# Bernhard Windscheid

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Bernhard_Windscheid
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Bernhard_Windscheid.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Windscheid
> Source revision: 1348280228
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

German jurist (1817–1892)

Bernhard Windscheid Born Josef Hubert Bernhard Windscheid (1817-06-26)26 June 1817 Düsseldorf, Prussia Died 26 October 1892(1892-10-26) (aged 75) Leipzig, German Empire Resting place Neuen Johannisfriedhof Spouse Charlotte Windscheid (Pochhammer) Children 4 (including Käthe Windscheid)

**Bernhard Joseph Hubert Windscheid** (26 June 1817 – 26 October 1892[1]) was a German [jurist](/source/Jurist) and a member of the [pandectistic school](/source/Digest_(Roman_law)) of law thought.

He became famous with his essay on the concept of a legal action, which sparkled a debate with [Theodor Muther](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Muther&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Muther)] that is said to have initiated the studies of the processal law as we know it today. Windscheid's thesis established the modern German law concept of *Anspruch* (roughly, a legally enforceable claim), distinguishing it from the [Roman law](/source/Roman_law) concept of *actio*.

His principal work was his *Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts*, and this was the main source of inspiration for the German Civil Code – the [BGB](/source/B%C3%BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch). Between 1873 and 1883, Windscheid was part of the commission in charge of the drafting of the German Civil Code.

Additionally, Windscheid worked as a teacher at several universities in Germany and Switzerland, including [Basel](/source/University_of_Basel), [Greifswald](/source/University_of_Greifswald), [München](/source/LMU_Munich), [Heidelberg](/source/Heidelberg_University), and [Leipzig](/source/Leipzig_University).

## Family

Bernhard Windscheid married the artist Auguste Eleanore Charlotte "Lotte" Pochhammer (1830–1918) on 4 November 1858.[2] Four recorded children resulted from this marriage. The eldest, [Käthe Windscheid](/source/K%C3%A4the_Windscheid) (1859–1943) achieved prominence as a women's rights activist and as a pioneer of women's education. [Franz Windscheid](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Windscheid&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Windscheid)] (1862–1910) was also something of a pioneer in his chosen field: he was a [neurologist](/source/Neurology). The younger two children, Charlotte and Margarete, were twins.[3]

## Published works

A full bibliography of Windscheid is provided by Felix Klein.[4] His major works include:

- Windscheid, Bernhard (1847). [*Zur Lehre des Code Napoleon von der Ungültigkeit der Rechtsgeschäfte*](http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10549980-1) (in German). Düsseldorf: Verlag von Julius Buddeus.

- —— (1850). [*Die Lehre des römischen Rechts von der Voraussetzung*](http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10567268-2) (in German). Düsseldorf: Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Buddeus.

- —— (1856). [*Die Actio des römischen Civilrechts vom Standpunkte des heutigen Rechts*](http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10567269-2) (in German). Düsseldorf: Verlagshandlung von Julius Buddeus.

- —— (1857). [*Die Actio: Abwehr gegen Dr. Theodor Muther*](http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10567270-4) (in German). Düsseldorf: Verlagshandlung von Julius Buddeus.

- —— (1878). [*Zwei Fragen aus der Lehre von der Verpflichtung wegen ungerechtfertigter Bereicherung*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Y11J9Dlio3oC) (in German). Leipzig: Verlag von Alexander Edelmann.

- —— (1862). [*Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts*](http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10623992-9) (in German). Vol. I (1 ed.). Düsseldorf: Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Buddeus.

- —— (1865). [*Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts*](http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10623993-5) (in German). Vol. II, 1 (1 ed.). Düsseldorf: Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Buddeus.

- —— (1866). [*Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts*](http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10566095-2) (in German). Vol. II, 2 (1 ed.). Düsseldorf: Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Buddeus.

- —— (1870). [*Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts*](http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10566100-8) (in German). Vol. III (1 ed.). Düsseldorf: Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Buddeus. - 3. ed., Düsseldorf 1870. [Vol. I](http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%22214191%22) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200327125610/http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%2522214191%2522) 27 March 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), [Vol. II](http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%22214192%22) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200327125613/http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%2522214192%2522) 27 March 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) and Vol. III (in German). - 5. ed., Stuttgart 1879. [Vol. I](http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%22243107%22) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200327125609/http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%2522243107%2522) 27 March 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), [Vol. II](http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%22243108%22) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200327125614/http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%2522243108%2522) 27 March 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) and [Vol. III](http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%22243109%22) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200327125610/http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%2522243109%2522) 27 March 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) (in German). - 6. ed., Frankfurt 1887. [Vol. I](http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%22214199%22) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200327125610/http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%2522214199%2522) 27 March 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), [Vol. II](http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%22214200%22) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200327125608/http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%2522214200%2522) 27 March 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) and [Vol. III](http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%22214201%22) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200327125615/http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/wrapbooks/%2522214201%2522) 27 March 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) (in German). - 9. ed., Leipzig, 1906, ed. by [Theodor Kipp](/source/Theodor_Kipp), is the edition usually cited.

- —— (1904). Oertmann, Paul (ed.). *Gesammelte Reden und Abhandlungen* (in German). Duncker & Humblot.

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Prof. Dr. jur. Josef Hubert Bernhard Windscheid"](https://web.archive.org/web/20201016163823/https://research.uni-leipzig.de/catalogus-professorum-lipsiensium/leipzig/Windscheid_1043/). *Catalogus Professorum Lipsiensium* (in German). Archived from [the original](https://research.uni-leipzig.de/catalogus-professorum-lipsiensium/leipzig/Windscheid_1043/) on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-LWlautML_2-0)** Dr. Manfred Leyh (2013). ["Windscheid, Charlotte (geborene Pochhammer)"](https://www.leipzig.de/jugend-familie-und-soziales/frauen/1000-jahre-leipzig-100-frauenportraets/detailseite-frauenportraets/projekt/windscheid-charlotte-geborene-pochhammer/). *Biografie*. Susann Hänel i.A. Stadt Leipzig (1000 Jahre Leipzig - 100 Frauenporträts). Retrieved 27 December 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-KWlautGK_3-0)** Gerlinde Kämmerer (2015). ["Windscheid, Katharina (Käthe) Charlotte Friederike Auguste (Dr. phil.)"](https://www.leipzig.de/jugend-familie-und-soziales/frauen/1000-jahre-leipzig-100-frauenportraets/detailseite-frauenportraets/projekt/windscheid-katharina-kaethe-charlotte-friederike-auguste-dr-phil/). *Biografie*. Susann Hänel i.A. Stadt Leipzig (1000 Jahre Leipzig - 100 Frauenporträts). Retrieved 27 December 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Klein, Felix (2014). *Bernhard Windscheid 26.6.1817–26.10.1892*. Schriften zur Rechtsgeschichte. Vol. 168. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 450–458. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3790/978-3-428-54118-8](https://doi.org/10.3790%2F978-3-428-54118-8). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9783428541188](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783428541188).

## Further reading

- Falk, Ulrich (1989). *Ein Gelehrter wie Windscheid: Erkundungen auf den Feldern der sogenannten Begriffsjurisprudenz*. Ius Commune Sonderheft (in German). Vol. 38. Frankfurt am Main: Klostermann. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-465-01866-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-465-01866-7).

- Hamza, Gabor (2009). *Entstehung und Entwicklung der modernen Privatrechtsordnungen und die römischrechtliche Tradition* (in German). Budapest: Eötvös Univ. Verlag. pp. 193–199. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789632840956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789632840956).

## External links

- [Leipzig University (German)](https://web.archive.org/web/20050110102250/http://wwwstud.uni-leipzig.de/~advokat/alt/95mai/wind.htm)

Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Russia 2 Netherlands Latvia Greece Poland Vatican Israel Catalonia Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Open Library SNAC Yale LUX

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Bernhard Windscheid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Windscheid) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Windscheid?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.