# Beiyang

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Geographic region of Qing China

For other uses, see [Beiyang, Lufeng, Guangdong](/source/Beiyang%2C_Lufeng%2C_Guangdong).

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The term **Beiyang** ([Chinese](/source/Chinese_language): 北洋; [pinyin](/source/Pinyin): Běiyáng; [Wade-Giles](/source/Wade-Giles): Peiyang) literally means **Northern Ocean**.[1] Initially a purely geographic term, it originated toward the end of the [Qing dynasty](/source/Qing_dynasty), and it referred to the coastal provinces of [Zhili](/source/Zhili_Province) ([Traditional Chinese](/source/Traditional_Chinese):直隸, [Simplified Chinese](/source/Simplified_Chinese): 直隶, [pinyin](/source/Pinyin): Zhílì, today's [Hebei](/source/Hebei)), [Shandong](/source/Shandong) and [Liaoning](/source/Liaoning) that bordered the [Yellow Sea](/source/Yellow_Sea) (itself a [marginal sea](/source/Marginal_sea) of the [Pacific Ocean](/source/Pacific_Ocean)) and surrounded the imperial capital of [Beijing](/source/Beijing) (then known as Peking).

The term later acquired a political significance, denoting the imperial heartland. The position of Minister of Beiyang (北洋通商大臣) in the late Qing Dynasty was held by the [Viceroy of Zhili](/source/Viceroy_of_Zhili), whose main responsibilities were trade relations and occasionally foreign affairs.[2]

## See also

- [Beiyang Army](/source/Beiyang_Army)

- [Beiyang Fleet](/source/Beiyang_Fleet)

- [Beiyang Government](/source/Beiyang_Government)

- [Beiyang University](/source/Beiyang_University)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** [Yuan Shikai and the Significance of his Troop Training at Xiaozhan, Tianjin, 1895–1899](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1547402X.2019.1583920?af=R&journalCode=ytcr20), Hong Zhang, The Chinese Historical Review Volume 26, 2019 - Issue 1

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["北洋通商大臣"](https://hk.drsunyatsen.museum/documents/3.-Exhibition/3.-Past-Exhibitions/past-exhib-18b/warlords_QR1.pdf) (PDF). *Dr. Sun Yat-sen Museum*. 2018-10-22. Retrieved 2024-04-21.

[41°00′N 123°00′E / 41.000°N 123.000°E / 41.000; 123.000](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beiyang&params=41_00_N_123_00_E_region:CN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki)

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