-them-why-hamas-fires-those-rockets). *The Economist*. 19 July 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140722071814/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21607895-hamas-wants-two-big-concessions-it-may-not-get-them-why-hamas-fires-those-rockets) from the original on 22 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014. After the last big Israeli effort to stop the rockets, in November 2012, it was agreed that, along with a ceasefire, the blockade of Gaza would gradually be lifted and the crossings into Egypt and Israel would be opened. The ceasefire generally held, but the siege continued.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Sherwood, Harriet (30 November 2010). ["Israel accused over 'cruel' Gaza blockade"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180621221237/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/30/israel-accused-over-gaza-blockade). *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*. Archived from [the original](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/30/israel-accused-over-gaza-blockade) on 21 June 2018. According to today's report, *Dashed Hopes: Continuation of the Gaza Blockade,* imports of construction materials are 11% of the 2007 pre-blockade levels. Despite having agreed to allow in materials for the United Nations Relief and Works Agency to rebuild its schools and clinics damaged or destroyed in the three-week war in 2008–09, Israel has permitted only 7% of the necessary amount.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Hartberg, Martin (2012). [*Beyond Ceasefire: Ending the blockade of Gaza*](https://books.google.com/books?id=6QfSAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA2). [Oxfam](/source/Oxfam). p. 2. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-78077-229-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78077-229-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Ian Bickerton, [*The Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Guide for the Perplexed,*](https://books.google.com/books?id=jf5GAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA238) [A&C Black](/source/A%26C_Black), 2012 p.238:'In June 2008 Israel increased the severity of the blockade after Egypt brokered a ceasefire . .'The exchange of rockets launched a retaliatory aerial assaults increased late in 2008 with Hamas and Israeli blaming each other for a breakdown in the ceasefire. The evidence suggests Israel broke the ceasefire with a raid into the Gaza Strip that killed six Hamas men on 4 Novembneer- the night of the presidential election in the USA.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** [Noam Chomsky](/source/Noam_Chomsky), in Elliot N. Dorff, Danya Ruttenberg, Louis E Newman (eds.), [*Jewish Choices, Jewish Voices: War and National Security*](https://books.google.com/books?id=JgfA4moXzEoC&pg=PA26) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171018122916/https://books.google.com/books?id=JgfA4moXzEoC&pg=PA26) 18 October 2017 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) [Jewish Publication Society](/source/Jewish_Publication_Society), 2010 p.26 :'There were some partial ceasefires. But Israel maintained the siege and then violated ceasefire agreements directly. The most important instance of this was in 2008. Right before the Israeli invasion, there was a ceasefire. It was observed completely by Hamas. The Israeli government concedes that there was not a single Hamas rocket fired during the ceasefire. Israel nevertheless maintained the siege, and in November 2008, Israeli just invaded Gaza outright and killed half a dozen Hamas activists. After that, rockets started.'

1. **[^](#cite_ref-nathanthrall_26-0)** [Thrall, Nathan](/source/Nathan_Thrall) (21 August 2014). ["Hamas's Chances"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180619163404/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n16/nathan-thrall/hamass-chances). *[London Review of Books](/source/London_Review_of_Books)*. Vol. 36, no. 16. pp. 10–12. Archived from [the original](https://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n16/nathan-thrall/hamass-chances) on 19 June 2018. with 21 November 2012 ceasefire agreement Israel undertook to 'end attacks against Gaza by land, sea and air – including the 'targeting of individuals' (assassinations, typically by drone-fired missile) – and that the closure of Gaza would essentially end as a result of Israel's 'opening the crossings and facilitating the movements of people and transfer of goods, and refraining from restricting residents' free movements and targeting residents in border areas' but Israel therefore saw little incentive in upholding its end of the deal. In the three months following the ceasefire, its forces made regular incursions into Gaza, strafed Palestinian farmers and those collecting scrap and rubble across the border, and fired at boats, preventing fishermen from accessing the majority of Gaza's waters. . . Israel had committed to holding indirect negotiations with Hamas over the implementation of the ceasefire but repeatedly delayed them . . The talks never took place. The lesson for Hamas was clear. Even if an agreement was brokered by the US and Egypt, Israel could still fail to honour it.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Withnall, Adam (14 August 2014). ["Israel-Gaza conflict: Israel 'breaks ceasefire in minutes' as eight-year-old girl killed in air strike"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180621221209/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-gaza-conflict-israel-breaks-ceasefire-in-minutes-as-eight-year-old-girl-killed-in-air-strike-9645558.html). *[The Independent](/source/The_Independent)*. Archived from [the original](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-gaza-conflict-israel-breaks-ceasefire-in-minutes-as-eight-year-old-girl-killed-in-air-strike-9645558.html) on 21 June 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** [Munayyer, Yousef](/source/Yousef_Munayyer) (2014). ["Israel/Gaza Cease-Fire Dynamics Breakdown"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180621194348/http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/8747/israelgaza-cease-fire-dynamics-breakdown). *[The Jerusalem Fund](/source/The_Jerusalem_Fund)*. Archived from [the original](http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/8747/israelgaza-cease-fire-dynamics-breakdown) on 21 June 2018.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-HRW111_29-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-HRW111_29-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-HRW111_29-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-HRW111_29-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-HRW111_29-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-HRW111_29-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-HRW111_29-6) ["Gaza: Israel's 'Open-Air Prison' at 15"](https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/14/gaza-israels-open-air-prison-15). *[Human Rights Watch](/source/Human_Rights_Watch)*. 12 October 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231012000721/https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/14/gaza-israels-open-air-prison-15) from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Gaza_closure:_not_another_year!_30-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Gaza_closure:_not_another_year!_30-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Gaza_closure:_not_another_year!_30-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Gaza_closure:_not_another_year!_30-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Gaza_closure:_not_another_year!_30-4) ["Gaza closure: not another year!"](http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/palestine-update-140610). ICRC. 14 June 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100615191747/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/palestine-update-140610) from the original on 15 June 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy2016346_31-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy2016346_31-1) [Roy 2016](#CITEREFRoy2016), p. 346.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** ["Israel's Closure of the West Bank and Gaza Strip"](https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/hrw/1996/en/40173). *Refworld*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241226200357/https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/hrw/1996/en/40173) from the original on 26 December 2024. Retrieved 24 October 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** ["SECURITY COUNCIL MEETS IN RESPONSE TO SECURITY MEASURES IMPOSED BY ISR"L ON WEST BANK, GAZA | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases"](https://press.un.org/en/1996/19960415.sc6206.html). *press.un.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241225213049/https://press.un.org/en/1996/19960415.sc6206.html) from the original on 25 December 2024. Retrieved 24 October 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Haberman, Clyde (27 April 1993). ["Gazans Suffering Under Israeli Closing"](https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/27/world/gazans-suffering-under-israeli-closing.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150526094413/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/27/world/gazans-suffering-under-israeli-closing.html) from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** Guarnieri, Mya (29 June 2011). ["The blockade on Gaza began long before Hamas came to power"](https://www.972mag.com/the-blockade-on-gaza-began-long-before-hamas-came-to-power/). *[+972 Magazine](/source/%2B972_Magazine)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250119180551/https://www.972mag.com/the-blockade-on-gaza-began-long-before-hamas-came-to-power/) from the original on 19 January 2025. Retrieved 24 October 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** ["Gaza Strip: A beginner's guide to an enclave under blockade"](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/14/a-guide-to-the-gaza-strip). *Al Jazeera*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250209110702/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/14/a-guide-to-the-gaza-strip) from the original on 9 February 2025. Retrieved 24 October 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Sara_M._Roy_37-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Sara_M._Roy_37-1) Sara M. Roy (2016). [*The Gaza Strip*](https://books.google.com/books?id=gXAqjgEACAAJ&pg=PA). Institute for Palestine Studies USA, Incorporated. pp. 360, 364. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-88728-321-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-321-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Gaza fence was not designed to prevent mass assault on its own, builder said in 2018. (19 October 2023). Retrieved from [https://www.timesofisrael.com/gaza-fence-was-not-designed-to-prevent-mass-assault-on-its-own-builder-said-in-2018](https://www.timesofisrael.com/gaza-fence-was-not-designed-to-prevent-mass-assault-on-its-own-builder-said-in-2018)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** ["Frequently Asked Questions: Restrictions on passage of goods into and out of Gaza"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220618190235/https://gisha.org/en/frequently-asked-questions-restrictions-on-passage-of-goods-into-and-out-of-gaza/). *Gisha – Legal Center for Freedom of Movement*. 8 June 2010. Archived from [the original](https://gisha.org/en/frequently-asked-questions-restrictions-on-passage-of-goods-into-and-out-of-gaza) on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR), 5 Years and Counting: International Organizations and Donors Continue to Fund Israel's Illegal Closure on the Gaza Strip, Jane 13, 2012, p. 7 (para. 19), online at [http://www.pchrgaza.org/](http://www.pchrgaza.org/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20061004051124/http://pchrgaza.org/) 4 October 2006 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) files/2012/closure report13-6.pdf.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** GISHA, Gaza Export Season;

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** GISHA, What Is the "Separation Policy"?

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** ["Operations | EUBAM Rafah"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110507122525/http://www.eubam-rafah.eu/node/2301). Eubam-rafah.eu. Archived from [the original](http://www.eubam-rafah.eu/node/2301) on 7 May 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** Quoted in [The Jerusalem Post, 12 September 2005](https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-196496/): "We cannot let Gaza be a prison under open skies". He noted that the EU had proposed that European customs agents be posted at Gaza Strip border points, with the agreement of the Palestinian and Israeli sides."We cannot talk about the future of Gaza, the future of the peace process, if there is not an economy starting to develop in the Palestinian territories. That requires entry and exit points and a port", which France and the EU had offered to construct, he said.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-The_Associated_Press_2005_45-0)** ["Jordan: Gaza will become prison unless crossing points opened"](https://www.haaretz.com/1.4844080). *Haaretz*. The Associated Press. 12 September 2005. Retrieved 1 May 2022. We cannot speak about a comprehensive pullout without including the freedom of movement, the full opening of all the crossing points.If this doesn't happen, Gaza will be transformed into a big prison.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** ["H.E. President Mahmoud Abbas (Abu Mazen) delivered by H.E. Dr. Nasser Al-Kidwa, Minister of Foreign Affairs before the High-Level Plenary of the 60th Session of the United Nations General Assembly"](https://www.un.org/webcast/summit2005/statements16/pale050916eng.pdf) (PDF). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240919092911/https://www.un.org/webcast/summit2005/statements16/pale050916eng.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 19 September 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** Bashi, Sari (2011). "Remarks by Sari Bashi". *Proceedings of the Asil Annual Meeting*. **105**: 463–466. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.5305/procannmeetasil.105.0463](https://doi.org/10.5305%2Fprocannmeetasil.105.0463). Even after 2005, Israel continued to prevent access to and from Gaza via the sea. It described the source of such exercise of authority generally as a different body of law-the law of armed conflict. Until 2007, Israel's policy of allowing goods to enter and leave Gaza by land was reportedly a policy of free access, subject only to restrictions stemming from security needs. Human rights groups often disagreed with this characterization, alleging that closures of the crossings were designed to apply pressure on the population in Gaza in response to political developments or attacks by armed groups in Gaza on Israeli civilians or soldiers.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010422–423_48-0)** [Wolfensohn 2010](#CITEREFWolfensohn2010), pp. 422–423.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010433_49-0)** [Wolfensohn 2010](#CITEREFWolfensohn2010), p. 433.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-un_50-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-un_50-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-un_50-2) ["Gaza Strip: Situation Report – Impact of Karni crossing closure (31 January 2006) – OCHA report"](https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-195535/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231213133559/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-195535/) from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2020.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-june_51-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-june_51-1) ["Gaza Strip: Situation Report (7 June 2006) – OCHA report"](https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-208409/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231213133806/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-208409/) from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-bbc_52-0)** ["Gaza farmers dumping their crops"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4818478.stm). [BBC News](/source/BBC_News). 17 March 2006. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241220162057/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4818478.stm) from the original on 20 December 2024. Retrieved 5 December 2020.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010430_53-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010430_53-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010430_53-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010430_53-3) [Wolfensohn 2010](#CITEREFWolfensohn2010), p. 430.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-daily_54-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-daily_54-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-daily_54-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-daily_54-3) ["Gaza Strip: Situation Report (3 May 2006) – OCHA report"](https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-194494/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231213133621/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-194494/) from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-march_55-0)** ["Gaza Strip: Situation Report (29 March 2006) – OCHA report"](https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-198269/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241211121932/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-198269/) from the original on 11 December 2024. Retrieved 5 December 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010430–434_56-0)** [Wolfensohn 2010](#CITEREFWolfensohn2010), pp. 430–434.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-unfebruary_57-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-unfebruary_57-1) [The Gaza Strip: February Access Report. Closure at Karni Crossing](https://www.ochaopt.org/sites/default/files/ochaSR_GazaAccess_Feb06.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241201065052/https://www.ochaopt.org/sites/default/files/ochaSR_GazaAccess_Feb06.pdf) 1 December 2024 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) United Nations. Retrieved 10 December 2022

1. **[^](#cite_ref-59)** [Excerpts from President Mahmoud Abbas' Speech to the Opening of the PLC](http://www.pij.org/details.php?id=419) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180829110331/http://www.pij.org/details.php?id=419) 29 August 2018 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). Palestine-Israel Journal, Vol 13 No. 1, May 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-60)** Erlanger, Steven (18 February 2006). ["Hamas Leader Faults Israeli Sanction Plan"](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/18/international/middleeast/18mideast.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160204210833/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/18/international/middleeast/18mideast.html) from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-61)** Weisman, Steven R.; Smith, Craig S. (8 April 2006). ["U.S. and Europe Halt Aid to Palestinian Government"](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/08/world/middleeast/08hamas.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180214060149/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/08/world/middleeast/08hamas.html) from the original on 14 February 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010432–433_62-0)** [Wolfensohn 2010](#CITEREFWolfensohn2010), pp. 432–433.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-unctad-2015_63-0)** [*Report on UNCTAD assistance to the Palestinian people: Developments in the economy of the Occupied Palestinian Territory*](http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/tdb62d3_en.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201003183453/https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/tdb62d3_en.pdf) 3 October 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), para 9–24. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 6 July 2015 (doc.nr. TD/B/62/3). [Source](http://unctad.org/en/Pages/PressRelease.aspx?OriginalVersionID=260)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-alhaq_seizure_of_tax_64-0)** [*Israel's retaliatory seizure of tax*](http://www.alhaq.org/publications/publications-index?task=callelement&format=raw&item_id=111&element=304e4493-dc32-44fa-8c5b-57c4d7b529c1&method=download) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170205213055/http://www.alhaq.org/publications/publications-index?task=callelement&format=raw&item_id=111&element=304e4493-dc32-44fa-8c5b-57c4d7b529c1&method=download) 5 February 2017 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), pp. 10–11. Al-Haq, 1 April 2015. [Here available](http://www.alhaq.org/advocacy/targets/accountability/81-general/908-israels-%20retaliatory-seizure-of-tax-a-war-crime-to-punish-palestinian-icc-membership)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-65)** ["Palestinian police protest lack of pay"](https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2006/jun/02/palestinian-police-protest-lack-of-pay/). *The Spokesman-Review*. 2 June 2006. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241211103249/https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2006/jun/02/palestinian-police-protest-lack-of-pay/) from the original on 11 December 2024. Retrieved 5 December 2020.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-69)** Brown, Derek (17 October 2001). ["Middle East timeline: 2001 part one"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/17/israel). *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*. Retrieved 13 October 2023.{{[cite news](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-sanctions_legal_76-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-sanctions_legal_76-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-sanctions_legal_76-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-sanctions_legal_76-3) Reynolds, Paul (30 October 2007). ["Gaza sanctions: The legal argument"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7069203.stm). [BBC News](/source/BBC_News). [Associated Press](/source/Associated_Press). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20071101081510/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7069203.stm) from the original on 1 November 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-77)** ["28 April 2010 – 11:02"](http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/harsh-prison-sentences-hizbullah-cell-membersWed). Almasryalyoum.com. Retrieved 10 August 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-78)** Stern, Yoav (16 March 2011). ["Egypt state daily: Iran, Hamas, Hezbollah tried to overthrow Mubarak"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121025052835/http://www.haaretz.com/news/egypt-state-daily-iran-hamas-hezbollah-tried-to-overthrow-mubarak-1.274304). *[Haaretz](/source/Haaretz)*. Israel. Archived from [the original](https://www.haaretz.com/news/egypt-state-daily-iran-hamas-hezbollah-tried-to-overthrow-mubarak-1.274304) on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-79)** [Al Jazeera English](/source/Al_Jazeera_English) – Gazans clash with Egyptian police at Rafah – 22 January 08

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BBC25_80-0)** ["Gazans make new border wall hole: Palestinians have bulldozed down part of the Gaza-Egypt border wall again, hours after Egyptian troops blocked holes recently made by militants"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7208252.stm). [BBC News](/source/BBC_News). 25 January 2008. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080128165410/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7208252.stm) from the original on 28 January 2008. Retrieved 8 September 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-81)** ["Israel reopens Gaza border crossings"](https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-07-06-3462899240_x.htm). *[USA Today](/source/USA_Today)*. 6 July 2008. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110805035138/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-07-06-3462899240_x.htm) from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-nytdec28_82-0)** El-Khodary, Taghreed (28 December 2008). ["Israeli Attacks in Gaza Strip Continue for Second Day"](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/29/world/middleeast/29mideast.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090410134613/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/29/world/middleeast/29mideast.html) from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 30 December 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-83)** [*Hamas says not interested in renewing Shalit negotiations*](https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1010646.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090201165507/http://haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1010646.html) 1 February 2009 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) By Avi Issacharoff and Amos Harel. [Haaretz](/source/Haaretz). Published 12 August 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-implement_84-0)** ["Implementing the lull arrangement"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120415092721/http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/html/lull_290608e.htm). *[Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center](/source/Intelligence_and_Terrorism_Information_Center)*. Archived from [the original](http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/html/lull_290608e.htm) on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Reutersviolations_85-0)** [FACTBOX-Israel, Palestinians trade blame for truce violations](http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L26679526.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080629010929/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L26679526.htm) 29 June 2008 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) Reuters. 26 June 2008

1. **[^](#cite_ref-qassam_violations_report_86-0)** "Official Statistics About the lull Zionist Violations From the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades Information Office" – ["إحصائية رسمية صادرة عن المكتب الإعلامي لكتائب القسام حول الانتهاكات الصهيونية للتهدئة"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100220001819/http://www.alqassam.ps/images/userfiles/image/statistics/enthakat_thdeaa.zip). [Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades](/source/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam_Brigades) Information Office. 18 December 2008. Archived from [the original](http://www.alqassam.ps/images/userfiles/image/statistics/enthakat_thdeaa.zip) on 20 February 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ipc_e007_87-0)** ["Summary of rocket fire and mortar shelling in 2008"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110524125511/http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/pdf/ipc_e007.pdf) (PDF). [Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center](/source/Intelligence_and_Terrorism_Information_Center). 2009. Archived from [the original](http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/pdf/ipc_e007.pdf) (PDF) on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-IICC_88-0)** [Six Months of the Lull Arrangement Intelligence Report](http://www.rightsidenews.com/200812313157/global-terrorism/six-months-of-the-lull-arrangement-intelligence-report.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090122141239/http://www.rightsidenews.com/200812313157/global-terrorism/six-months-of-the-lull-arrangement-intelligence-report.html) 22 January 2009 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Israel Intelligence Heritage & Commemoration Center (IICC) 31 December 2008

1. **[^](#cite_ref-rockmort_89-0)** [Summary of Rocket Fire and Mortar Shelling in 2008](http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/pdf/ipc_e007.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110524125511/http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/pdf/ipc_e007.pdf) 24 May 2011 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). (pdf) [Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center](/source/Intelligence_and_Terrorism_Information_Center). Retrieved 14 January 2009. pp. 5–7.*Drop in rocket fire calculated from data provided in report.*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-nyt-truce_90-0)** Bronner, Ethan (19 December 2008). ["Gaza Truce May Be Revived by Necessity"](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/20/world/middleeast/20mideast.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110501014554/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/20/world/middleeast/20mideast.html) from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-91)** ["Activist boats reach Gaza Strip"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7578880.stm). BBC News. 23 August 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2013.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Docks_92-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Docks_92-1) ["Gaza activist boat docks"](https://www.jta.org/2008/10/28/news-opinion/gaza-activist-boat-docks). *The Global Jewish News Source*. 28 October 2008. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131221051858/http://www.jta.org/2008/10/28/news-opinion/gaza-activist-boat-docks) from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-93)** [accused of ramming Gaza aid boat](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/30/israel-gaza-aid-Israel) Retrieved 6 March 2024

1. **[^](#cite_ref-94)** Tran, Mark (30 December 2008). ["Israel accused of ramming Gaza aid boat"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/30/israel-gaza-aid-ship). *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090106070745/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/dec/30/israel-gaza-aid-ship) from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2013.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-bare_95-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-bare_95-1) Maqbool, Aleem (19 August 2008). ["Truce barely eases Gaza embargo"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7570605.stm). *[BBC News](/source/BBC_News)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150128115531/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7570605.stm) from the original on 28 January 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-96)** AFP (5 January 2010). ["Israel Deliberately Choked Gaza Economy: WikiLeaks"](https://web.archive.org/web/20181004081532/http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article27196.htm). Archived from [the original](http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article27196.htm) on 4 October 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-97)** [Tavernise, Sabrina](/source/Sabrina_Tavernise) (25 January 2009). ["In Gaza, the Wait to Rebuild Lingers"](https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/26/world/middleeast/26mideast.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130531042719/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/26/world/middleeast/26mideast.html) from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2010.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-UNRWA-2009-06-17_98-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-UNRWA-2009-06-17_98-1) ["Statement by Humanitarian Organisations, NGOs and UN Organisations on the Second Anniversary of the Gaza Blockade"](https://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=451). United Nations. 17 June 2009. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100611070503/http://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=451) from the original on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-99)** Sweigart, Chris (1 July 2009). ["Cynthia McKinney, 20 Others, Held by Israel"](http://www.11alive.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=131972&catid=8). [WXIA-TV](/source/WXIA-TV). Retrieved 12 July 2009.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Archived_100-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Archived_100-1) Dion Nissenbaum. ["Israel Blocks Pasta Shipment to Gaza, and Tensions Boil"](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/world/story/62797.html). [McClatchy Newspapers](/source/McClatchy_Newspapers). 26 February 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2009. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090503103059/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/world/story/62797.html) 23 July 2009.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Prusher_101-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Prusher_101-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Prusher_101-2) Prusher, Ilene R. (13 May 2009). ["Pope's urging brings Gaza blockade to forefront"](https://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0513/p06s13-wome.html). *[The Christian Science Monitor](/source/The_Christian_Science_Monitor)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090517003503/http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0513/p06s13-wome.html) from the original on 17 May 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ocha_report_2_5_102-0)** ["Field Update on Gaza From the Humanitarian Coordinator"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090225151528/http://www.ochaopt.org/gazacrisis/admin/output/files/ocha_opt_gaza_humanitarian_situation_report_2009_02_05_english.pdf) (PDF). UN [Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs](/source/Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs). 5 February 2009. Archived from [the original](http://www.ochaopt.org/gazacrisis/admin/output/files/ocha_opt_gaza_humanitarian_situation_report_2009_02_05_english.pdf) (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2009. On 3 February, over 3,500 blankets and 406 food parcels were confiscated by Hamas police personnel from an UNRWA distribution centre in Beach Camp.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-103)** ["UNRWA suspends activities in Gazans after Hamas seized aid"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090211141508/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-02/07/content_10776872.htm). [Xinhua News](/source/Xinhua_News). 6 February 2009. Archived from [the original](http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-02/07/content_10776872.htm) on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ocha_report_2_9_104-0)** ["Field Update on Gaza From the Humanitarian Coordinator, 6–9 February 2009, 1700 hours"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090225151547/http://www.ochaopt.org/gazacrisis/admin/output/files/ocha_opt_gaza_humanitarian_situation_report_2009_02_09_english-20090210-104024.pdf) (PDF). UN [Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs](/source/Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs). 9 February 2009. Archived from [the original](http://www.ochaopt.org/gazacrisis/admin/output/files/ocha_opt_gaza_humanitarian_situation_report_2009_02_09_english-20090210-104024.pdf) (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ibhsguardqa53_105-0)** Black, Ian; Siddique, Haroon (31 May 2010). ["Q&A: The Gaza Freedom flotilla"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/31/q-a-gaza-freedom-flotilla). *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*. London. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100603133507/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/may/31/q-a-gaza-freedom-flotilla) from the original on 3 June 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-106)** Ravid, Barak; Azoulay, Yuval (27 May 2010). ["Israel: Gaza aid convoy can unload cargo in Ashdod for inspection"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120516122359/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-gaza-aid-convoy-can-unload-cargo-in-ashdod-for-inspection-1.292560). *[Haaretz](/source/Haaretz)*. Archived from [the original](https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-gaza-aid-convoy-can-unload-cargo-in-ashdod-for-inspection-1.292560) on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-107)** Booth, Robert (31 May 2010). ["Israeli attack on Gaza flotilla sparks international outrage"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/31/israeli-attacks-gaza-flotilla-activists). *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100603125947/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/may/31/israeli-attacks-gaza-flotilla-activists) from the original on 3 June 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BBC_Convoy_raid_108-0)** Reynolds, Paul (2 June 2010). ["Israeli convoy raid: What went wrong?"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10203333). [BBC News](/source/BBC_News). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100603035910/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/10203333.stm) from the original on 3 June 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2010. The passengers... pulled out bats, clubs and slingshots with glass marbles, assaulting each soldier as he disembarked.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-109)** "Gaza Flotilla Activists Were Shot in Head at Close Range," Guardian (4 June 2010)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-haaretz-at_least_110-0)** Harel, Amos; Issacharoff, Avi; Pfeffer, Anshel (31 May 2010). ["Israel Navy commandos: Gaza flotilla activists tried to lynch us"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200421171211/https://www.haaretz.com/1.5127050). *[Haaretz](/source/Haaretz)*. Archived from [the original](https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/at-least-10-activists-killed-in-israel-navy-clashes-onboard-gaza-aid-flotilla-1.293089) on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NY_Times_Israel_Frees_111-0)** Slackman, Michael (3 June 2010). ["In Bid to Quell Anger Over Raid, Israel Frees Detainees"](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/03/world/middleeast/03flotilla.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100604140047/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/03/world/middleeast/03flotilla.html) from the original on 4 June 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-AJfunerals_112-0)** ["Turkey holds activists' funerals"](http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2010/06/2010639114160373.html). [Al Jazeera English](/source/Al_Jazeera_English). 3 June 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100603111639/http://english.aljazeera.net//news/europe/2010/06/2010639114160373.html) from the original on 3 June 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2010.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-176)** ["Israel: Unlawful Gaza Blockade Deadly for Children"](https://web.archive.org/web/20231019014656/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/18/israel-unlawful-gaza-blockade-deadly-children). *[Human Rights Watch](/source/Human_Rights_Watch)*. 18 October 2023. Archived from [the original](https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/18/israel-unlawful-gaza-blockade-deadly-children) on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Gaza_Strip_famine_IPC_22_August_2025_192-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Gaza_Strip_famine_IPC_22_August_2025_192-1) ["GAZA STRIP: Famine confirmed in Gaza Governorate, projected to expand | 1 July – 30 September 2025"](https://www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ipcinfo/docs/IPC_Gaza_Strip_Acute_Food_Insecurity_Malnutrition_July_Sept2025_Special_Snapshot.pdf) (PDF). *[Integrated Food Security Phase Classification](/source/Integrated_Food_Security_Phase_Classification)*. 22 August 2025.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlater2020278chpt_18_201-0)** [Slater 2020](#CITEREFSlater2020), p. 278, chpt 18: "Israel had not really withdrawn from Gaza, for it had continued to exercise both direct and indirect control and inflict severe suffering on its inhabitants."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlater2020279chpt_18_202-0)** [Slater 2020](#CITEREFSlater2020), p. 279, chpt 18: "Further, most Palestinian terrorism almost certainly would have ended if Israel had ceased to occupy the West Bank and Gaza—after all, even while the occupation continued, Hamas had not only observed the truces but enforced them on more radical Palestinian terrorist organizations, except for a relatively few retaliations for far larger Israeli attacks."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlater2020331chpt_19_203-0)** [Slater 2020](#CITEREFSlater2020), p. 331, chpt 19: "Aside from the probability that deliberate impoverization creates as much terrorism as it deters, it is clear that the blockade or siege also has other goals: to keep Hamas dependent on occasional Israeli forbearance and to maintain Israel’s effective control over Gaza—but without the need for a major war and a possible military occupation of the area."

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-215)** ["Analyst: Gaza becomes the biggest open-air prison on earth"](https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2021/05/26/gaza-no-exit-wedeman-pkg-intl-hnk-vpx.cnn). *[CNN](/source/CNN)*. 12 October 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231014022308/https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2021/05/26/gaza-no-exit-wedeman-pkg-intl-hnk-vpx.cnn) from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-TI111_216-0)** ["Gaza under siege: The 25-mile-long strip with 2.3 million 'prisoners'"](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/who-lives-in-gaza-strip-control-history-map-b2429107.html). *[The Independent](/source/The_Independent)*. 13 October 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231013202320/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/who-lives-in-gaza-strip-control-history-map-b2429107.html) from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-217)** ["David Cameron describes blockaded Gaza as a 'prison'"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-10778110). *[BBC News](/source/BBC_News)*. 27 July 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231013202821/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-10778110) from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-218)** ["Bernie Sanders says Israel is violating international law with blockade on 'open-air prison' in Gaza"](https://www.businessinsider.com/sanders-gaza-is-open-air-prison-israel-violating-international-law-2023-10). *[Business Insider](/source/Business_Insider)*. 11 October 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231012190735/https://www.businessinsider.com/sanders-gaza-is-open-air-prison-israel-violating-international-law-2023-10) from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-219)** Gideon Levy (2010). [*The Punishment of Gaza*](https://books.google.com/books?id=tupOEAAAQBAJ). [Verso Books](/source/Verso_Books). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781844676019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844676019).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-220)** Ilan Pappe (2017). [*The Biggest Prison on Earth*](https://books.google.com/books?id=aDA1GQAACAAJ). One WorldPublications Books. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781851685875](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851685875).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Frenkel-econowar_221-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Frenkel-econowar_221-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Frenkel-econowar_221-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Frenkel-econowar_221-3) Sheera Frenkel (9 June 2010). ["Israeli document: Gaza blockade isn't about security"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100612001046/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/06/09/95621/israeli-document-gaza-blockade.html). [McClatchy Newspapers](/source/McClatchy_Newspapers). Archived from [the original](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/06/09/95621/israeli-document-gaza-blockade.html) on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-222)** Goldstein, Tani (20 June 1995). ["Gaza starts exporting tomatoes"](http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4035850,00.html). *[Ynet news](/source/Ynet_news)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110405113140/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4035850,00.html) from the original on 5 April 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-223)** ["Occupied Palestinian Territory: Gaza fuel crisis – OCHA situation report (26 November 2013)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140307212611/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/5D4CBD90BC8A8D4F85257C30005F790D). Archived from [the original](https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/5D4CBD90BC8A8D4F85257C30005F790D) on 7 March 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-224)** 'Palestinian goods were subsequently denied passage through the West Bank border crossings with Jordan. Gaza's Rafah crossings with Egypt and Israeli transit facilities. Thousands of truck-loads of goods were impounded in Israeli ports. After 14 November, the Israeli army imposed an almost complete internal closure on the territories. The economic blockade deprived the PA of the taxes in goods and salaries of those Palestinians employed in Israel'. Lucy Dean (ed.)*The Middle East and North Africa, 2004*, Routledge, London 2003 p.924

1. **[^](#cite_ref-AMA-docs_225-0)** [*Agreed documents by Israel and Palestinians on Movement and Access from and to Gaza*](https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/C9A5AA5245D910BB852570BB0051711C) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131004232023/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/C9A5AA5245D910BB852570BB0051711C) 4 October 2013 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). "Agreement on Movement and Access" and "Agreed Principles for Rafah Crossing", 15 November 2005

1. **[^](#cite_ref-226)** Reinhart, Tanya (2006). *The Road to Nowhere*. London: [Verso Books](/source/Verso_Books). pp. 134–135.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-december_227-0)** [The Gaza Strip: Access Report December 2005](https://www.ochaopt.org/sites/default/files/ochaSR_GazaAccess_Dec05.pdf) United Nations

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-btselem_229-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-btselem_229-1) Stein, Yael, ed. (January 2014). [*So near yet so far: Implications of Israeli-Imposed Seclusion of Gaza Strip on Palestinians' Right to Family Life*](https://www.btselem.org/download/201401_so_near_and_yet_so_far_eng.pdf) (PDF). [B'tselem](/source/B'tselem). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-965-7613-09-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-7613-09-2). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191120085001/https://www.btselem.org/download/201401_so_near_and_yet_so_far_eng.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2022.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010428–429_230-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010428–429_230-1) [Wolfensohn 2010](#CITEREFWolfensohn2010), pp. 428–429.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-231)** ["Egypt's rulers resist Muslim Brotherhood's push to open Gaza border"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120322025015/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/egypt-s-rulers-resist-muslim-brotherhood-s-push-to-open-gaza-border-1.420035). *[Haaretz](/source/Haaretz)*. [Reuters](/source/Reuters). 21 March 2012. Archived from [the original](https://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/egypt-s-rulers-resist-muslim-brotherhood-s-push-to-open-gaza-border-1.420035) on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-failing-gaza_232-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-failing-gaza_232-1) ["Failing Gaza: no rebuilding, no recovery, no more excuses"](https://www.amnesty.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Failing-Gaza-Report.pdf) (PDF). [Amnesty International](/source/Amnesty_International) UK. December 2009. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240812044843/https://www.amnesty.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Failing-Gaza-Report.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-UNGazaReport_233-0)** Cahill, Kevin M. (22 February 2009). ["Gaza – Destruction and Hope"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170319185815/http://www.un.org/ga/president/63/news/GazaReport.pdf) (PDF). *[United Nations](/source/United_Nations)*. Archived from [the original](https://www.un.org/ga/president/63/news/GazaReport.pdf) (PDF) on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-revive_234-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-revive_234-1) Bronner, Ethan (19 December 2008). ["Gaza Truce May Be Revived by Necessity"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160722030124/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/20/world/middleeast/20mideast.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. Archived from [the original](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/20/world/middleeast/20mideast.html) on 22 July 2016.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-nichols_235-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-nichols_235-1) Nichols, John (8 January 2009). ["Jimmy Carter on "An Unnecessary War"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101013020507/http://www.thenation.com/blog/jimmy-carter-unnecessary-war). *[The Nation](/source/The_Nation)*. Archived from [the original](http://www.thenation.com/blog/jimmy-carter-unnecessary-war) on 13 October 2010.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-guide_236-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-guide_236-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-guide_236-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-guide_236-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-guide_236-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-guide_236-5) Sharp, Heather (11 November 2008). ["Guide: Gaza under blockade"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7545636.stm). *[BBC News](/source/BBC_News)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090128132819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7545636.stm) from the original on 28 January 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-237)** [Egyptian authorities forced to burn expired Gaza aid](http://www.maannews.net/en/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&Do=&ID=39137) [Ma'an News Agency](/source/Ma'an_News_Agency) 10 July 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2009. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090727154442/http://www.maannews.net/en/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&Do=&ID=39137) 23 July 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-AJ_Gaza_tunnels_238-0)** ["An inside look at the tunnels under Gaza and the men who risk their lives to bring in essential supplies"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140423033007/http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/witness/2014/04/gaza-tunnels-201441772150756893.html). *[Al Jazeera](/source/Al_Jazeera_English)*. 21 April 2014. Archived from [the original](http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/witness/2014/04/gaza-tunnels-201441772150756893.html) on 23 April 2014.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-reuterstunnels_239-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-reuterstunnels_239-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-reuterstunnels_239-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-reuterstunnels_239-3) al-Mughrabi, Nida (19 November 2009). ["Israel, Egypt squeeze Gaza tunnel business"](https://web.archive.org/web/20171018092359/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLJ94474). *[Reuters](/source/Reuters)*. Archived from [the original](https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLJ94474) on 18 October 2017.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-IDF_strikes_Gaza_smuggling_tunnel_240-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-IDF_strikes_Gaza_smuggling_tunnel_240-1) ["IDF strikes Gaza smuggling tunnel"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100602070432/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3895876,00.html). *[YNet News](/source/YNet_News)*. Archived from [the original](http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3895876,00.html) on 2 June 2010.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_241-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_241-1) ["Four Palestinians die in Gaza-Egypt 'tunnel collapse'"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8650468.stm). *[BBC News](/source/BBC_News)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100605100633/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8650468.stm) from the original on 5 June 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-242)** O'Connor, Nigel. ["Gaza tunnel closures add to economic crisis"](http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/03/gaza-egypt-tunnel-closures-add-economic-crisis-2014330144848664175.html). [Al Jazeera](/source/Al_Jazeera_English). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150709151635/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/03/gaza-egypt-tunnel-closures-add-economic-crisis-2014330144848664175.html) from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-243)** [Egypt bans Hamas activities in Egypt](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-hamas-idUSBREA230F520140304) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141025194409/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/04/us-egypt-hamas-idUSBREA230F520140304) 25 October 2014 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). Reuters. 4 March 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-244)** ["Rafah crossing closed after Egypt violence – Middle East"](http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013815104352186552.html). [Al Jazeera English](/source/Al_Jazeera_English). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141119080010/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013815104352186552.html) from the original on 19 November 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-245)** ["Egypt may relocate thousands of Bedouin to widen buffer zone near Gaza border"](https://web.archive.org/web/20141224124221/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.622751). *[Haaretz](/source/Haaretz)*. 26 October 2014. Archived from [the original](https://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.622751) on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-246)** ["Palestinian militants from Gaza behind Sinai attacks, Egyptian official says"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150102094952/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.622854). *[Haaretz](/source/Haaretz)*. Archived from [the original](https://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.622854) on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015. Beshadi stressed that the "only solution" for putting an end to the attacks by alleged Palestinian militants was to establish a "safe zone" between the Gaza Strip and Sinai, by relocating residents in other areas.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-247)** ["Egypt to expand Gaza buffer zone to 1 km; 12 new tunnel openings found"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150117132200/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.627017). *[Haaretz](/source/Haaretz)*. 18 November 2014. Archived from [the original](https://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.627017) on 17 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015. the Egyptian army will widen the zone from 500 meters in order to improve national security, after Egyptian security forces uncovered tunnels that were 800 to 1,000 meters long going deep into Egyptian territory.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-248)** ["Gaza buffer zone to increase to 5 km: North Sinai governor"](http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/12/29/north-sinai-governor-says-gaza-buffer-zone-increase-5km/). *[Daily News Egypt](/source/Daily_News_Egypt)*. 29 December 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150108032405/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/12/29/north-sinai-governor-says-gaza-buffer-zone-increase-5km/) from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-249)** Khoury, Jack (6 January 2018). ["Egypt to Raze 2,000 More Homes for Gaza Buffer Zone"](https://www.haaretz.com/2015-01-12/ty-article/.premium/over-2-000-more-rafah-homes-to-go/0000017f-dba8-d856-a37f-ffe851980000). *Haaretz*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150429080044/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/.premium-1.636538) from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-250)** Memarian, Omid (25 July 2008). ["Poverty in Gaza Hits 'Unprecedented' Level"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110610221017/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=43318). Inter Press Service. Archived from [the original](http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=43318) on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-251)** ["Study shows 80% of families in Gaza live below poverty line"](https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-06-26-Gaza-poverty_N.htm). *USA Today*. May 2008. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110805035317/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-06-26-Gaza-poverty_N.htm) from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2017.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-un20100525_252-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-un20100525_252-1) ["Farming without Land, Fishing without Water: Gaza Agriculture Sector Struggles to Survive (Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) 25 May 2010)"](https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/9A265F2A909E9A1D8525772E004FC34B). Unispal.un.org. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181120015051/https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/9A265F2A909E9A1D8525772E004FC34B) from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-icrcBlockade_253-0)** Dwyer Arce (14 June 2010). ["Gaza blockade violates international law: ICRC"](http://jurist.org/paperchase/2010/06/gaza-blockade-violates-international-law-icrc.php). JURIST – Paper Chase. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100929040620/http://jurist.org/paperchase/2010/06/gaza-blockade-violates-international-law-icrc.php) from the original on 29 September 2010. Retrieved 16 December 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-254)** ["One year after report"](https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/276B3267FDF0A0948525772D0051B669). United Nations Development Programme. 24 May 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181205003539/https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/276B3267FDF0A0948525772D0051B669) from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-255)** ["Gaza in 2020: A livable place?"](https://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/press-releases/gaza-2020-liveable-place?id=1423). *UNRWA*. United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140606214947/http://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/press-releases/gaza-2020-liveable-place?id=1423) from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-256)** ["The Humanitarian Impact of the Blockade"](http://gaza.ochaopt.org/2015/07/the-gaza-strip-the-humanitarian-impact-of-the-blockade/). United Nations OCHA. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150711164500/http://gaza.ochaopt.org/2015/07/the-gaza-strip-the-humanitarian-impact-of-the-blockade/) from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-gov-20130418_257-0)** ["Notices to Mariners – NO. 1/2009 Blockade of Gaza Strip"](https://www.gov.il/en/departments/publications/reports/mariners-1-2009). Ministry of Transport and Road Safety (Israel). 18 April 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230823105923/https://www.gov.il/en/departments/publications/reports/mariners-1-2009) from the original on 23 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023 – via gov.il.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-258)** ["Special Notice Gaza Maritime Area"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170608202600/https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/lnms/LNM_Special_Notice_Gaza_Maritime_Area_2011_Indefinite.pdf) (PDF). United States Coast Guard. 8 June 2017. Archived from [the original](https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/lnms/LNM_Special_Notice_Gaza_Maritime_Area_2011_Indefinite.pdf) (PDF) on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2020. Gaza Maritime Area- All U.S. vessels and mariners are advised that Israel is currently enforcing a blockade in the "Gaza Maritime Area". The area is closed to all maritime traffic and the blockade is being enforced by the Israeli Navy. The Gaza Maritime Area is enclosed by the following coordinates: 31°35.71'N, 34°29.46'E; 31°46.80'N, 34°10.01'E; 31°19.39'N, 34°13.11'E; 31°33.73'N, 33°56.68'E U.S. vessels and mariners intending to enter the area are likely to face enforcement action by the Israeli Navy. The Department of State has also advised against travel by U.S. citizens to Gaza by any means, including by sea. Previous attempts to enter Gaza by sea have resulted in violent incidents and the detention and deportation of those involved. U.S. mariners are also reminded that procedures exist for the delivery of humanitarian cargo to Gaza via the Israeli port of Ashdod or the Egyptian port of El-Arish, where cargo can be screened.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-259)** Karsh, Efraim (2013). *Israel: the First Hundred Years: Volume II: From War to Peace?*. p. 216.

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Haaretz2Jun2010_337-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Haaretz2Jun2010_337-1) ["Israel faces growing world pressure to lift Gaza blockade"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100605024205/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-faces-growing-world-pressure-to-lift-gaza-blockade-1.293800). *[Haaretz](/source/Haaretz)*. 2 June 2010. Archived from [the original](https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-faces-growing-world-pressure-to-lift-gaza-blockade-1.293800) on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ukposition2_346-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ukposition2_346-1) ["Flotilla attack 'completely unacceptable' says Cameron"](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/flotilla-attack-completely-unacceptable-says-cameron-1989727.html). *The Independent*. UK. 2 June 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171012113817/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/flotilla-attack-completely-unacceptable-says-cameron-1989727.html) from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Cameron_347-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Cameron_347-1) Watt, Nicholas (27 July 2010). ["David Cameron: Israeli blockade has turned Gaza Strip into a 'prison camp'"](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/jul/27/david-cameron-gaza-prison-camp). *The Guardian*. London. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130911094600/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/jul/27/david-cameron-gaza-prison-camp) from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2012.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-351)** ["Full text: William Hague's statement to the Commons on the Gaza flotilla raid"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/02/william-hague-gaza-flotilla-statement). *The Guardian*. London. 2 June 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170816192605/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/02/william-hague-gaza-flotilla-statement) from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-352)** Amnesty International Israel's Gaza blockade continues to suffocate daily life 18 January 2010 [\[3\]](https://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/israel039s-gaza-blockade-continues-suffocate-daily-life-20100118) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150210181542/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/israel039s-gaza-blockade-continues-suffocate-daily-life-20100118) 10 February 2015 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-353)** [Tim Butcher](/source/Tim_Butcher) (7 March 2008). ["Human crisis in Gaza 'is worst for 40 years'"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080412102633/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2008%2F03%2F06%2Fwgaza106.xml). *The Daily Telegraph*. London. Archived from [the original](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/03/06/wgaza106.xml) on 12 April 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2020.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-355)** Dore Gold (10 June 2010). ["Israel's Naval Blockade of Gaza Is Legal, Necessary 10/6/2010"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110806094811/http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DBID=1&TMID=111&LNGID=1&FID=573&PID=0&IID=4195). Jcpa.org. Archived from [the original](http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DBID=1&TMID=111&LNGID=1&FID=573&PID=0&IID=4195) on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-weiner_356-0)** Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, International Law and the Fighting in Gaza, Justus Reid Weiner and Avi Bell, 2008, [\[4\]](http://www.jcpa.org/text/puzzle1.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100613014839/http://jcpa.org/text/puzzle1.pdf) 13 June 2010 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-357)** [IAF slams Egypt's building of steel wall along borders with Gaza](http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/10/content_12786978.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110609163657/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/10/content_12786978.htm) 9 June 2011 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), 10 January 2010

1. **[^](#cite_ref-358)** Rose, Gideon (6 October 2014). *Clueless in Gaza*. Foreign Affairs. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-87609-606-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87609-606-2).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-362)** ["Turkey plans to send power-generating ship to Gaza"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150109152953/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.613912). *Haaretz*. 3 September 2014. Archived from [the original](https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.613912) on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-363)** ["Israel refuses Turkish offer to supply Gaza with electricity"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121359/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/15625-israel-refuses-turkish-offer-to-supply-gaza-with-electricity). Archived from [the original](https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/15625-israel-refuses-turkish-offer-to-supply-gaza-with-electricity) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2015.

### Works cited

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- [Roy, Sara](/source/Sara_Roy) (2016). *The Gaza Strip*. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies USA, Inc. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-88728-321-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-321-5).

- Slater, Jerome (2020). [*Mythologies Without End: The US, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1917 ...*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Mythologies_Without_End&pg=PA) Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-045908-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-045908-6).

- Speri, Alice (20 December 2024). ["Defining genocide: how a rift over Gaza sparked a crisis among scholars"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/dec/20/genocide-definition-mass-violence-scholars-gaza). *Guardian*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241220112141/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/dec/20/genocide-definition-mass-violence-scholars-gaza) from the original on 20 December 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2024.

- Tharoor, Ishaan (30 July 2025). ["Leading genocide scholars see a genocide happening in Gaza"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/07/30/israel-genocide-gaza-scholars-historians). *[The Washington Post](/source/The_Washington_Post)*. Retrieved 2 August 2025.

- [Traverso, Enzo](/source/Enzo_Traverso) (2024). [*Gaza Faces History*](https://books.google.com/books?id=7-8PEQAAQBAJ). Other Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-63542-555-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63542-555-0).

- De Vogli, Roberto; Montomoli, Jonathan; Abu-Sittah, Ghassan; [Pappé, Ilan](/source/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9) (2025). "Break the selective silence on the genocide in Gaza". *[The Lancet](/source/The_Lancet)*. **406** (10504). [Supplementary appendix pp. 3–4](https://www.thelancet.com/cms/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01541-7/attachment/e415fdee-02dc-4495-8515-f587976a5bb3/mmc1.pdf). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01541-7](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2825%2901541-7). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [40752501](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40752501).

- [Wolfensohn, James](/source/James_Wolfensohn) (2010). *A Global Life*.

## Further reading

- Brown, Benjamin (18 March 2024). ["'Trucks are stopped, people are dying': Top EU diplomat claims Israel is using starvation as weapon of war"](https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-03-18-24/h_afad01e49a4f0473ec78987500e0aede). *[CNN](/source/CNN)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240321034213/https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-03-18-24/h_afad01e49a4f0473ec78987500e0aede) from the original on 21 March 2024. Retrieved 21 March 2024.

- Larson, Nina (19 March 2024). ["Israel May Be Using Starvation As 'Weapon Of War': UN"](https://www.barrons.com/news/israel-may-be-using-starvation-as-weapon-of-war-a-war-crime-un-d7d671d5). *[Barron's](/source/Barron's)*. [Agence France-Presse](/source/Agence_France-Presse). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240321184420/https://www.barrons.com/news/israel-may-be-using-starvation-as-weapon-of-war-a-war-crime-un-d7d671d5) from the original on 21 March 2024. Retrieved 21 March 2024.

- Wintour, Patrick (21 March 2024). ["David Cameron accuses Israel of blocking key aid crossing in Gaza"](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2024/mar/21/david-cameron-accuses-israel-of-blocking-key-aid-crossing-in-gaza). *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240322152742/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2024/mar/21/david-cameron-accuses-israel-of-blocking-key-aid-crossing-in-gaza) from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.

## External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to ***[Blockade of the Gaza Strip](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip)***.

- [Gisha – Legal Center for Freedom of Movement](http://www.gisha.org/)

- [The Gaza Flotillas to Come: Some Ground Rules before Setting Out](https://web.archive.org/web/20110806094534/http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=1&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=442&PID=0&IID=7368&TTL=The_Gaza_Flotillas_to_Come%3A_Some_Ground_Rules_before_Setting_Out%2F) – Jerusalem Issues Brief

- [Guide: Gaza under blockade](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7545636.stm) and [Guide: Eased Gaza blockade](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle+east-10520844) – BBC News

- [Gaza: 1.5 million people trapped in despair](http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/palestine-report-260609) – International Committee of the Red Cross

- [LOCKED IN: THE HUMANITARIAN IMPACT OF TWO YEARS OF BLOCKADE ON THE GAZA STRIP](https://web.archive.org/web/20100706021117/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/Ocha_opt_Gaza_impact_of_two_years_of_blockade_August_2009_english.pdf) – UNITED NATIONS Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs occupied Palestinian territory

- [San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea, 12 June 1994](http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/560?OpenDocument)

- [Partial List of Items Prohibited/Permitted into the Gaza Strip as of May 2010](http://gisha.org/UserFiles/File/HiddenMessages/ItemsGazaStrip060510.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100704110657/http://gisha.org/UserFiles/File/HiddenMessages/ItemsGazaStrip060510.pdf) 4 July 2010 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), Gisha

- [The Hard-Line on Grocery Items](https://www.huffingtonpost.com/rania-al-abdullah/the-hard-line-on-grocery_b_603225.html) by [Queen Rania of Jordan](/source/Queen_Rania_of_Jordan), *[The Huffington Post](/source/The_Huffington_Post)*, 7 June 2010

- [Pressure Mounts On Israel To Ease Gaza Blockade](https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127886050) – audio report by *[NPR](/source/NPR)*, 16 June 2010

- [The EU and the Gaza Blockade](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232640/http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/EU_and_the_Gaza_blockade.pdf) by Esra Bulut and Carolin Goerzig – [European Union Institute for Security Studies](http://iss.europa.eu/)

- ["The Legal Basis of Israel's Naval Blockade of Gaza" by Ruth Lapidoth. The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. 13 March 2011.](https://web.archive.org/web/20120311173915/http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=1&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=442&PID=0&IID=4402&TTL=The_Legal_Basis_of_Israel%E2%80%99s_Naval_Blockade_of_Gaza)

v t e Gaza Strip History Gaza Strip History of Gaza City History of Hamas Khan Yunis massacre Egyptian occupation of the Gaza Strip see also: Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula All-Palestine Protectorate All-Palestine Government Gaza Subdistrict in Mandatory Palestine Gaza District Beersheba Subdistrict Jerusalem Sanjak Gaza Strip under Hamas Gaza Strip under Resolution 2803 Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip Archaeological sites destroyed during the Gaza genocide [ar] Places in Mandatory Palestine Gaza Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine Territory acquired during Israel's war of independence Al-Majdal Asqalan (Ashkelon § State of Israel) Arab Suqrir Barbara Barqa al-Batani al-Gharbi al-Batani al-Sharqi Bayt 'Affa Bayt Daras Bayt Jirja Bayt Tima Bil'in Burayr Dayr Sunayd Dimra al-Faluja Hamama Hatta Hiribya Huj Hulayqat Ibdis Iraq al-Manshiyya Iraq Suwaydan Isdud al-Jaladiyya al-Jiyya Julis al-Jura Jusayr Karatiyya Kawfakha Kawkaba al-Khisas al-Masmiyya al-Kabira al-Masmiyya al-Saghira al-Muharraqa Najd Ni'ilya Qastina al-Sawafir al-Gharbiyya al-Sawafir al-Shamaliyya al-Sawafir al-Sharqiyya Simsim Summil Tall al-Turmus Yasur Refugee camps Al-Shati (Beach camp) Bureij Deir al-Balah Jabalia Khan Yunis Maghazi Nuseirat Rafah Canada Cities Gaza City Streets in Gaza City Ahmad Orabi Street Izz Ad Din Al Qassam Street Al-Jalla Street Jamal Abdel Nasser Street Omar Mukhtar Street Palestine Square Al-Rashid Street Salah al-Din Road Suq Street Unknown Soldier's Square Wehda Street Gaza City Gaza City neighborhoods Judeide Nasser Old City Zaytun Quarter Daraj Quarter Rimal Sabra Al-Saha (As-Saha) Al-Saha al-Shati Camp Al-Shati refugee camp Sheikh Ijlin Sheikh Radwan Shuja'iyya Tuffah Tel al-Hawa Turukman Zeitoun Cities elsewhere in the Gaza Strip Bani Suheila Beit Hanoun Beit Lahiya Deir al-Balah Jabalia Khan Yunis Rafah Governorates of the Gaza Strip North Gaza Gaza Deir al-Balah Khan Yunis Rafah Historic Hamam al-Sammara Qasr al-Basha Qissariya Market Byzantine Gaza synagogue Archaeological sites destroyed during the Gaza genocide [ar] Cemeteries Deir El Belah War Cemetery Gaza War Cemetery Israeli razing of cemeteries and necroviolence against Palestinians Mosques Gaza City: Aybaki Mosque Great Mosque of Gaza (Great Omari Mosque) Ibn Marwan Mosque Ibn Uthman Mosque Katib al-Wilaya Mosque Mahkamah Mosque† Ibrahim al-Maqadma Mosque attack Sayed al-Hashim Mosque Sham'ah Mosque Shaykh Zakariyya Mosque elsewhere: Abu Khadra Mosque Al-Shamah Mosque† Umm al-Nasr Mosque Zofor Domri Mosque Churches Gaza City: Saint Porphyrius Orthodox Church Church of Saint Porphyrius airstrike Holy Family Catholic Church Gaza Baptist Church† elsewhere in the Gaza Strip: Institutions Palestinian Legislative Council (destroyed in 2023) Palestinian Centre for Human Rights Al Mezan Center for Human Rights Police and courts Palestinian Civil Police Force (Hamas) Gaza civil police Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip Capital punishment in Palestine Faiq al-Mabhouh Police in the Israel–Hamas war Societal breakdown in the Gaza Strip during the Gaza war Environment Wadi Gaza Environmental impact of the Gaza war Economy Economy of the Gaza Strip Taxation in Palestine Transport and trade Yasser Arafat International Airport Port of Gaza Gaza-Israel barrier Erez crossing Kerem Shalom crossing Egypt-Palestine relations Rafah crossing Blockade of the Gaza Strip Gaza smuggling tunnels Culture and recreation Gaza City Gaza Museum of Archaeology Al-Bustan resort Bisan City tourist village Al Deira Hotel Faisal Equestrian Club Gaza Mall Al-Andalusia mall Palestine Stadium Rashad Shawa Cultural Center Roots Club As-Sadaka Gaza YMCA Gaza Strip Education Education in Gaza UNWRA schools Christian schools Gaza City: Al-Azhar University Islamic University Al-Aqsa University Libraries Deir al-Balah Municipality Public Library [ar] Gaza Municipality Public Library [ar] Khan Yunis Municipality Public Library [ar] Rafah Municipality Public Library [ar] Samir Mansour Library Health care Gaza Ministry of Health Gaza City: Al-Ahli Arab Hospital Al-Aqsa Hospital Al-Rantisi Hospital Al-Shifa Hospital Kamal Adwan Hospital Al-Awda Hospital Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital 2024 Gaza Strip polio epidemic Occupation Gush Katif Israeli unilateral disengagement Israeli occupation 2023 Israeli invasion Morag Corridor Netzarim Corridor Philadelphi Corridor Demographics Palestinian Christians Doghmush clan History of the Jews in Gaza City Israeli settlers Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip LGBT rights in the Gaza Strip Al Haq Al Qaws Deaths 2003 March 16 Rachel Corrie § Death MV Rachel Corrie 2009 January 4 Zeitoun killings 16 Shurrab family 2012 Al-Dalu family (12) 2014 Deif and Al Dalu families (3 + 3) 2018 June 1 Killing of Rouzan al-Najjar 2023 October 7 Abu Qouta family November Bibas family December 15 Samer Abu Daqqa 16 Nahida and Samar Anton 2024 January 29 Hind Rajab and the Hamadeh family (9) July 3 Mohammad Bhar Category:Gaza Strip

v t e Iran–Israel conflict Iran–Israel proxy conflict Middle Eastern crisis 2024 Iran–Israel conflict Twelve-Day War 2026 Iran war Background Iran–Israel relations Iranian Revolution Iran–Iraq War 1999 arrest of Iranian Jews 2024 Iran–Israel conflict 2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus Iranian seizure MSC Aries Iranian strikes on Israel April 2024 October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran April 2024 October 2024 Twelve-Day War Casualties Ceasefire Economic impact List of attacks Iranian strikes on the Weizmann Institute of Science United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites Israeli strikes on Evin prison Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base Order of battle Reactions 2026 Iran war Prelude Timeline Censorship Cyberwarfare Impact Reactions Iranian officials killed Assassination of Ali Khamenei 2026 Strait of Hormuz crisis 2026 Iran war ceasefire Hezbollah–Israel conflict Lebanese Civil War Israeli–Lebanese conflict South Lebanon conflict 1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats Assassination of Abbas al-Musawi 1992 Buenos Aires Israeli embassy bombing AMIA bombing 2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict 2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid 2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid 2006 Lebanon War Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh 2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange 2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt Francop Affair January 2015 Israel-Hezbollah incidents Operation Northern Shield 2019 Beirut drone crash April 2023 Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel Projectile attacks from Lebanon Hezbollah–Israel conflict (2023–present) timeline Killing of Fuad Shukr 2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks 20 September 2024 Beirut attack September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon 2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike Assassination of Hashem Safieddine 2024 Tyre airstrikes 2024 Beqaa Valley airstrikes 2024 Lebanon war 2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement Disarmament of Hezbollah 2026 Lebanon war 2026 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire Israeli–Palestinian conflict Karine A affair Victoria Affair Klos C cargo ship seizure Gaza–Israel conflict Blockade of the Gaza Strip Gaza–Israel conflict (2006) Gaza War (2008–2009) Gaza War (2012) Gaza War (2014) Israel–Palestine crisis (2021) Gaza war (since 2023) Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh Syrian civil war Syrian civil war January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes January 2015 Israel-Hezbollah incidents Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015) March 2017 Israel–Syria incident February 2018 Israel–Syria incident Operation House of Cards September 2018 Syria missile strikes January 2021 Syria airstrikes Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents Hezbollah involvement Red Sea crisis July 2024 Houthi–Israel attacks 29 September 2024 Israeli attacks on Yemen December 2024 Israeli airstrikes in Yemen 10 January 2025 Israeli attack on Yemen 2025 Israeli attacks in Yemen August 2025 Israeli attack on Sanaa September 2025 Israeli attacks in Yemen 2026 Houthi strikes on Israel International incidents Operation Outside the Box Iran–Israel proxy conflict in Sudan 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats 2012 Bangkok bombings 2012 Cyprus terrorist plot 2012 Burgas bus bombing Yarmouk munitions factory explosion 2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq 2022 Erbil missile attacks 2022 Istanbul terror plot Nuclear program of Iran Israel and the nuclear program of Iran Assassinations of Iranian nuclear scientists Ardeshir Hosseinpour Massoud Ali-Mohammadi Majid Shahriari Fereydoon Abbasi Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan Mohsen Fakhrizadeh AMAD Project Mossad activities in Iran Israeli infiltration of an Iranian nuclear archive Bid Kaneh explosion Stuxnet 2020 Iran explosions 2021 Natanz incident 2023 Iran drone attacks Related Hezbollah–Russia relations Russia–Hamas relations Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Ahmad Reza Djalali Axis of Resistance Arab–Israeli alliance Abraham Accords Warsaw Middle East conference People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran Little Satan Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel Views on military action against Iran Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Hezbollah–Iran relations Iranian support for Hamas Iranian support for the Houthis Israel and state-sponsored terrorism Quds Day Prisoner X2 Tehran Israeli war crimes 2024 leak of U.S. intelligence on Israeli strike plans Russia and the Arab–Israeli conflict National Organization for Passive Defense Israeli bases in Iraq Category

v t e Gaza War (2008–2009) Main topics Timeline Incidents Ibrahim al-Maqadma Mosque attack Al-Fakhura school shelling Abd Rabbo family incident Zeitoun killings Antisemitic incidents Casualties War crimes Background Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel 2002–2006 2007 2008 2009 Blockade of the Gaza Strip 2008 Israel-Hamas ceasefire Reactions and effects International reaction Iran UNSC Resolution 1860 UN Fact Finding Mission International law Media coverage Effects of the conflict 2008–2009 Gaza Strip aid Other 2009 Hamas political violence in Gaza 2009 Sudan airstrikes 2008–2009 Oslo anti-Israel riots Roof knocking Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict Propaganda and psychological warfare Part of the Gaza–Israel conflict

v t e 2014 Gaza War Main topics Timeline Israeli strikes and Palestinian casualties Beach bombings Deif family killings Battle of Shuja'iyya Black Friday Nahal Oz attack Zikim attack Deaths and ransoming of Oron Shaul and Hadar Goldin Ben Gurion Airport flight bans Israeli shelling of UNRWA Gaza shelters Background Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War (2008–2009) Blockade of the Gaza Strip Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel 2014 Beitunia killings Kidnapping and murder of Israeli teenagers Kidnapping and murder of Mohammed Abu Khdeir Effects Reactions Media coverage UN Fact Finding Mission Sarcelles riots Impact on video games Other Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 2014 Palestinian tunnel warfare Palestinian government of 2014 Roof knocking IDF field hospital for Gazans Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict Propaganda and psychological warfare Iron Dome 2013–2014 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks ICC investigation Deif family killings Part of the Gaza–Israel conflict

v t e Gaza war Part of the Gaza–Israel conflict, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and the Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present) Overview General Outline Timeline Gaza genocide Academic and legal responses Cultural discourse Intent and incitement NGO positions State positions Background History of Gaza Zionism Israeli–Palestinian conflict History of Hamas Blockade of the Gaza Strip 2023 ceasefire January 2025 ceasefire Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict COGAT Dahiya doctrine Effect on children in Gaza Hannibal Directive Humanitarian aid International recognition of Palestine Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present) Israeli interrogations LGBTQ advocacy in the Gaza war Women Wikipedia Historical context Arab–Israeli conflict International law Gaza–Israel conflict Casualties of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip Human rights violations Human shields Israeli demolition of Palestinian property Israeli settlement Legality of Israeli settlements Israeli outpost Israeli settler violence Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip Legitimacy of the State of Israel Palestinian freedom of movement Palestinian rocket attacks Palestinian tunnel warfare Israeli assassinations Military engagements October 2023 attacks Attacks on civilians Netiv HaAsara Alumim Be'eri Elhanan Team Holit Kfar Aza Kissufim Nir Oz Nir Yitzhak Nahal Oz Nirim Nova music festival Bomb shelter massacres on October 7, 2023 Psyduck music festival Battles & attacks on military Nir Am Re'im Sderot Sufa Zikim Bahad 4 Israeli female tank crew fight Urim SIGINT Base Unit 8200 Outposts Paga Crossings Erez Kerem Shalom Hatzerim Airbase General topics Allegations of genocide Allegations of involvement of UNRWA employees Baby beheading hoax Denial Sexual and gender-based violence "Screams Without Words" Israeli invasion of Gaza Beit Hanoun Gaza City Khan Yunis Netzarim Corridor Rafah Background Shuja'iyya May 2025 Gaza offensive Deir al-Balah Gaza City Attacks on refugee camps Jabalia 31 October Al-Shati Al-Shati and Tuffah dual airstrikes Al-Maghazi Tel al-Sultan attack Al-Mawasi (May) Nuseirat rescue and massacre Al-Mawasi (June) Al-Shati (July) Deir el-Balah (August) Al-Mawasi (September) Nuseirat (December) Attacks on schools Al-Fakhoora Al-Sardi Al-Awda Khadija Hamama Al-Tabaeen Al-Jawni Rufaida Abu Hussein Fahmi al-Jarjawi Al-Farabi Attacks on health facilities Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion Al-Shifa Hospital siege alleged military use Gaza Strip mass graves Kamal Adwan Hospital sieges Detention of Hussam Abu Safiya Killing of health workers Nasser Hospital siege Nasser Hospital mass graves 14 October 2024 Al-Aqsa Hospital attack 2025 Gaza European Hospital strikes 2025 Nasser Hospital strikes Other attacks Airstrikes on municipal services in Gaza Attacks on religious sites Central Archives Destruction Engineer's Building airstrike Flour Massacre Kuwait Roundabout mass killings Palestinians evacuating Gaza City World Central Kitchen aid convoy attack 13 July 2024 al-Mawasi attack Khan Yunis Deir al-Balah mosque Beit Lahia attacks Beit Lahia airstrike Kerem Shalom aid convoy looting March 2025 Israeli strikes Rafah paramedic massacre April 2025 Shuja'iyya airstrike Al-Najjar family killings 2025 Gaza Strip aid distribution killings Al-Baqa Café airstrike General topics AI-assisted targeting Bombing of the Gaza Strip Companies involved Destruction of cultural heritage Environmental impact Anti-Hamas insurgency in the Gaza Strip Popular Forces administration Hamas–Doghmush conflict Israeli generals' plan Torture Other theaters Israel Lehi Street bombing Givat Shaul shooting 2024 Jaffa shooting 2025 Gush Etzion Junction attack West Bank Israeli incursions in the West Bank Tulkarm 2024 military operation 2024 Tulkarm Camp airstrike Operation Iron Wall 2024–2025 Palestinian Authority operation in Jenin Killing of Benjamin Achimeir April 2024 Israeli settler rampages al-Funduq shooting Detention of Mohammed Ibrahim Iran 2024 conflict Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus 2024 Iranian strikes in Israel April October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran April October Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh 2025 war Casualties Weizmann Institute of Science strikes Evin prison strikes U.S. strikes on Iranian nuclear sites Al Udeid Air Base strikes Ceasefire 2026 war Iranian officials killed Ali Khamenei List of attacks Strikes Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Israel Jordan Kurdistan Region Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Aramco refinery Turkey United Arab Emirates Strait of Hormuz crisis Minab school attack Hezbollah–Israel conflict (Timeline) Attacks on journalists Lebanese displacement Assassinations Hezbollah headquarters Fuad Shukr Ibrahim Aqil Saleh al-Arouri Haytham Ali Tabatabai Majdal Shams attack August 2024 Nabatieh attack 2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon 2024 Lebanon war ceasefire Israeli attacks on the Lebanese health sector Destruction of cultural heritage during the 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon January 2025 southern Lebanon attack 2025 Sidon airstrike 2026 Lebanon war Red Sea crisis (Timeline) Operation Prosperity Guardian Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou Marlin Luanda missile strike Attacks on the Sounion Operation Poseidon Archer July 2024 Houthi–Israel attacks Israeli attacks on Yemen (September 2024) March–May 2025 United States attacks in Yemen 2025 United States–Houthi ceasefire 2025 Israeli attacks in Yemen Syria 2024 Masyaf raid Israeli intervention in Syria Southern Syria clashes (April–May 2025) Southern Syria clashes (July 2025–present) July 2025 Damascus airstrikes Jordan Tower 22 drone attack Qatar Israeli strike on Hamas headquarters Hostages and casualties of the Gaza war Hostages (list) 2024 Rafah hostage raid Kidnapped from Israel Hostages and Missing Families Forum Hostages Square Tikva Forum Rescued Rachel Edry Ori Megidish Nuseirat rescue and massacre Qaid Farhan al-Qadi Rescue of Fernando Marman & Luis Har Released Yarden Roman-Gat Mia Schem Naama Levy Liri Albag Eli Sharabi Edan Alexander Omer Shem Tov Agam Berger Emily Damari Evyatar David Hanna Katzir Gadi Moses Alon Ohel Rom Braslavski Shoshan Haran Bar Kupershtein Elkana Bohbot Avigail Idan Avinatan Or Nimrod Cohen Matan Angrest Gali Berman Ziv Berman David Cunio Ariel Cunio Romi Gonen Eitan Mor Amit Soussana Deceased Alex Dancyg Hersh Goldberg-Polin Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka Oded Lifshitz Shani Louk Bibas family Nattapong Pinta Bipin Joshi Chaim Peri Omer Neutra Noa Marciano Casualties Israel Security forces Jayar Davidov Asaf Hamami Roi Levy Izhar Peled Yonatan Steinberg Eli Ginsberg Alim Abdallah Salman Habaka Yitzhak Ben-Bashat Yitzhar Hofman Ehsan Daxa Civilians Lior Asulin Leon Bar Hayim Katsman Ofir Libstein Aner Shapira Vivian Silver Yahav Winner Palestine Hamas Ismail Haniyeh Yahya Sinwar Abdul Fatah Dukhan Ali Al Qadi Osama Mazini Fouad Abu Butihan Ayman Nofal Jamila al-Shanti Jihad Shehadeh Ahmed Ghandour Mohammed Dababish Fursan Khalifa Wissam Farhat Saleh al-Arouri Marwan Issa Faiq Al-Mabhouh Alaa Shreiteh Mohammed Deif Rafa Salama Rawhi Mushtaha Fatah Sharif Mohammed Sinwar Abu Obeida Civilians 2023 Omar Abu Shawish Hani Al-Masdar Awni El-Dous Hiba Abu Nada Omar Ferwana Refaat Alareer Hammam Alloh Ibrahim Qusaya Mohammed Shabir Ibrahim al-Astal Jamila al-Shanti Sufian Tayeh Mohamed al-Dalou Wael Al Zard Nahida and Samar Anton 2024 Medo Halimy Khaled Nabhan Mahasen al-Khateeb Fathi Ghaben Ihab al-Ghussein Nagham Abu Samra Hind Rajab Sidra Hassouna Mohammed Barakat Adnan al-Bursh Majed Abu Maraheel Mohammad Bhar Rashad Abu Sakhila Shaban al-Dalou 2025 Ismail Abu Hatab Sayfollah Musallet Awdah Hathaleen al-Najjar children Yaqeen Hammad Suleiman Obeid Spillover Mushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi Waibhav Anil Kale Ahmed al-Rahawi Hezbollah Wissam al-Tawil Ali Hussein Barji Fuad Shukr Ibrahim Aqil Hassan Nasrallah Ali Karaki Nabil Qaouk Hashem Safieddine Mohammad Afif Iran Razi Mousavi Sadegh Omidzadeh Mohammad Reza Zahedi Abbas Nilforoushan Journalists Issam Abdallah Belal Jadallah Samer Abu Daqqa Adel Zorob Ismail al-Ghoul Wafa Al-Udaini Iman al-Shanti Hossam Shabat Fatima Hassouna Yahya Sobeih Hassan Aslih Ismail Abu Hatab Awdah Hathaleen Anas Al-Sharif Hussam al-Masri Mariam Dagga Mohammed Salama Moaz Abu Taha Ahmed Abu Aziz Saleh al-Jafarawi Ahmed Abu Mutair Reactions States and official entities General Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit Beijing Declaration Calls for a ceasefire Israeli hostage deal protests Gaza peace plan Cancellation of the 2023 MTV EMA Conference on the Implementation of the Two-State Solution Diplomatic impact 2025 Donald Trump Gaza Strip takeover proposal Egypt European Union Film Workers for Palestine Hague Group Bogotá conference Islamic Summit Conference Together for Palestine United Kingdom University donors Writers Against the War on Gaza The New York War Crimes Military aid US support for Israel German support for Israel United Nations Resolutions A/RES/ES-10/21 S/RES/2712 A/RES/ES-10/22 S/RES/2720 S/RES/2728 A/RES/ES-10/23 S/RES/2735 Inquiry Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory 2025 UNHRC Commission of Inquiry report on Gaza genocide Courts Global courts South Africa v. 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Biden Public Protests Gaza war protests at universities List of protests Netherlands (2024) United States California Reactions Netherlands (2025) Australia Bangladesh March for Gaza France March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism Indonesia 2023 Bitung clashes Israel Humanitarian aid blockade Italy 2025 general strikes and protests for Gaza Netherlands Red line demonstrations New Zealand Spain 2024 pro-Palestinian strike United Kingdom List United States Artists4Ceasefire DNC protests March on Washington for Gaza March for Israel National March on Washington: Free Palestine Protest votes Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell Pakistan Hurmat-e-Masjid Aqsa Conference D-Chowk Dharna 2024 Faizabad sit-in 2025 Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan protests Gaza Strip 2025 Gaza Strip anti-Hamas protests June 26 Revolution Discrimination Antisemitism Riots in the North Caucasus Anti-Palestinianism Islamophobia Violent incidents Murder of Wadea al-Fayoume Killing of Paul Kessler Vermont student shooting Killing of Israeli Embassy workers Boulder fire attack Impacts General Economic impact Evacuations Gaza Strip evacuations Impact on Palestinian sports Israeli government response Israeli war cabinet Israeli public diplomacy Mass detentions Media coverage Violence against journalists Misinformation Palestine exception Pallywood Palestinian genocide allegations Sexual violence against Palestinians War crimes Hamas Israeli Cemetery destruction and necroviolence Israeli torture of Palestinians Proposed Israeli resettlement of Gaza Humanitarian crisis Famine Gaza floating pier Gaza Humanitarian Foundation Global March to Gaza Soumoud Convoy Healthcare collapse Polio epidemic Premature baby crisis Societal breakdown Flotillas 2024 2025 Conscience 2025 Madleen 2025 Handala 2025 Global Sumud Flotilla participants Freedom Flotilla Coalition Related people Israelis Sofie Berzon MacKie Batia Holin Nimrod Aloni Rachel Goldberg-Polin Einav Zangauker Yonatan Shamriz Doron Libshtein Omri Ronen Eitan Okun Yagel Oshri Inbal Rabin-Lieberman Amir Tibon Andrey X Palestinians Mosab Abu Toha Wael Al-Dahdouh Plestia Alaqad Motaz Azaiza Bisan Owda Mustafa Moien Ayyash Hind Khoudary Other Ahmed Abdel Khalek Other topics General 2024 Israeli secret document leak scandal Al-Saqqa House Al Qarara Cultural Museum Attacks on US bases during the Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present) Blockout 2024 Gaza Daily Hind Rajab Foundation No Music for Genocide No Tech for Apartheid "Options for a policy regarding Gaza's civilian population" Project Nimbus Together for Palestine Terms, phrases "All Eyes on Rafah" "Death, death to the IDF" "From the river to the sea" "Globalize the intifada" Popular culture Songs "Harbu Darbu" "Hind's Hall" "Hurricane" "Leve Palestina" "Rajieen" Films 2023 Bearing Witness to the October 7th Massacre 2024 Screams Before Silence From Ground Zero The Children of October 7 2025 The Encampments Gaza: Doctors Under Attack Gaza: How to Survive a Warzone Holding Liat Yes Louis Theroux: The Settlers Put Your Soul on Your Hand and Walk Close Your Eyes Hind The Road Between Us: The Ultimate Rescue The Voice of Hind Rajab Hind Under Siege TV shows Red Alert One Day in October Category

v t e Gaza–Israel conflict History 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight Palestinian refugees History of the Gaza Strip History of Ashkelon History of Hamas Pre-2006 1956 Khan Yunis massacre Rafah massacre 1967–71 Gazan insurgency First Intifada Second Intifada and aftermath in 2000–2005 Killing of Muhammad al-Durrah 2004 Israeli operation in Rafah 2004 Beit Hanoun raid 2004 Israeli operation Israeli disengagement 2006 Jan Palestinian legislative election Jun Gaza beach explosion Gaza cross-border raid Jun–Nov 2006 Gaza–Israel conflict Oct–Nov 2006 Israeli operation in Beit Hanoun Nov Beit Hanoun shelling 2008 Jan–Feb Egypt–Gaza border breach Feb–Mar Operation Hot Winter Apr Jun–Dec Israel–Hamas ceasefire Dec Gaza War (2008–2009) 2009 Jan Gaza War (2008–2009) Timeline Incidents Casualties Effects Feb–Mar Israeli attacks Apr UN Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict 2010 Mar Israel–Gaza clashes May Gaza Freedom Flotilla 2010 Gaza flotilla raid 2011 Jul Freedom Flotilla II Aug 2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks 2012 Mar March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes Nov 2012 Gaza War Timeline Reactions 2014 July 2014 Gaza War List of Israeli strikes and Palestinian casualties in the 2014 Gaza War August UN Fact Finding Mission on the 2014 conflict 2015 May–Jun Freedom Flotilla III 2018 Mar Gaza border protests Palestinian airborne arson attacks Nov Gaza–Israel clashes 2019 May Gaza–Israel clashes November Gaza–Israel clashes 2020 Feb Killing and dismemberment of Muhammad al-Na'im 2021 May Israel–Palestine crisis 2022 Aug 2022 Gaza–Israel clashes 2023 Apr Al-Aqsa clashes May Clashes October October 7 attacks Gaza war 2024 Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip Lists Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel 2001 2002–2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Related topics Gaza Strip Israeli–Palestinian conflict Gaza–Israel barrier Gaza Strip under Hamas Fatah–Hamas conflict Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza Strip blockade (since 2007) Israeli support for Hamas Gaza genocide International Criminal Court investigation in Palestine

v t e Israeli-occupied territories Current occupied territories Golan Heights Shebaa Farms Israeli invasion of Syria (2024–present) Gaza Strip Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip West Bank Area C East Jerusalem Seam Zone Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Gaza war Southern Lebanon Topics Blockade of the Gaza Strip Israeli Military Orders Israeli settlements International law List Land expropriation in the West Bank Palestinian displacement in East Jerusalem Palestinian enclaves Palestinian freedom of movement Permit regime West Bank Gaza Legality of the Israeli occupation of Palestine Status Golan Heights Jerusalem Former occupied territories Sinai Peninsula Southern Lebanon 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon Related articles Borders of Israel Declarations of State Land in the West Bank Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel Israel and apartheid Israeli criticism of the occupation of Palestine Proposed annexations Jordan Valley West Bank Category

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Blockade of the Gaza Strip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.