# Beestonian stage

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Early Pleistocene stage used in the British Isles

The **Beestonian Stage** is an early [Pleistocene](/source/Pleistocene) stage in the geological history of the [British Isles](/source/British_Isles). It is named after [Beeston Cliffs](/source/Beeston_Cliffs) near [West Runton](/source/West_Runton) in [Norfolk](/source/Norfolk) where deposits from this stage are preserved.

The Beestonian precedes the [Cromerian Stage](/source/Cromerian_Stage) and follows the [Pastonian Stage](/source/Pastonian_Stage). This stage consists of alternating glacial and interglacial phases instead of being a continuous [glacial](/source/Glacial) epoch. It is equivalent to [Marine isotope stages](/source/Marine_isotope_stage) 22 to (60?).[1][2][3] The Beestonian Stage and Marine Isotope Stage 22 ended about 866,000 years ago.[4][5]

The Beestonian corresponds temporally to the [Danube Stage](/source/Danube_(geology)) in the glacial history of the [Alpine region](/source/Alpine_region). Based on findings in the [Low Countries](/source/Low_Countries), the corresponding timespan in northern continental Europe is divided into four stages, the Bavelian, Menapian, Waalian, and Eburonian.[6]

The Beestonian had also been equated to the [Nebraskan glaciation](/source/Nebraskan_glaciation) in [North America](/source/North_America). However, the Nebraskan Stage, along with the Kansan and Aftonian Stages, have been abandoned by North American Quaternary geologists and merged into the [Pre-Illinoian Stage](/source/Pre-Illinoian).[7][8] As of 2011[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beestonian_stage&action=edit), the Beestonian stage is correlated with the period of time that includes the Pre-Illinoian F, Pre-Illinoian G, and Pre-Illinoian H glaciations of North America.[2][8]

Historical names of the "four major" glacials in four regions. Region Glacial 1 Glacial 2 Glacial 3 Glacial 4 Alps Günz Mindel Riss Würm North Europe Eburonian Elsterian Saalian Weichselian British Isles Beestonian Anglian Wolstonian Devensian Midwest U.S. Nebraskan Kansan Illinoian Wisconsinan

Historical names of interglacials. Region Interglacial 1 Interglacial 2 Interglacial 3 Alps Günz-Mindel Mindel-Riss Riss-Würm North Europe Waalian Holsteinian Eemian British Isles Cromerian Hoxnian Ipswichian Midwest U.S. Aftonian Yarmouthian Sangamonian

## See also

- [Ice age](/source/Ice_age)

- [Glacial period](/source/Glacial_period)

- [Timeline of glaciation](/source/Timeline_of_glaciation)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-McMillan11_1-0)** McMillan, A. A. (2005). ["A provisional Quaternary and Neogene lithostratigraphical framework for Great Britain"](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0016774600022988). *Netherlands Journal of Geosciences*. **84** (2): 87–107. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2005NJGeo..84...87M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005NJGeo..84...87M). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0016774600022988](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0016774600022988).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Walker1_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Walker1_2-1) Walker, M., 2005, *Quaternary Dating Methods*, John Wiley & Son, Chichester, United Kingdom. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-470-86927-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-86927-5)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-GibbardOthers2007_3-0)** Gibbard, P.L., S. Boreham, K.M. Cohen and A. Moscariello, 2007, [*Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years v. 2007b*](http://www.quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk/correlation/POSTERSTRAT_v2007b_small.jpg) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080910122430/http://www.quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk/correlation/POSTERSTRAT_v2007b_small.jpg) 2008-09-10 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), jpg version 844 KB. Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Lisiecki2005_4-0)** [Lisiecki, L.E.](/source/Lisiecki%2C_L.E.), 2005, [Ages of MIS boundaries.](http://www.lorraine-lisiecki.com/LR04_MISboundaries.txt) [LR04 Benthic Stack](http://www.lorraine-lisiecki.com/stack.html) Boston University, Boston, MA

1. **[^](#cite_ref-LisieckiRaymo_5-0)** [Lisiecki, L. E.](/source/Lorraine_Lisiecki); [Raymo, M. E.](/source/Maureen_Raymo) (2005). ["A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records"](http://www.lorraine-lisiecki.com/LisieckiRaymo2005.pdf) (PDF). *Paleoceanography*. **20** (1): PA1003. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2005PalOc..20.1003L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PalOc..20.1003L). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1029/2004PA001071](https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2004PA001071). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[2027.42/149224](https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F149224). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [12788441](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12788441).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Corr_2011_6-0)** [Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years, v. 2011](http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/POSTERSTRAT_v2011.jpg)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Hallberg1_7-0)** Hallberg, G. R. (1986). "Pre-Wisconsin glacial stratigraphy of the central plains region in Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri". *Quaternary Science Reviews*. **5**: 11–15. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1986QSRv....5...11H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986QSRv....5...11H). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/0277-3791(86)90169-1](https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0277-3791%2886%2990169-1).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-RichmondOther1_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-RichmondOther1_8-1) Richmond, G. M.; Fullerton, D. S. (1986). "Summation of quaternary glaciations in the United States of America". *Quaternary Science Reviews*. **5**: 183–196. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1986QSRv....5..183R](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986QSRv....5..183R). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/0277-3791(86)90184-8](https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0277-3791%2886%2990184-8).

## Further reading

- Bowen, D.Q., 1978, *Quaternary geology: a stratigraphic framework for multidisciplinary work.* Pergamon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom. 221 pp. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-08-020409-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-020409-3)

- Ehlers, J., P. L. Gibbard, and J. Rose, eds., 1991, *Glacial deposits in Great Britain and Ireland.* Balkema, Rotterdam. 580 pp [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-90-6191-875-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6191-875-2)

- Mangerud, J., J. Ehlers, and P. Gibbard, 2004, *Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology 1: Part I Europe*, Elsevier, Amsterdam. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-444-51462-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-444-51462-7)

- Sibrava, V., Bowen, D.Q, and Richmond, G.M., 1986, *Quaternary Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere, Quaternary Science Reviews*, vol. 5, pp. 1-514.

## External links

- Aber, J.S., 2006, [*Regional Glaciation of Kansas and Nebraska*](http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/ice/lec17/lec17.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080704171916/http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/ice/lec17/lec17.htm) 2008-07-04 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas.

- anonymous, 2000, [*Pre-Wisconsin Glaciation of Central North America*](https://web.archive.org/web/20080513181655/http://www.emporia.edu/earthsci/gage/pre-wisc/pre-wisc.htm), Work Group on Geospatial Analysis of Glaciated Environments (GAGE), INQUA Commission on Glaciation, Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas.

- anonymous, 2007, [*Global correlation tables for the Quaternary*](https://web.archive.org/web/20081106161815/http://www.quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk/correlation/chart.html), Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.

v t e Ice ages Mesoarchean Pongola (2.985 to 2.837 Bya) Paleoproterozoic Huronian (2.4 to 2.1 Bya) Cryogenian Sturtian (717 to 660 Mya); Marinoan (654.5 to 632.3 Mya) Ediacaran Gaskiers (579.88 to 579.63 Mya) Baykonurian (547 to 540 Mya) Paleozoic Hirnantian (460 to 420 Mya) Late Paleozoic icehouse (360 to 255 Mya) Quaternary / Late Cenozoic Paleogene Neogene Antarctic (34 to 2.5 Mya) Quaternary Antarctica Greenland Penultimate Glacial Period Last Glacial Period (Last Glacial Maximum, Older and Younger Dryas) 1st: Würm, Wisconsin, Weichselian, Devensian/Midlandian, Pinedale/Fraser, Merida, Llanquihue 2nd: Riss, Illinoian, Saale, Wolstonian, Santa María 3rd–6th: Mindel, Pre-Illinoian, Elster, Anglian, Rio Llico 7th–8th: Günz, Pre-Illinoian, Elbe or Menapian, Beestonian, Caracol (2.5 to Present) Related topics Glacial period Greenhouse and icehouse Earth Great Oxidation Event Little Ice Age Snowball Earth Interglacial Milankovitch cycles Stadial Timeline of glaciation

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Beestonian stage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beestonian_stage) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beestonian_stage?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.