# Berkheya

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***Berkheya*** is a [genus](/source/Genus) of flowering plants in the family [Asteraceae](/source/Asteraceae). It is distributed in tropical Africa, especially in southern regions.[1] Of about 75 species, 71 can be found in South Africa.[2]

Most species have yellow ray florets, a few have white, and *B. purpurea* has light purple or [mauve](/source/Mauve) florets.[1]

*Berkheya purpurea* is cultivated as an [ornamental plant](/source/Ornamental_plant).[1] Some *Berkheya* are known as weeds.[3]

*Berkheya coddii* is a well-known [hyperaccumulator](/source/Hyperaccumulator). Concentration of Ni as the leaves of this species may reach 7.6% DW Ni.

The genus was named in honor of the Dutch scientist and artist [Johannes le Francq van Berkhey](/source/Johannes_le_Francq_van_Berkhey).[4]

*Berkheya* are associated with a variety of [weevils](/source/Weevil) in the genus *[Larinus](/source/Larinus)*. The [tephritid fruit fly](/source/Tephritidae) *[Urophora agromyzella](/source/Urophora_agromyzella)* is also found on the plants.[3]

## Species

Species include:[5][6]

- *[Berkheya acanthopoda](/source/Berkheya_acanthopoda)*
- *[Berkheya angusta](/source/Berkheya_angusta)*
- *[Berkheya angustifolia](/source/Berkheya_angustifolia)*
- *[Berkheya annectens](/source/Berkheya_annectens)* – thistle-thorn
- *[Berkheya armata](/source/Berkheya_armata)*
- *[Berkheya barbata](/source/Berkheya_barbata)*
- *[Berkheya bergiana](/source/Berkheya_bergiana)*
- *[Berkheya bipinnatifida](/source/Berkheya_bipinnatifida)*
- *[Berkheya caffra](/source/Berkheya_caffra)*
- *[Berkheya canescens](/source/Berkheya_canescens)*
- *[Berkheya cardopatifolia](/source/Berkheya_cardopatifolia)*
- *[Berkheya carduoides](/source/Berkheya_carduoides)*
- *[Berkheya carlinifolia](/source/Berkheya_carlinifolia)*
- *[Berkheya carlinoides](/source/Berkheya_carlinoides)*
- *[Berkheya carlinopsis](/source/Berkheya_carlinopsis)*
- *[Berkheya chamaepeuce](/source/Berkheya_chamaepeuce)*
- *[Berkheya cirsiifolia](/source/Berkheya_cirsiifolia)*
- *[Berkheya coddii](/source/Berkheya_coddii)*
- *[Berkheya coriacea](/source/Berkheya_coriacea)*
- *[Berkheya cruciata](/source/Berkheya_cruciata)*
- *[Berkheya cuneata](/source/Berkheya_cuneata)*
- *[Berkheya debilis](/source/Berkheya_debilis)*
- *[Berkheya decurrens](/source/Berkheya_decurrens)*
- *[Berkheya densifolia](/source/Berkheya_densifolia)*
- *[Berkheya discolor](/source/Berkheya_discolor)*
- *[Berkheya draco](/source/Berkheya_draco)*
- *[Berkheya dregei](/source/Berkheya_dregei)*
- *[Berkheya echinacea](/source/Berkheya_echinacea)*
- *[Berkheya eriobasis](/source/Berkheya_eriobasis)*
- *[Berkheya erysithales](/source/Berkheya_erysithales)*
- *[Berkheya ferox](/source/Berkheya_ferox)*
- *[Berkheya francisci](/source/Berkheya_francisci)*
- *[Berkheya fruticosa](/source/Berkheya_fruticosa)*
- *[Berkheya glabrata](/source/Berkheya_glabrata)* – yellow thistle
- *[Berkheya griquana](/source/Berkheya_griquana)*
- *[Berkheya herbacea](/source/Berkheya_herbacea)*
- *[Berkheya heterophylla](/source/Berkheya_heterophylla)*
- *[Berkheya insignis](/source/Berkheya_insignis)*
- *[Berkheya latifolia](/source/Berkheya_latifolia)*
- *[Berkheya leucaugeta](/source/Berkheya_leucaugeta)*
- *[Berkheya mackenii](/source/Berkheya_mackenii)*
- *[Berkheya macrocephala](/source/Berkheya_macrocephala)*
- *[Berkheya maritima](/source/Berkheya_maritima)*
- *[Berkheya montana](/source/Berkheya_montana)*
- *[Berkheya multijuga](/source/Berkheya_multijuga)*
- *[Berkheya nivea](/source/Berkheya_nivea)*
- *[Berkheya onobromoides](/source/Berkheya_onobromoides)*
- *[Berkheya onopordifolia](/source/Berkheya_onopordifolia)*
- *[Berkheya pannosa](/source/Berkheya_pannosa)*
- *[Berkheya pauciflora](/source/Berkheya_pauciflora)*
- *[Berkheya pinnatifida](/source/Berkheya_pinnatifida)*
- *[Berkheya purpurea](/source/Berkheya_purpurea)* – purple berkheya
- *[Berkheya radula](/source/Berkheya_radula)*
- *[Berkheya radyeri](/source/Berkheya_radyeri)*
- *[Berkheya rhapontica](/source/Berkheya_rhapontica)*
- *[Berkheya rigida](/source/Berkheya_rigida)* – Augusta thistle, Hamelin thistle
- *[Berkheya robusta](/source/Berkheya_robusta)*
- *[Berkheya rosulata](/source/Berkheya_rosulata)*
- *[Berkheya seminivea](/source/Berkheya_seminivea)*
- *[Berkheya setifera](/source/Berkheya_setifera)*
- *[Berkheya speciosa](/source/Berkheya_speciosa)*
- *[Berkheya sphaerocephala](/source/Berkheya_sphaerocephala)*
- *[Berkheya spinosa](/source/Berkheya_spinosa)*
- *[Berkheya spinosissima](/source/Berkheya_spinosissima)*
- *[Berkheya subulata](/source/Berkheya_subulata)*
- *[Berkheya tysonii](/source/Berkheya_tysonii)*
- *[Berkheya umbellata](/source/Berkheya_umbellata)*
- *[Berkheya viscosa](/source/Berkheya_viscosa)*
- *[Berkheya zeyheri](/source/Berkheya_zeyheri)*

## Phylogeny

Comparison of DNA has indicated that *Berkheya* in its current composition is [paraphyletic](/source/Paraphyletic) because some of its species are more related to *[Cullumia](/source/Cullumia)*, *[Cuspidia](/source/Cuspidia)*, *[Didelta](/source/Didelta)* and *[Heterorhachis](/source/Heterorhachis)* than all species currently recognised as *Berkeya* among each other.[7]

## References

1. Hind, N. (2006). [568. *Berkheya purpurea*.](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002612/http://www.aseanbiodiversity.info/Abstract/51008907.pdf) *Curtis's Botanical Magazine* 23(4), 289-96.

1. Funk, V. A. and R. Chan. (2008). [Phylogeny of the spiny African daisies (Compositae, tribe Arctotideae, subtribe Gorteriinae) based on *trn*L-F, *ndh*F, and ITS sequence data.](http://persoon.si.edu/bdg/pdf/funkyarchive/funkypdf/2008_pr_Funk_Chan_Gorteriinae.pdf) *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution* 48(1), 47-60.

1. Clark, M. M. [A comparison between the flower-head insect communities of South African *Berkheya* and European Cynareae.](http://www.invasive.org/proceedings/pdfs/7_165-170.pdf) In: *Proceedings of the VIII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds*. (pp. 165-170). Istituto Sperimentale per la Vegetale, Ministero dell'Agricoltura e delle Foreste. 1990.

1. Quattrocchi, Umberto (2017). *CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology*. Routledge.

1. [*Berkheya*.](http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Compositae/Berkheya/) The Plant List.

1. [Species listing: *Berkheya*.](http://redlist.sanbi.org/genus.php?genus=3077) Red List of South African Plants. South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI).

1. Phaliso, Ntombifikile; McKenzie, Robert James; Netnou-Nkoana, Noluthando C.; Karis, Per Ola; Barker, Nigel P. (2016). ["Reassessing taxonomic relationships in the Berkheya clade (Asteraceae, Arctotideae-Gorteriinae): The utility of Achene morphology"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293011960). *Phytotaxa*. **246** (1): 1–22. [doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.246.1.1](https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.246.1.1). [hdl:2263/56371](https://hdl.handle.net/2263/56371)

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