# Black musselcracker

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Species of fish

Black musselcracker Conservation status Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Acanthuriformes Family: Sparidae Genus: Cymatoceps Smith, 1938[2] Species: C. nasutus Binomial name Cymatoceps nasutus (Castelnau, 1861) Synonyms[5] Chrysophrys nasutus Castelnau, 1861[3] Pagrus nigripinnis Boulenger, 1903[4]

The **black musselcracker** (***Cymatoceps nasutus***) is a species of marine [ray-finned fish](/source/Ray-finned_fish) belonging to the [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) [Sparidae](/source/Sparidae), which includes the seabreams and porgies. This species is the only species in the [monospecific genus](/source/Monospecific_genus) ***Cymatoceps***. It is [endemic](/source/Endemism) to South Africa.

## Taxonomy

The black musselcracker was first formally [described](/source/Species_description) as *Chrysophrys nasutus* in 1861 by the French [naturalist](/source/Naturalist) [Francis de Laporte de Castelnau](/source/Francis_de_Laporte_de_Castelnau) with its [type locality](/source/Type_locality_(biology)) given as [Table Bay](/source/Table_Bay) near [Cape Town](/source/Cape_Town) in South Africa.[6] In 1938 [James Leonard Brierley Smith](/source/James_Leonard_Brierley_Smith) reclassified this species in the [monotypic](/source/Monotypic_taxon) genus *Cymatoceps*.[7] This [taxon](/source/Taxon) is placed in the family Sparidae within the [order](/source/Order_(biology)) [Spariformes](/source/Spariformes) by the 5th edition of *[Fishes of the World](/source/Fishes_of_the_World)*.[8] Some authorities classify this genus in the subfamily Sparinae,[9] but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sparidae.[8]

## Etymology

The black musselcracker has the [generic name](/source/Generic_name_(biology)) *Cymatoceps* which is a combination of *cymatos*, meaning "swelling" or "bump", and *ceps*, meaning "head". This was not explained by Castelnau but it is thought to be an allusion to the large fleshy, protuberance on the snouts of the larger adults. The [specific name](/source/Specific_name_(zoology)) *nasutus* means "large-nosed", also a reference to the large fleshy, protuberance on the snout.[10]

## Description

The black musselcracker is distinguished from other genera in the Sparidae by having scales on the area between the eyes and on the bases of the soft rayed parts of the [dorsal](/source/Dorsal_fin) and [anal fins](/source/Anal_fin). The flange on the [preoperculum](/source/Preoperculum) is partially covered with scales. The dorsal fin is supported by 12 spines and 10 soft rays while the anal fin is supported by 3 spines and 9 soft rays. The body is moderately deep and compressed, its [standard length](/source/Standard_length) being between 2.3 and 2.5 times its depth. The dorsal profile of the head is gently sloping but in large adults develop a fleshy process on the snout and a hump before the eyes. The scales are ctenoid, larger below the [lateral line](/source/Lateral_line) than above it. The overall colour of adults is dull dark grey with the chin and belly being bright white> The juveniles are dark greenish brown in colour on the body with irregular white mottling.[11] This species has a maximum published [total length](/source/Total_length) of 150 cm (59 in) and a maximum published weight of 34.4 kg (76 lb).[5]

## Distribution and habitat

The black musselcracker is endemic to South Africa where it is found from northern [KwaZulu-Natal](/source/KwaZulu-Natal) to [False Bay](/source/False_Bay).[11] It has been reported from [Maputo Bay](/source/Maputo_Bay) in Mozambique but it is unknown from line or trap fisheries in [Maputo](/source/Maputo).[1] It is found at depths between 1 and 80 m (3 ft 3 in and 262 ft 6 in) and occurs in shallow rocky areas, rarely entering estuaries.[5]

## Biology

Juvenile

Black musselcrackers are solitary and have been recorded preying on a wide variety of prey, mainly [molluscs](/source/Mollusca), [crustaceans](/source/Crustacean), and [echinoderms](/source/Echinoderm) as adults. The adults are found on deeper topographically varied reefs in both inshore and offshore waters. The juveniles prefer shallower reefs, just below the low tide mark at depths of less than 10 m (33 ft). Tagging studies have revealed that both juveniles and sub-adults are very sedentary and, that the limited data obtained on the movements of larger adults suggests that there is an easterly movement up the South African coast. Studies of the [otoliths](/source/Otolith) of this species show that it grows slowly and has a long life, with 45.5 years being the age of the oldest fish recorded.[1]

This species is thought to be a [protogynous hermaphrodite](/source/Protogynous_hermaphrodite) and, off the [Eastern Cape](/source/Eastern_Cape), [spawning](/source/Spawn_(biology)) occurs between May and October. Sexually mature adults are not found in the [Western Cape](/source/Western_Cape) suggests that the adults move east to the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. The smallest females found which was reproductively active had a [fork length](/source/Fork_length) of 53 cm (21 in) and the age at which 50% of the fish are sexually mature is thought to be 10 years old. They are thought to change sex from female to male at a fork length of 70 cm (28 in), around 18 years of age, and fish with fork lengths in excess of 95 cm (37 in) are all male.[1]

## Fisheries and conservation

The black musselcracker is a popular sport fish in South Africa.[5] Because it is eagerly sought after, this species experiences a lot of over harvesting, which diminishes its chances of a stable population.[12] The reason that black musselcracker is vulnerable to over harvesting is mainly because they have a slow growth rate, which means that they are most likely being harvested before they are old enough to reproduce.[12]

As a result of over harvesting the black musselcracker, there are now fishing regulations to protect this species. The primary rule is that each fisherman is allowed only one fish, minimum length of 50 centimeters, per day.[13] Because of these new regulations, in some regions of South Africa, black musselcracker populations are on the rise.[13]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-iucn_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-iucn_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-iucn_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-iucn_1-3) Mann, B.Q.; Buxton, C.D. & Carpenter, K.E. (2014). ["*Cymatoceps nasutus*"](https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170204/1292756). *[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species](/source/IUCN_Red_List)*. **2014** e.T170204A1292756. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T170204A1292756.en](https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T170204A1292756.en). Retrieved 9 January 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Smith, J. L. B. (1938). "The South African Fishes of the Families Sparidae and Denticidae". *Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa*. **26** (3). pp. 259–261, Pl. XX, XXV. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/00359193809519774](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00359193809519774).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Castelnau, F. de (1861). ["Sparoïdes"](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1722768). *Mémoire sur les poissons de l'Afrique australe*. Paris: J.-B. Baillière. pp. 24–25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Boulenger, G. A. (1903). ["Descriptions of Six new Perciform Fishes from the Coast of Natal"](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1510484). *Annals of the South African Museum*. **3** (3) (published April 9, 1903). p. 67, [Pl. VII](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1510496).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-fishbase_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-fishbase_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-fishbase_5-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-fishbase_5-3) [Froese, Rainer](/source/Rainer_Froese); [Pauly, Daniel](/source/Daniel_Pauly) (eds.). ["*Cymatoceps nasutus*"](https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Cymatoceps&speciesname=nasutus). *[FishBase](/source/FishBase)*. October 2023 version.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-CofF_6-0)** Fricke, Ron; [Eschmeyer, William N.](/source/William_N._Eschmeyer) & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). ["Species in the genus *Cymatoceps*"](http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?tbl=species&genus=Cymatoceps). *[Catalog of Fishes](/source/Catalog_of_Fishes)*. [California Academy of Sciences](/source/California_Academy_of_Sciences). Retrieved 14 January 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-CofF2_7-0)** Fricke, Ron; [Eschmeyer, William N.](/source/William_N._Eschmeyer) & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). ["Genera in the family Sparidae"](http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?tbl=genus&family=Sparidae). *[Catalog of Fishes](/source/Catalog_of_Fishes)*. [California Academy of Sciences](/source/California_Academy_of_Sciences). Retrieved 14 January 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Nelson5_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Nelson5_8-1) [Nelson, J.S.](/source/Joseph_S._Nelson); Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). *Fishes of the World* (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: [John Wiley & Sons](/source/John_Wiley_%26_Sons). pp. 502–506. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/9781119174844](https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119174844). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-118-34233-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-34233-6). [LCCN](/source/LCCN_(identifier)) [2015037522](https://lccn.loc.gov/2015037522). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [951899884](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/951899884). [OL](/source/OL_(identifier)) [25909650M](https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25909650M).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Parenti_9-0)** Parenti, P. (2019). ["An annotated checklist of the fishes of the family Sparidae"](https://fishtaxa.com/menuscript/index.php/ft/article/view/49/52). *FishTaxa*. **4** (2): 47–98.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ETYFish_10-0)** ["Order SPARIFORMES: Families LETHRINIDAE, NEMIPTERIDAE and SPARIDAE"](https://web.archive.org/web/20231030165034/https://etyfish.org/spariformes/). *The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database*. Christopher Scharpf. 22 December 2023. Archived from [the original](https://etyfish.org/spariformes/) on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-WIOF_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-WIOF_11-1) Yukio Iwatsuki and Phillip C Heemstra (2022). "Family Sparidae". In [Phillip C Heemstra](/source/Phil_Heemstra); Elaine Heemstra; David A Ebert; Wouter Holleman; and [John E Randall](/source/John_Ernest_Randall) (eds.). [*Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean*](https://saiab.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/1._wiof_volume_3_text.pdf) (PDF). Vol. 3. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. pp. 284–315. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-990951-32-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-990951-32-9).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_12-1) da, Scritto; Mucedola, rea (2017-06-22). ["Unsustainable fishing, case study of Africans Black Musselcracker endangered species • Ocean 4 Future"](http://www.ocean4future.org/archives/2446). *Ocean 4 Future* (in Italian). Retrieved 2020-05-01.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_13-1) reporter, FINSA (2019-07-25). ["Good Catch! Biggest Black Mussel Cracker Caught · Fishing Industry News SA"](https://www.fishingindustrynewssa.com/2019/07/25/black-musselcracker-caught-biggest-catch-ever/). *Fishing Industry News SA*. Retrieved 2020-05-01.

## External links

- ["*Cymatoceps* Smith, 1938"](https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=647867). [Integrated Taxonomic Information System](/source/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System).

- [World Register of Marine Species link](http://www.marinespecies.org): [Cymatoceps](http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=206300) ([+species list](http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxlist&rComp==&tRank=220&vOnly=yes&marine=no&pid=206300))

- ["*Cymatoceps*"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=119709). *[National Center for Biotechnology Information](/source/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information) (NCBI)*.

- ["*Cymatoceps nasutus* (Castelnau, 1861)"](https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=647933). [Integrated Taxonomic Information System](/source/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System).

- ["*Cymatoceps nasutus*"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=119710). *[National Center for Biotechnology Information](/source/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information) (NCBI)*.

Taxon identifiers Cymatoceps nasutus Wikidata: Q1409436 BOLD: 11700 CoL: 335X5 FishBase: 5531 GBIF: 2392615 iNaturalist: 424571 IRMNG: 11010726 ITIS: 647933 IUCN: 170204 NCBI: 119710 OBIS: 218601 Open Tree of Life: 743342 WoRMS: 218601

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Black musselcracker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_musselcracker) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_musselcracker?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.