# Belonolaimus

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{{Short description|Genus of roundworms}}
<!-- There is not an upper level in the taxonomy tree of articles linked to this article -->
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Belonolaimus
| authority = Steiner, 1949
| subdivision_ranks = [Species](/source/Species)
| subdivision = 6, see text
}}

'''''Belonolaimus''''' is a [genus](/source/genus) of [nematode](/source/nematode)s. They are known commonly as '''sting nematodes'''.<ref name=aps>[http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/Nematodes/Pages/StingNematode.aspx Sting nematodes.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060543/http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/Nematodes/Pages/StingNematode.aspx |date=2013-09-21 }} American Phytopathological Society.</ref> They are [ectoparasites](/source/parasitism) that feed on [plant roots](/source/root), sometimes becoming agricultural [pests](/source/pest_(organism)).<ref name=aps/> They are found in the United States, [Mexico](/source/Mexico), and [Puerto Rico](/source/Puerto_Rico).<ref name=del>del Prado Vera, I. C. and S. A. Subbotin. (2012). [http://www.russjnematology.com/subbotin/Reprint/Belonolamus.pdf ''Belonolaimus maluceroi'' sp. n. (Tylenchida: Belonolaimidae) from a tropical forest in Mexico and key to the species of ''Belonolaimus''.] ''Nematropica'' 42(2), 201-10.</ref>

The genus was erected with the description of ''B. gracilis'' from the roots of a [pine](/source/pine) tree in [Florida](/source/Florida) in the United States.<ref name=aps/> Other species were soon described from various pine species.<ref name=del/> ''B. longicaudatus'' was recognized as an important agricultural pest in the [southeastern United States](/source/southeastern_United_States).<ref name=aps/>

These are some of the largest plant-parasitic nematodes, reaching up to 3 millimeters in length. They feed by inserting their [stylets](/source/Stylet_(anatomy)) into roots and sucking the contents of root cells. They can be found on fruits, vegetables, and [turfgrasses](/source/lawn) or on crops such as [cotton](/source/cotton), [soybean](/source/soybean)s,<ref name=SoybeanFieldBook>{{cite book|last1=Bennett|first1=J. Michael|last2=Rhetoric|first2=Emeritus|last3=Hicks|first3=Dale R.|last4=Naeve|first4=Seth L.|last5=Bennett|first5=Nancy Bush|title=The Minnesota Soybean Field Book|date=2014|publisher=University of Minnesota Extension|location=St Paul, MN|page=86|url=http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/soybean/docs/minnesota-soybean-field-book.pdf|access-date=21 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930151502/http://www1.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/soybean/docs/minnesota-soybean-field-book.pdf|archive-date=30 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [tree plantations](/source/Tree_farm). Sting nematodes can cause severe plant damage and have been responsible for complete crop losses. ''B. longicaudis'' is considered to be the worst pest species.<ref name=aps/>

Females are fertilized by males, storing sperm in a [spermatheca](/source/spermatheca). The females lay several eggs, and there are four juvenile stages.<ref name=aps/>

== Species ==
There are six valid species, but ''B. longicaudis'' is considered a [species complex](/source/species_complex).<ref name=del/>
*''[Belonolaimus euthychilus](/source/Belonolaimus_euthychilus)''
* ''[Belonolaimus gracilis](/source/Belonolaimus_gracilis)''
* ''[Belonolaimus longicaudatus](/source/Belonolaimus_longicaudatus)''
*''[Belonolaimus maluceroi](/source/Belonolaimus_maluceroi)''
*''[Belonolaimus maritimus](/source/Belonolaimus_maritimus)''
*''[Belonolaimus nortoni](/source/Belonolaimus_nortoni)''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://nematode.unl.edu/belonosp.htm ''Belonolaimus''.] Plant and Insect Parasitic Nematodes. University of Nebraska - Lincoln.
*[http://cisr.ucr.edu/sting_nematode.html Sting Nematode (''Belonolaimus longicaudatus'').] Center for Invasive Species Research. University of California, Riverside.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q4884537}}
{{Authority control}}

Category:Tylenchida
Category:Agricultural pest nematodes
Category:Soybean diseases
Category:Secernentea genera

{{Secernentea-stub}}
{{agri-stub}}

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Belonolaimus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belonolaimus) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belonolaimus?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.