# Biliary tract

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Biliary_tract
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Biliary_tract.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biliary_tract
> Source revision: 1314196314
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Organ system which creates, stores, and transports bile

Biliary tract Ducts of the biliary tract Details Function Facilitate movement of bile, which aids in fat absorption Identifiers MeSH D001659 FMA 79646 Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

The **biliary tract** (also **biliary tree** or **biliary system**) refers to the [liver](/source/Liver), [gallbladder](/source/Gall_bladder) and [bile ducts](/source/Bile_ducts), and how they work together to make, store and secrete [bile](/source/Bile).[1] Bile consists of water, [electrolytes](/source/Electrolyte), [bile acids](/source/Bile_acid), [cholesterol](/source/Cholesterol), [phospholipids](/source/Phospholipid) and [conjugated bilirubin](/source/Conjugated_bilirubin).[2] Some components are synthesized by [hepatocytes](/source/Hepatocyte) (liver cells); the rest are extracted from the blood by the liver.[3]

Bile is secreted by the liver into small ducts that join to form the [common hepatic duct](/source/Common_hepatic_duct).[4] Between meals, secreted bile is stored in the gallbladder.[5] During a meal, the bile is secreted into the [duodenum](/source/Duodenum) (part of the small intestine) to rid the body of waste stored in the bile as well as aid in the [absorption of dietary fats and oils](/source/Digestion#Fat_digestion).[5]

## Structure

1. ***[Bile ducts](/source/Bile_duct)***:
       2. [Intrahepatic bile ducts](/source/Intrahepatic_bile_ducts)
       3. [Left and right hepatic ducts](/source/Hepatic_ducts)
       4. [Common hepatic duct](/source/Common_hepatic_duct)
        5. [Cystic duct](/source/Cystic_duct)
        6. [Common bile duct](/source/Common_bile_duct)
       7. [Ampulla of Vater](/source/Ampulla_of_Vater)
       8. [Major duodenal papilla](/source/Major_duodenal_papilla)
 9. [Gallbladder](/source/Gallbladder)
  10–11. [Right](/source/Right_lobe_of_liver) and [left](/source/Left_lobe_of_liver) lobes of [liver](/source/Liver)
  12. [Spleen](/source/Spleen)
 13. [Esophagus](/source/Esophagus)
  14. [Stomach](/source/Stomach)
 15. ***[Pancreas](/source/Pancreas)***:
       16. [Accessory pancreatic duct](/source/Accessory_pancreatic_duct)
        17. [Pancreatic duct](/source/Pancreatic_duct)
 18. ***[Small intestine](/source/Small_intestine)***:
       19. [Duodenum](/source/Duodenum)
       20. [Jejunum](/source/Jejunum)
 21–22. Right and left [kidneys](/source/Kidney)
  The front border of the liver has been lifted up (brown arrow).[6]

The biliary tract refers to the path by which bile is secreted by the liver then transported to the [duodenum](/source/Duodenum), the first part of the [small intestine](/source/Small_intestine). A structure common to most members of the [mammal](/source/Mammal) family, the biliary tract is often referred to as a tree because it begins with many small branches that end in the [common bile duct](/source/Common_bile_duct), sometimes referred to as the trunk of the biliary tree. The duct, the branches of the [hepatic artery](/source/Common_hepatic_artery), and the [portal vein](/source/Hepatic_portal_vein) form the central axis of the [portal triad](/source/Portal_triad).[7] Bile flows in the direction opposite to that of the blood present in the other two channels.[8]

The system is usually referred to as the biliary tract or system,[9] and can include the use of the term "hepatobiliary" when used to refer just to the liver and bile ducts.[1] The name biliary tract is used to refer to all of the ducts, structures and organs involved in the production, storage and secretion of bile.[10]

The tract is as follows:

- [Bile canaliculi](/source/Bile_canaliculi) >> [Canals of Hering](/source/Canals_of_Hering) >> intrahepatic bile ductule (in portal tracts / triads) >> interlobular bile ducts >> left and right hepatic ducts[4]

- These merge to form the [common hepatic duct](/source/Common_hepatic_duct)[4]

- The [common hepatic duct](/source/Common_hepatic_duct) exits the liver and joins with the [cystic duct](/source/Cystic_duct) from [gall bladder](/source/Gall_bladder)[4]

- Together these form the [common bile duct](/source/Common_bile_duct) which joins the [pancreatic duct](/source/Pancreatic_duct)[4]

- These pass through the [ampulla of Vater](/source/Ampulla_of_Vater) and enter the duodenum[4]

## Function

Bile is secreted by the liver into small ducts that join to form the [common hepatic duct](/source/Common_hepatic_duct).[2] Between meals, secreted bile is stored in the gall bladder, where 80–90% of the water and electrolytes can be absorbed, leaving the bile acids and cholesterol.[5] During a meal, the smooth muscles in the gallbladder wall contract, causing bile to be secreted into the [duodenum](/source/Duodenum) to rid the body of waste stored in the bile as well as aid in the [absorption of dietary fats and oils](/source/Digestion#Fat_digestion) by solubilizing them using [bile acids](/source/Bile_acids).[5]

## Clinical significance

Union of common bile duct and pancreatic duct terminating at duodenum (small intestine).

[Gallstones](/source/Gallstone) can form within the gallbladder and get stuck within the biliary tract, leading to various diseases depending on the location of the stone.[11] [Gallstone disease](/source/Gallstone), or [cholelithiasis](/source/Cholelithiasis), is very common in the United States, impacting over 20 million people.[11]

Gallstones frequently occur without causing symptoms– this is known as [asymptomatic cholelithiasis](/source/Cholelithiasis).[11] Sometimes gallstones may get stuck in the [cystic duct](/source/Cystic_duct), which serves as a bridge between the gallbladder and the [common bile duct](/source/Common_bile_duct), and can lead to inflammation in the wall of the gallbladder.[11] This inflammation of the gallbladder is known as [cholecystitis](/source/Cholecystitis) and is a common indication for surgical removal of the gallbladder, or [cholecystectomy](/source/Cholecystectomy).[12]

Occasionally gallstones may become lodged in the common bile duct and obstruct the flow of bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine– this condition is known as [choledocholithiasis](/source/Choledocholithiasis)[11] and is another indication for [cholecystectomy](/source/Cholecystectomy).[12] The common bile duct, commonly abbreviated CBD, is formed by the union of the cystic duct and common hepatic duct, and it later joins the [pancreatic duct](/source/Pancreatic_duct) to terminate in the [Ampulla of Vater](/source/Ampulla_of_Vater) at the small intestine. The function of the common bile duct is to allow bile to travel from the gallbladder to the small intestine, mixing with pancreatic digestive enzymes along the way.[4] One possible complication of choledocholithiasis is an infection of the bile ducts between the liver and the gallstone lodged in the common bile duct. This condition is known as [acute cholangitis](/source/Acute_cholangitis) and is commonly associated with a triad of clinical symptoms known as [Charcot's Triad](/source/Charcot's_cholangitis_triad), which includes fever, right upper quadrant abdominal pain, and jaundice.[11] This constellation of symptoms has a 96% specificity for cholangitis,[11] and can be expanded upon with the addition of hypotension and altered mental status to form [Reynold's Pentad](/source/Reynolds'_pentad).[11]

The biliary tract can also serve as a reservoir for intestinal tract infections. Since the biliary tract is an internal organ, it has no [somatic nerve supply](/source/Somatic_nervous_system), and [biliary colic](/source/Biliary_colic) due to infection and inflammation of the biliary tract is not a somatic pain. Rather, pain may be caused by luminal distension, which causes stretching of the wall. This is the same mechanism that causes pain in [bowel obstructions](/source/Bowel_obstruction).[13]

Chronic inflammatory conditions of the biliary tract, including Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC), can lead to hardening of the ducts in the biliary tree.[14]

An obstruction of the biliary tract can result in [jaundice](/source/Jaundice), a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes.[15]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_1-1) Dorland WA (2012). *Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary* (32nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 846. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4160-6257-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-6257-8).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:3_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:3_2-1) Hundt, Melanie; Basit, Hajira; John, Savio (2022), ["Physiology, Bile Secretion"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470209/), *StatPearls*, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [29262229](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29262229), retrieved 2022-11-14

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Townsend C (2022). *Sabiston Textbook of Surgery* (21st ed.). Elsevier. pp. 1489–1527. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-275-97283-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97283-7).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:4_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:4_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:4_4-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:4_4-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:4_4-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-:4_4-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-:4_4-6) Vakili, Khashayar; Pomfret, Elizabeth A. (December 2008). "Biliary anatomy and embryology". *The Surgical Clinics of North America*. **88** (6): 1159–1174, vii. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.suc.2008.07.001](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.suc.2008.07.001). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0039-6109](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-6109). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [18992589](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18992589).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:5_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:5_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:5_5-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:5_5-3) Jones, Mark W.; Small, Kaitlynn; Kashyap, Sarang; Deppen, Jeffrey G. (2022), ["Physiology, Gallbladder"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482488/), *StatPearls*, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [29494095](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29494095), retrieved 2022-11-03

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Standring S, Borley NR, eds. (2008). *Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice*. Brown JL, Moore LA (40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 1163, 1177, 1185–6. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8089-2371-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8089-2371-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Jurkovich, G. J.; Hoyt, D. B.; Moore, F. A.; Ney, A. L.; Morris, J. A.; Scalea, T. M.; Pachter, H. L.; Davis, J. W. (September 1995). "Portal triad injuries". *The Journal of Trauma*. **39** (3): 426–434. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1097/00005373-199509000-00005](https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005373-199509000-00005). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0022-5282](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5282). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [7473903](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7473903).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Wolkoff, Allan W.; Cohen, David E. (February 2003). "Bile acid regulation of hepatic physiology: I. Hepatocyte transport of bile acids". *American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology*. **284** (2): G175–179. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1152/ajpgi.00409.2002](https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpgi.00409.2002). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0193-1857](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0193-1857). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [12529265](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12529265).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** [Biliary+tract](https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Biliary+tract) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine [Medical Subject Headings](/source/Medical_Subject_Headings) (MeSH)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Dorland WA (2012). *Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary* (32nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 1946. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4160-6257-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-6257-8).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_11-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:0_11-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:0_11-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:0_11-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-:0_11-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-:0_11-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-:0_11-7) Lam, Robert; Zakko, Alan; Petrov, Jessica C.; Kumar, Priyanka; Duffy, Andrew J.; Muniraj, Thiruvengadam (July 2021). "Gallbladder Disorders: A Comprehensive Review". *Disease-a-Month*. **67** (7) 101130. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.disamonth.2021.101130](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.disamonth.2021.101130). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1557-8194](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1557-8194). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [33478678](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33478678).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_12-1) Hassler, Kenneth R.; Collins, Jason T.; Philip, Ken; Jones, Mark W. (2022), ["Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448145/), *StatPearls*, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [28846328](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28846328), retrieved 2022-11-03

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Lin YM, Fu Y, Wu CC, Xu GY, Huang LY, Shi XZ (March 2015). ["Colon distention induces persistent visceral hypersensitivity by mechanotranscription of pain mediators in colonic smooth muscle cells"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4346753). *American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology*. **308** (5): G434–G441. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1152/ajpgi.00328.2014](https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpgi.00328.2014). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [4346753](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4346753). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [25540231](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25540231).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Franco, J.; Saeian, K. (April 1999). "Biliary tract inflammatory disorders: primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis". *Current Gastroenterology Reports*. **1** (2): 95–101. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s11894-996-0006-8](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11894-996-0006-8). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1522-8037](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1522-8037). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [10980934](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10980934).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-urlDefinition:_biliary_tract_from_Online_Medical_Dictionary_15-0)** ["Definition: biliary tract"](http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?biliary+tract). *Online Medical Dictionary*.

v t e Anatomy of the liver, pancreas and biliary tree Liver Bare area Cantlie line Ligamentum venosum Porta hepatis Round ligament Lobes of liver Caudate Quadrate Fibrous capsule of Glisson Perisinusoidal space Liver sinusoid Periportal space Portal triad Lobules of liver Liver segment Microanatomy Hepatocyte Hepatic stellate cell Kupffer cell Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell Biliary tract Bile ducts Intrahepatic bile ducts Bile canaliculus Canals of Hering Interlobular Left hepatic duct Right hepatic duct Common hepatic duct Cells Cholangiocyte Gallbladder Cystic duct Common bile duct Ampulla of Vater Sphincter of Oddi Cells Cholecystocyte Pancreas Gross Tail Body Neck Head (Uncinate process) Ducts main accessory Microanatomy Pancreatic islets Centroacinar cell Stellate cell

Authority control databases: National Czech Republic

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Biliary tract](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biliary_tract) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biliary_tract?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.