# Bernard Mond

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{{short description|Polish general (1887–1957)}}
{{Infobox military person
|name                = Bernard Stanisław Mond
|nickname            = 
|image               = Bernard Mond.jpg
|image_size          = 200
|caption             = 
|rank                = 40px Generał brygady ([Brigadier general](/source/Brigadier_general))
|birth_date          = {{birth date|1887|11|14}}
|birth_place         = [Stanisławów](/source/Ivano-Frankivsk), [Austro-Hungarian Monarchy](/source/Austro-Hungarian_Monarchy)
|death_date          = {{death date and age|1957|7|5|1887|11|14}}
|death_place         = [Kraków](/source/Krak%C3%B3w), [Poland](/source/Poland)
|burial_place        = [Rakowicki Cemetery](/source/Rakowicki_Cemetery)
|service_years_label = Service years
|service_years       = 1918–1939
|unit                = [6th Infantry Division (Poland)](/source/6th_Infantry_Division_(Poland))
|battles             = [World War I](/source/World_War_I)<br />[Polish–Ukrainian War](/source/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War)<br />[Polish–Soviet War](/source/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War)<br />[Invasion of Poland](/source/Invasion_of_Poland)
|other_work          = [Orbis](/source/Orbis_(Polish_travel_agency)) manager
|awards              = {{See below|below}}
}}

'''Bernard Stanisław Mond''' (Spanier) (November 14, 1887 in [Stanisławów](/source/Ivano-Frankivsk) – July 5, 1957 in [Kraków](/source/Krak%C3%B3w)) was a Polish [general](/source/General_officer) of Jewish descent in the [interwar period](/source/interwar_period).<ref>Andrzej Kunert, Andrzej Przewoźnik. ''Żydzi polscy w służbie Rzeczypospolitej''. Vol. 1. 2002. p. 178.</ref> He fought in [the First World War](/source/World_War_I), [Polish–Ukrainian War](/source/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War), [Polish–Soviet War](/source/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War) and [Second World War](/source/World_War_II).

He was the highest ranking [Polish-Jewish officer in the Polish Army](/source/Jews_in_the_Polish_Army).

== Early life ==
He was the son of Salomea and Maurycy Spanier, a railway official.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} His family was [Polish-Jewish](/source/Polish-Jewish); he has been [assimilated](/source/Jewish_assimilation) into the Polish society and Catholic.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kotarba |first=Ryszard |date=2011 |title=Zamordowanie rodziny gen. bryg. Bernarda Monda przez Niemców w 1943 r. |url=https://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media/files/Przeglad_Archiwalny_Instytutu_Pamieci_Narodowej/Przeglad_Archiwalny_Instytutu_Pamieci_Narodowej-r2011-t4/Przeglad_Archiwalny_Instytutu_Pamieci_Narodowej-r2011-t4-s367-382/Przeglad_Archiwalny_Instytutu_Pamieci_Narodowej-r2011-t4-s367-382.pdf |journal=Przegląd Archiwalny Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej |volume=4 |pages=367–382}}</ref> In 1907, Bernard graduated from the [gymnasium](/source/Gymnasium_(school)) in [Brody](/source/Brody), having joined a youth organization which agitated for Polish independence. Between 1907 and 1908 he served in the [Austro-Hungarian Army](/source/Austro-Hungarian_Army). {{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}He began studies in the Department of Law at the [University of Lviv](/source/University_of_Lviv)<ref name=":0" /> in 1908, but two years later, he interrupted them to finish an administrative course at the District Railway Authority of Lwów and worked for this department until 1913. Afterwards, he resumed his study of law.

== World War I and interwar period ==
At the beginning of World War I, he was called up into the [Austro-Hungarian Army](/source/Austro-Hungarian_Army)<ref name=":0" /> where he served as a company commander. He was taken prisoner by the Russians in 1916 and sent to a [POW camp](/source/Prisoner-of-war_camp).{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} In November 1918, he commanded the "[Citadel](/source/Citadel)" section{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} in the [defence of Lwów](/source/Lw%C3%B3w_Eaglets) during the [Polish–Ukrainian War](/source/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War).<ref name=":0" /> He was wounded near [Kiev](/source/Kiev) on June 6, 1920, during the Polish-Soviet War. From May to October 1921 he was the commander of the town of [Wilno](/source/Vilnius). On December 21, 1932,{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} or in 1933<ref name=":0" /> he was made a [brigadier general](/source/brigadier_general) by the Polish president [Ignacy Mościcki](/source/Ignacy_Mo%C5%9Bcicki), and between 1932 and 1938 he commanded the [Polish 6th Infantry Division](/source/6th_Infantry_Division_(Poland)) of the [Kraków Army](/source/Krak%C3%B3w_Army).<ref name=":0" /> In 1935, after the death of the Polish leader [Józef Piłsudski](/source/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski), Mond was the one who made the funeral arrangements for his former commander.

== World War II ==
In September 1939, Mond and his division [defended](/source/6th_Infantry_Division_(Poland)) the ''[Pszczyna](/source/Pszczyna) corridor'' against the [German invasion](/source/Invasion_of_Poland).<ref name=":0" /> Surrounded by the [Wehrmacht](/source/Wehrmacht), he capitulated on September 20 at 3 p.m., near [Nowe Sioło](/source/Nowe_Sio%C5%82o); and was subsequently imprisoned in German [oflag](/source/oflag)s: [VII-A Murnau](/source/Oflag_VII-A_Murnau), [IV-B Königstein](/source/Oflag_IV-B_K%C3%B6nigstein) and [VI-B Dössel](/source/Oflag_VI-B).<ref>Jerzy Jan Lerski. ''Historical dictionary of Poland, 966-1945''. Greenwood. 1996. p. 363.</ref>

== After the war ==
He returned to Poland in 1946 and took a managerial position in a state travel agency [Orbis](/source/Orbis_(Polish_travel_agency)). In 1950, persecuted by the communist government for his military service in the Second Polish Republic, he was dismissed and had to work as a [handyman](/source/handyman) in a building materials warehouse in Poland.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Bernard Mond |url=https://biogramy.ipn.gov.pl/bio/wszystkie-biogramy/111110,Bernard-Mond.html |website=biogramy.ipn.gov.pl |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> His funeral, however, was awarded full military honors.<ref name=":0" />

== Family ==
Some members of his family, including his wife and sister, perished in [The Holocaust](/source/The_Holocaust), executed in the  [Tarnów Ghetto](/source/Tarn%C3%B3w_Ghetto) on December 1, 1943. They were hiding outside the ghetto, but had been arrested by the Germans; the exact circumstances are not known. Polish resistance executed an individual collaborating with the Germans who was suspected of denouncing Mond's family to the German authorities. Two German [Gestapo](/source/Gestapo) soldiers who executed his family have been identified; one was killed during the war; the other was never found. Mond's two sons joined the [Home Army](/source/Home_Army) resistance, took part in the [Warsaw Uprising](/source/Warsaw_Uprising) and survived the war.<ref name=":0" />

==Promotions==
* 50px  [Fähnrich](/source/F%C3%A4hnrich) - 1910
* 50px Leutnant ([Second lieutenant](/source/Second_lieutenant)) - 1914
* 50px Oberleutnant ([First lieutenant](/source/First_lieutenant)) - 1916
* 50px Kapitan ([Captain](/source/Captain)) - 1918
* 50px Major ([Major](/source/Major_(United_States))) - 1920
* 50px Podpułkownik ([Lieutenant colonel](/source/Lieutenant_colonel)) - 1922
* 50px Pułkownik ([Colonel](/source/Colonel)) - 1 December 1924
* 50px Generał brygady ([Brigadier general](/source/Brigadier_general)) - 21 December 1932

==Awards and decorations==
* 60px Silver Cross of [Virtuti Militari](/source/Virtuti_Militari) (20 May 1921)<ref>{{in lang|pl}}Decree of the Commander-in-Chief L. 3006 from 20 May 1921 r. [http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=64081 (Personal Journal  1921 r. Nr 23, pos. 924)].</ref>
* 60px [Cross of Independence](/source/Cross_of_Independence) with Swords (9 November 1933)<ref>{{in lang|pl}}{{Monitor Polski|1933|258|276}} "For work in regaining independence”.</ref>
* 60px Officer's Cross of the [Order of Polonia Restituta](/source/Order_of_Polonia_Restituta) (27 November 1929)<ref>{{in lang|pl}}[https://dziennikustaw.gov.pl/M1929276000000.pdf M.P. z 1929 r. nr 276, poz. 638] "For merits in the field of military training and administration and social work”.</ref>
* 60px [Cross of Valour](/source/Cross_of_Valour_(Poland)) (four times)
* 60px Gold [Cross of Merit](/source/Cross_of_Merit_(Poland)) (10 November 1928)<ref>[https://monitorpolski.gov.pl/M1928260000000.pdf M.P. z 1928 r. nr 260, poz. 634] "In recognition of merits rendered in the field of work in individual branches of the military".</ref>
* 60px Commemorative Medal for the War of 1918–1921
* 60px Medal of the 10th Anniversary of Regained Independence
* 60px Commander of the [Order of the Crown of Romania](/source/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Romania) (Romania)
* 60px Order of the White Cross of the Defense Union (Estonia)<ref>{{Cite book |title = Do you know who this is? |author = Stanisław Łoza |place = Warsaw |publisher = Główna Księgarnia Wojskowa |date = 1938 |page = 500|language= Polish}}</ref>
* 60px Medal of the 10th Anniversary of the War of Independence (Latvija)<ref>[https://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/publication/54132/edition/70344/content Dziennik Personalny MSWojsk.] Nr 12 6 August 1929 r., page 238.</ref>
* 60px [1908 Jubilee Cross](/source/1908_Jubilee_Cross) (Austria-Hungary)
* 60px [Military Merit Medal](/source/Military_Merit_Medal_(Austria-Hungary)) (Austria-Hungary)
* 60px [Karl Troop Cross](/source/Karl_Troop_Cross) (Austria-Hungary)

== References ==
{{Portal|Biography}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mond, Bernand}}
Category:1887 births
Category:1957 deaths
Category:Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war in World War I
Category:Burials at Rakowicki Cemetery
Category:Commanders of the Order of the Crown (Romania)
Category:Jewish military personnel
Category:Officers of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Category:Military personnel from Ivano-Frankivsk
Category:People from Kolomyia
Category:Military personnel from Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
Category:Military personnel of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Category:Polish generals of the Second Polish Republic
Category:19th-century Polish Jews
Category:Polish military personnel of World War II
Category:Polish people of the Polish–Soviet War
Category:Polish people of the Polish–Ukrainian War
Category:Polish people of World War I
Category:Polish prisoners of war
Category:Recipients of the Cross of Independence with Swords
Category:Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)
Category:Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland)
Category:Recipients of the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
Category:University of Lviv alumni
Category:World War I prisoners of war held by Russia
Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Germany

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Bernard Mond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Mond) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Mond?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.