# Biofortification

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Breeding crops for higher nutritional value

The far bowl on the right contains [Golden Rice](/source/Golden_Rice), an example of biofortification using genetic engineering. The golden color of the grains comes from the increased amounts of [beta-carotene](/source/Beta-carotene).

**Biofortification** is the practice of [breeding](/source/Plant_breeding) crops to increase their [nutritional value](/source/Nutritional_value). This can be done either through [conventional selective breeding](/source/Artificial_selection), or through [genetic engineering](/source/Genetically_modified_food).

Biofortification differs from [ordinary fortification](/source/Nutrification) because it focuses on making plant foods more nutritious as the plants are growing, rather than having nutrients added to the foods when they are being processed. This is an important improvement on ordinary fortification when it comes to providing nutrients for the rural poor, who rarely have access to commercially fortified foods.

Biofortification is seen as an upcoming strategy for dealing with [deficiencies of micronutrients](/source/Micronutrient_deficiency) in low and middle-income countries. In the case of [iron deficiency](/source/Iron_deficiency), the [WHO](/source/World_Health_Organization) estimated that biofortification could help cure the 2 billion people with [anemia](/source/Anemia).[1]

## Methodology

Plants can be bred by selective breeding. In this method, plant breeders search [seed or germplasm banks](/source/Seedbank) for existing varieties of crops which are naturally high in nutrients. They then crossbreed these high-nutrient varieties with high-yielding varieties of crops, to provide a seed with high yields and increased nutritional value.[2] Crops must be bred with sufficient amounts of nutrients to have a measurable positive impact on human health. As such, they must be developed with the involvement of nutritionists who study whether the consumers of the improved crop can absorb the extra nutrients, and the extent to which storage, processing, and cooking of the crops affect their available nutrient levels.[3] Bread wheat with high grain iron and zinc has been developed through radiation breeding.[4]

This method is prevalent at present, as it is less controversial than genetically engineering crops. HarvestPlus, a major [NGO](/source/Non-governmental_organization) in the development of biofortified crops, primarily use conventional breeding techniques, and have not yet spent more than 15% of their research budget on [genetically modified crops](/source/Genetically_modified_crops) when conventional methods fail to meet nutritional requirements.[5][6]

[Golden rice](/source/Golden_rice) is an example of a GM crop developed for its nutritional value. The latest version of golden rice contains genes from a common soil bacterium *[Erwinia](/source/Erwinia)* and maize, and contains increased levels of [beta-carotene](/source/Beta-carotene) which can be converted by the body into vitamin A.[7] Golden rice is being developed as a potential new way to address [vitamin A deficiency](/source/Vitamin_A_deficiency).[8]

## Uses

### Low and middle-income countries

Deficiencies of various micronutrients, including [vitamin A](/source/Vitamin_A_deficiency), [zinc](/source/Zinc_deficiency), and [iron](/source/Iron_deficiency_(medicine)) are common in low and middle-income countries and affect billions of people. These can lead to, amongst other symptoms, a higher incidence of blindness, a weaker immune system, stunted growth and impaired cognitive development.[1] The poor, particularly the rural poor, tend to subsist on a diet of staple crops such as [rice](/source/Rice), [wheat](/source/Wheat) and [maize](/source/Maize), which are low in these micronutrients, and most cannot afford or efficiently cultivate enough fruits, vegetables or meat products that are necessary to obtain healthy levels of these nutrients.[9][10] As such, increasing the micronutrient levels in staple crops can help prevent and reduce the micronutrient deficiencies – in one trial in [Mozambique](/source/Mozambique), eating [sweet potatoes](/source/Sweet_potato) biofortified with beta-carotene reduced the incidence of vitamin A deficiency in children by 24%.[11] In two separate randomized clinical trials in [India](/source/India), eating iron- and zinc- biofortified [pearl millet](/source/Pearl_millet) was found to improve iron status among school-aged children[12] and was found to improve [hemoglobin](/source/Hemoglobin) concentrations in younger male children, and in children ages 12–18 months who were iron-deficient at baseline.[13]

This approach may have advantages over other health interventions such as providing foods [fortified after processing](/source/Nutrification), or providing [supplements](/source/Dietary_supplement). Although these approaches have proven successful when dealing with the urban poor, they tend to require access to effective markets and healthcare systems which often just do not exist in rural areas.[9] Biofortification is also fairly cost effective after an initial large research investment – where seeds can be distributed, the "implementation costs [of growing biofortified foods] are nil or negligible",[14] as opposed to supplementation which is comparatively expensive and requires continued financing over time, which may be jeopardized by fluctuating political interest.

Research on this approach is being undertaken internationally, with major efforts ongoing in [Brazil](/source/Brazil), [China](/source/China)[15] and [India](/source/India).[16]

### High-income countries

Researchers at the [University of Warwick](/source/University_of_Warwick) have been looking for ways to boost the low selenium levels in British grains, and have been working to help develop a grain to be used in making bread biofortified with selenium.[17]

## Problems

Some people, while not opposed to biofortification itself, are [critical of genetically modified foods](/source/Genetically_modified_food_controversies), including biofortified ones such as golden rice.

There may occasionally be difficulties in getting biofortified foods to be accepted if they have different characteristics to their unfortified counterparts. For example, vitamin A enhanced foods are often dark yellow or orange in color – this for example is problematic for many in [Africa](/source/Africa), where white maize is eaten by humans and yellow maize is negatively associated with animal feed or food aid,[14][18] or where white-fleshed sweet potato is preferred to its moister, orange-fleshed counterpart.[5] Some qualities may be relatively simple to mitigate or breed out of biofortified crops according to consumer demand, such as the moistness of the sweet potato, whereas others cannot be.

Where this is the case, care must be taken to convince the local farmers and consumers that the crop in question is worth growing and consuming. This can be done through improving the cultivation qualities of the plant, for example making the orange sweet-potato mature earlier than its white-fleshed cousin so it can be taken to market earlier. It can also be done through public health education, making the benefits of eating biofortified foods apparent to consumers. Trials suggest that the rural poor "will consume biofortified versions of food staples even if the color of the food has been changed...if they are educated as to the benefit".[19] While other micronutrients such as zinc or iron can be added to crops without noticeably changing their taste or appearance,[5] some researchers emphasize the importance of ensuring that consumers do not think that their food has been altered without their authorization or knowledge.[14]

Some have criticized biofortification programs because they may encourage "further simplification of human diets and food systems",[20] because "[biofortification is] a strategy that aims to concentrate more nutrients in few staple foods [which] may contribute to further simplifying diets already overly dependent on a few carbohydrate staples."[21] This may seem irresponsible, as lack of access to a diverse and balanced diet is the major cause of malnutrition. As a result these critics urge caution, and the use of biofortification as part of a larger strategy involving diversification of foods in low and middle-income countries.[22] Advocates of biofortification accept this as a long term strategy, but state that substantially increasing diet diversity will take "many decades and untold billions of dollars",[23] and that biofortification could be an effective strategy to help reduce micronutrient malnutrition.

## See also

- [Golden rice](/source/Golden_rice)

- [Micronutrient deficiency](/source/Micronutrient_deficiency) ("Hidden hunger")

- [Malnutrition](/source/Malnutrition)

- [CGIAR](/source/Consultative_Group_on_International_Agricultural_Research)

- [Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation](/source/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation)

## Notes

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-developments_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-developments_1-1) Garg, Monika; Sharma, Natasha; Sharma, Saloni; Kapoor, Payal; Kumar, Aman; Chunduri, Venkatesh; Arora, Priya (2018). ["Biofortified Crops Generated by Breeding, Agronomy, and Transgenic Approaches Are Improving Lives of Millions of People around the World"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5817065). *Frontiers in Nutrition*. **5** 12. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3389/fnut.2018.00012](https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnut.2018.00012). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [5817065](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5817065). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [29492405](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29492405).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [*HarvestPlus FAQs*](http://www.harvestplus.org/biofaqs.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080705092758/http://www.harvestplus.org/biofaqs.html) July 5, 2008, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), Section 5, Retrieved on July 22, 2008

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Wolfgang H. Pfeiffer & Bonnie McClafferty, ‘Biofortification: Breeding Micronutrient-Dense Crops’, in Manjit S. Kang & P.M. Priyadarshan (eds.), *Breeding Major Food Staples*, Blackwell Publishing, (2007), pp. 63-64.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Verma, Shailender Kumar; Kumar, Satish; Sheikh, Imran; Malik, Sachin; Mathpal, Priyanka; Chugh, Vishal; Kumar, Sundip; Prasad, Ramasare; Dhaliwal, Harcharan Singh (2016-03-03). "Transfer of useful variability of high grain iron and zinc from Aegilops kotschyi into wheat through seed irradiation approach". *International Journal of Radiation Biology*. **92** (3): 132–139. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3109/09553002.2016.1135263](https://doi.org/10.3109%2F09553002.2016.1135263). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0955-3002](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0955-3002). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [26883304](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26883304). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [10873152](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10873152).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-TCEa_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-TCEa_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-TCEa_5-2) Bonnie McClafferty & Yassir Islam, ‘Fighting the Hidden Hunger’, in *TCE*, (February 2008), p. 27.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Jocelyn C. Zuckerman, ‘Mission Man’, in *Gourmet*, (November 2007), p. 197.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** International Rice Research Institute: [About Golden Rice](http://www.irri.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&layout=item&id=10202&Itemid=100571&lang=en) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121102112216/http://www.irri.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&layout=item&id=10202&Itemid=100571&lang=en) November 2, 2012, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** International Rice Research Institute: [Golden Rice at IRRI](http://www.irri.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=category&id=764:golden-rice-at-irri&lang=en)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-TCEb_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-TCEb_9-1) Bonnie McClafferty & Yassir Islam, ‘Fighting the Hidden Hunger’, in *TCE*, (February 2008), p. 26.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** [‘The New Face of Hunger’](http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11049284), in *The Economist*, (April 17th, 2008).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Carl Pray, Robert Paarlberg, & Laurian Unnevehr, [‘Patterns of Political Response to Biofortified Varieties of Crops Produced with Different Breeding Techniques and Agronomic Traits’](http://www.agbioforum.org/v10n3/v10n3a02-pray.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200712073021/http://www.agbioforum.org/v10n3/v10n3a02-pray.htm) 2020-07-12 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), in *AgBioForum*, vol. 10, no. 3, (2007), p. 137.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Finkelstein, J; Mehta, S; Udipi, S; Ghugre, PS; Luna, SV; Wenger, MJ; Murray-Kolb, LE; Przybyszewski, E; Haas, J (July 2015). ["A Randomized Trial of Iron-Biofortified Pearl Millet in School Children in India"](https://doi.org/10.3945%2Fjn.114.208009). *J Nutr*. **145** (7): 1576–1581. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3945/jn.114.208009](https://doi.org/10.3945%2Fjn.114.208009). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [25948782](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25948782).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Mehta, S; Huey, SL; Ghugre, PS; Potdar, RD; Venkatramanan, S; Krisher; ruth; Chopra; Thorat; Thakker; Johnson; Powis; Raveendran; Haas; Finkelstein (April 2022). ["A randomized trial of iron- and zinc-biofortified pearl millet-based complementary feeding in children aged 12 to 18 months living in urban slums"](https://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(22)00065-6/fulltext). *Clin Nutr*. **41** (4): 937–947. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.clnu.2022.02.014](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clnu.2022.02.014). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [35299084](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35299084). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [247116529](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247116529).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-jnut_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-jnut_14-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-jnut_14-2) Penelope Nestel, Howarth E. Bouis, J. V. Meenakshi, & Wolfgang Pfeiffer, [‘Biofortification of Staple Food Crops’](http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/136/4/1064), in *The Journal of Nutrition*, vol. 136, no. 4, (2006), p. 1066.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** [HarvestPlus China website](http://www.harvestplus-china.org/english/index.asp) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080820090541/http://www.harvestplus-china.org/english/index.asp) August 20, 2008, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** [‘HarvestPlus aid for boosting nutrition levels’](http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/04/04/stories/2007040401091200.htm), in *The Hindu Business Line*, Retrieved on July 22, 2008

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** [*The Researcher, the Farmer and the Baker*](http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/whri/research/plantmineralnutrition/biofort/), Retrieved on July 22, 2008

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Jocelyn C. Zuckerman, ‘Mission Man’, in *Gourmet*, (November 2007), p. 104.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Carl Pray, Robert Paarlberg, & Laurian Unnevehr, [‘Patterns of Political Response to Biofortified Varieties of Crops Produced with Different Breeding Techniques and Agronomic Traits’](http://www.agbioforum.org/v10n3/v10n3a02-pray.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200712073021/http://www.agbioforum.org/v10n3/v10n3a02-pray.htm) 2020-07-12 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), in *AgBioForum*, vol. 10, no. 3, (2007), p. 138.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Timothy Johns & Pablo B. Eyzaguirre, [‘Biofortification, biodiversity and diet: A search for complementary applications against poverty and malnutrition’](http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VCB-4K4WH8H-1&_user=701193&_coverDate=02%2F28%2F2007&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%235950%232007%23999679998%23639003%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=5950&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=9&_acct=C000039346&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=701193&md5=3c138b7b1a46918f7e7c53c4a2fce362)[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*], in *Food Policy*, vol. 32, issue 1, (February 2007), p. 11.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Timothy Johns & Pablo B. Eyzaguirre, [‘Biofortification, biodiversity and diet: A search for complementary applications against poverty and malnutrition’](http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VCB-4K4WH8H-1&_user=701193&_coverDate=02%2F28%2F2007&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%235950%232007%23999679998%23639003%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=5950&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=9&_acct=C000039346&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=701193&md5=3c138b7b1a46918f7e7c53c4a2fce362)[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*], in *Food Policy*, vol. 32, issue 1, (February 2007), p. 3.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Timothy Johns & Pablo B. Eyzaguirre, [‘Biofortification, biodiversity and diet: A search for complementary applications against poverty and malnutrition’](http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VCB-4K4WH8H-1&_user=701193&_coverDate=02%2F28%2F2007&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%235950%232007%23999679998%23639003%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=5950&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=9&_acct=C000039346&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=701193&md5=3c138b7b1a46918f7e7c53c4a2fce362)[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*], in *Food Policy*, vol. 32, issue 1, (February 2007), pp. 2-3.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** [*Biofortification: Harnessing Agricultural Technology to Improve the Health of the Poor*](http://www.ifpri.org/publication/biofortification), IFPRI and CIAT pamphlet, (2002).

## External links

- [Directory of publications related to biofortification](http://www.harvestplus.org/publications) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140701182842/http://www.harvestplus.org/) 2014-07-01 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- [HarvestPlus](http://www.harvestplus.org/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140701182842/http://www.harvestplus.org/) 2014-07-01 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- [The WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System](https://web.archive.org/web/20070707094344/http://www.who.int/vmnis/en/)

v t e Malnutrition Protein-energy malnutrition Ascites Emaciation Kwashiorkor Marasmus Catabolysis Vitamin deficiency B vitamins B1 Beriberi Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome Wernicke's encephalopathy Korsakoff syndrome B2 Riboflavin deficiency B3 Pellagra B6 Pyridoxine deficiency B7 Biotin deficiency B9 Folate deficiency B12 Vitamin B12 deficiency Other A: Vitamin A deficiency Bitot's spots C: Scurvy D: Vitamin D deficiency Rickets Osteomalacia Harrison's groove E: Vitamin E deficiency K: Vitamin K deficiency Mineral deficiency Electrolyte imbalance Calcium Chloride Magnesium Phosphate Potassium Sodium Iron Zinc Manganese Copper Iodine Chromium Molybdenum Selenium Keshan disease Fluorine Growth Deformity Delayed milestone Failure to thrive Short stature Idiopathic Stunted growth General Anorexia Cachexia Deficiency (medicine) Dehydration Epidemiology of malnutrition Famine Food fortification Hunger Human right to water and sanitation Micronutrient deficiency Right to health Starvation Starvation (crime) Terminal dehydration Undernutrition in children Weight loss Underweight

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