# Beer bottle > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Beer_bottle > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Beer_bottle.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_bottle > Source revision: 1352818265 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{short description|Bottle designed as a container for beer}} {{Lead too short|date=December 2021}} {{Use dmy dates |date=September 2020}} right|thumb|Assortment of beer bottles A '''beer bottle''' is a [bottle](/source/bottle) designed as a container for [beer](/source/beer). Such designs vary greatly in size and shape, but the glass commonly is brown or green to reduce spoilage from light, especially [ultraviolet](/source/ultraviolet).{{Citation | last = Eie | first = Thomas | contribution = Light Protection from Packaging | year = 2009 | title = Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology | editor-last = Yam | editor-first = K. L. | pages = 655–659 | publisher = Wiley }} The most widely established alternatives to glass containers for beer in retail sales are [beverage can](/source/beverage_can)s and [aluminium bottle](/source/aluminium_bottle)s; for larger volumes [keg](/source/keg)s are in common use. Many countries have implemented [bottle deposit](/source/Container_deposit_legislation) schemes to increase the rate of [recycling](/source/Bottle_recycling) and reduce the rate of [litter](/source/litter)ing. ==Bottling lines== {{Main|Bottling line}} Bottling lines are [production line](/source/production_line)s that fill beer into bottles on a large scale. The process is typically as follows: # Filling a bottle in a filling machine (''filler'') typically involves drawing beer from a holding tank # Capping the bottle, labeling it # Packing the bottles into cases or cartons Many smaller breweries send their bulk beer to large facilities for contract bottling—though some will bottle by hand. The first step in bottling beer is ''depalletising'', where the empty bottles are removed from the original packaging delivered from the manufacturer, so that individual bottles may be handled. The bottles may then be rinsed with filtered water or air, and may have [carbon dioxide](/source/carbon_dioxide) injected into them in attempt to reduce the level of oxygen within the bottle. The bottle then enters a "filler" which fills the bottle with beer and may also inject a small amount of [inert gas](/source/inert_gas) ([CO2](/source/carbon_dioxide) or [nitrogen](/source/nitrogen)) on top of the beer to disperse [oxygen](/source/oxygen), as O2 can ruin the quality of the product by [oxidation](/source/oxidation). Next the bottle enters a labelling machine ("labeller") where a label is applied. The product is then packed into boxes and warehoused, ready for sale.Brody, A. L., & Marsh, K, S., ''Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, 1997, {{ISBN|0-471-06397-5}} Depending on the magnitude of the bottling endeavour, there are many different types of bottling machinery available. Liquid level machines fill bottles so they appear to be filled to the same line on every bottle, while volumetric filling machines fill each bottle with exactly the same amount of liquid. Overflow pressure fillers are the most popular machines with beverage makers, while gravity filling machines are the most cost-effective. In terms of automation, inline filling machines are most popular, but rotary machines are much faster albeit much more expensive.{{cite web | url = http://www.kinnek.com/products/bottling_lines | title = How to Buy A Bottling Line | publisher = Kinnek.com | access-date = 2013-06-25 | archive-date = 20 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170320001058/https://www.kinnek.com/products/bottling_lines/ | url-status = dead }} ==Shape and size== {{More citations needed section|date=March 2016}} ===Stubby and steinie=== {{Anchor|Stubby and steinie}} thumb|upright|100px|Australian 375 mL stubby A short glass bottle used for beer is generally called a ''stubby'', or originally a ''steinie''. Shorter and flatter than standard bottles, stubbies pack into a smaller space for transporting. The ''steinie'' was introduced in the 1930s by [Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company](/source/Joseph_Schlitz_Brewing_Company) and derived their name from their similarity to the shape of a [beer stein](/source/beer_stein), which was emphasized in marketing. The bottles are sometimes made with thick glass so that the bottle can be cleaned and reused before being [recycle](/source/recycle)d. The capacity of a stubby is generally somewhere between {{convert|330|ml|impfloz U.S.floz|1|abbr=on}} and {{convert|375|mL|impfloz U.S.floz|1|abbr=on}}; the Canadian stubby bottle is traditionally {{convert|341|mL|U.S.floz impfloz|1|abbr=on}}, while the U.S. longneck was {{convert|355|mL|U.S.floz impfloz|1|abbr=on}}. Some of the expected advantages of stubby bottles are: ease of handling; less breakage; lighter in weight; less storage space; and lower center of gravity.{{cite magazine |url=http://fzarchiv.sachon.de/pdf/Getraenke-Fachzeitschriften/Getraenkefachgrosshandel/2012/02_12/GFH_02-12_8-13_Trendig_und_kompakt.pdf |title=Trendig und kompakt: Biere in der Steinie-Flasche |last1=Voß |first1=Heinrich |language=de |date=February 2012 |magazine=Getränkefachgroßhandel |publisher=Verlag W. Sachon |access-date=2016-10-30 }} After the end of Prohibition in the U.S. in 1933, many breweries began marketing beer in steel cans. The glass industry responded by devising short bottles with little necks, nicknamed stubbies, and types with short necks were called steinies. Capacities varied, with 12oz being the most common size used for soft drinks. The steinie dominated in the U.S. by 1950, and the neck became longer, such as seen with the familiar Budweiser bottle. Stubbies were popular in Canada until the 1980s.{{Cite news |last=Butler |first=Colin |date=2025-06-29 |title=Canada's stubby beer bottle finds new meaning in an age of American bluster |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-stubby-beer-bottle-1.7556282 |access-date=2025-06-29 |work=CBC News}} Standard SP Lager from Papua New Guinea and [Victoria Bitter](/source/Victoria_Bitter) in Australia,[https://cub.com.au/about/heritage/ Carlton & United Brewery Heritage] are some of the few beers still sold in 12oz neckless stubbies. The U.S. steinie shape dominates for small beer bottles the world over, in sizes from half-pint to the European 500ml. The word ''stubbie'' is only in common use in Australia and Canada. In Australia it is generally referred to as a 'stubby'. Stubbies are used extensively in Europe, and were used almost exclusively in Canada from 1962 to 1986 as part of a standardization effort intended to reduce breakage, and the cost of sorting bottles when they were returned by customers. Due to their nostalgic value, stubbies were reintroduced by a number of Canadian craft brewers in the early 2000s. In the U.S., stubbies have generally fallen out of favour, with only a few brands still using them such as the Session [Lager](/source/Lager) by the [Full Sail Brewing Company](/source/Full_Sail_Brewing_Company), Switchback Brewing Co{{cite web|url=http://switchbackvt.com/|title=Switchback Brewing Co.- Unfiltered Beers Handcrafted in Burlington, Vermont - Switchback Brewing Co.|website=switchbackvt.com}} in [Burlington, Vermont](/source/Burlington%2C_Vermont), US and [Red Stripe](/source/Red_Stripe), a Jamaican brand import. [Coors Brewing Company](/source/Coors_Brewing_Company) uses the stubby form for nostalgic packaging of Coors Banquet. ===Belgium=== [Belgian beer](/source/Belgian_beer) is usually packaged in {{convert|330|mL|impfloz U.S.floz|1|abbr=on}} bottles in four or six packs, or in {{convert|750|mL|impfloz U.S.floz|1|abbr=on}} bottles similar to those used for [Champagne](/source/Champagne). Some beers, usually [lambic](/source/lambic)s and fruit lambics are also bottled in {{convert|375|mL|impfloz U.S.floz|1|abbr=on}} servings. ===Britain=== Through the latter part of the 20th century, most British brewers used a standard design of bottle, known as the London Brewers' Standard. This was in brown glass, with a conical medium neck in the [pint](/source/pint) and with a rounded shoulder in the half-pint and nip sizes. Pints, defined as {{convert|568|mL|impfloz U.S.floz|1|abbr=on}}, and half-pints, or {{convert|284|mL|impfloz U.S.floz|1|abbr=on}} were the most common, but some brewers also bottled in [nip](/source/Alcohol_measurements) (1/3-pint) and [quart](/source/quart) (2-pint) sizes. It was for example mostly [barley wine](/source/barley_wine)s that were bottled in nips, and Midlands breweries such as Shipstone of Nottingham that bottled in quarts. This [standardisation](/source/standardisation) simplified the [automation](/source/automation) of bottling and made it easier for customers to [recycle](/source/recycle) bottles as they were interchangeable. They carried a [deposit](/source/Container-deposit_legislation) charge, which in the 1980s rose to seven pence for a pint and five pence for a half-pint. Some brewers however used individual bottle designs: among these were [Samuel Smith Old Brewery](/source/Samuel_Smith_Old_Brewery), which used an embossed clear bottle, and [Scottish and Newcastle](/source/Scottish_and_Newcastle), which used a clear bottle for their Newcastle Brown Ale (both designs survive in the {{convert|500|mL|U.S.floz impfloz|1|abbr=on}} size). Other brewers such as [Timothy Taylor](/source/Timothy_Taylor_Brewery) had used their own embossed bottles and rare examples continued to be reused into the 1980s. During the 1980s the industry turned away from refillable bottles. UK beer bottles are all one-trip, and most are 500 mL (16.9 U.S. fl oz; 17.6 imp fl oz) or {{convert|330|mL|U.S.floz impfloz|1|abbr=on}} in volume. The compulsory high recycled-content of these bottles makes them very dark and the lack of temper makes them chip easily when being opened.{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}} === Netherlands ''(pijpje)'' === Most beer producers in the [Netherlands](/source/Netherlands) sell their beers in a brown {{convert|300|mL|impfloz U.S.floz|1|abbr=on}} bottle. Its official name is ''Bruin Nederlands Retour CBK-fles'' (Brown Dutch Return CBK Bottle), with CBK standing for Centraal Brouwerij Kantoor, the former name of the Dutch trade association of larger breweries, Nederlandse Brouwers.[http://www.bnrfles.nl/content/de-standaard-bruine-bierfles De standaard bruine bierfles – Bruin Nederlands Retour (BNR) fles], Nederlandse Brouwers (viewed 2 December 2017) The name is abbreviated as ''BNR-fles'', but the bottle is more commonly known as ''{{ill|pijpje|nl}}'' (little pipe). The total length of the bottle is 207 mm, with a conical neck of about one-third of that length. The bottles carry a 10-cent deposit. The breweries share a pool of re-usable bottles of the same type. ===Germany=== In Germany, approximately 99% of beer bottles are reusable [deposit bottles](/source/Container_deposit_legislation){{cite news |last=Gassmann |first=Michael |date=2014-04-09 |title=Der Wahnsinn, wenn Sie in München Flens trinken |url=https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article126732784/Der-Wahnsinn-wenn-Sie-in-Muenchen-Flens-trinken.html |newspaper=[Die Welt](/source/Die_Welt) |trans-title=The Madness of Drinking Flensburger Beer in Munich |access-date=2016-10-30 |language=de }} and are either {{convert|330|or|500|mL|impfloz U.S.floz|1|abbr=on}}. At any given time, an estimated 2 billion beer bottles are in circulation in Germany, each of which sees an average of 36 reuses. The deposit for beer bottles sealed with [crown cork](/source/crown_cork)s is €0.08; for bottles with [flip-top](/source/flip-top) closures, the deposit is €0.15. The Euro bottle was the main shape in use until the 1980s, when many breweries began to switch over to NRW and Longneck bottles, both of which are available as 330ml and 500ml bottles. The market leader is the NRW bottle with a market share of 39%, followed by Longneck at 33%.{{cite web |url=http://www.duh.de/uploads/tx_duhdownloads/Stellungnahme_Deloitte_Studie_110314.pdf |title=Stellungnahme der "Mehrweg-Allianz" zur Studie "Umlaufzahlen und Transportentfernungen in der Getränkeindustrie" der Bundesvereinigung der Deutschen Ernährungsindustrie e.V. (BVE) und des Handelsverbands Deutschland e.V. (HDE) |author=Deutsche Umwelthilfe |date=n.d. |website=duh.de |access-date=2016-10-30 |author-link=Deutsche Umwelthilfe |language=de }} Many smaller, traditional breweries have retained the Euro bottle as part of their [corporate identity](/source/corporate_identity), particularly [Augustiner](/source/Augustiner), [Tegernseer](/source/Tegernseer), and [Schlenkerla](/source/Schlenkerla). Steinieflasche neutral.jpg|330ml "Steinie" bottle Euroflasche neutral.jpg|500ml Euro bottle NRW-Flasche neutral.jpg|500ml NRW Bottle 20181028 Vichy beer bottle.jpg|330ml NRW Bottle, also called "Vichy" bottle Longneck bottle neutral.jpg|330ml Longneck bottle Hacker Pschorr Kellerbier.jpg|500ml [Bügelflasche](/source/Flip-top) ===Longneck, Industry Standard Bottle (ISB) or North American longneck=== thumb|right|A 12-oz Industry Standard Bottle (left) compared to a 40-oz bottle (right) A North American longneck is a type of beer bottle with a long neck. It is known as the standard longneck bottle or industry standard bottle (ISB). The ISB longnecks have a uniform capacity, height, weight and diameter and can be reused on average 16 times. The U.S. ISB longneck is {{convert|355|mL|impfloz U.S.floz|1|abbr=on}}. In Canada, in 1992, the large breweries all agreed to use a {{convert|341|mL|impfloz U.S.floz|1|abbr=on}} longneck bottle of standard design (named AT2), thus replacing the traditional stubby bottle and an assortment of brewery-specific long-necks which had come into use in the mid-1980s. ===Large bottles=== thumb|left|120px|A 650 mL or 22oz "bomber". In the United States and Canada, large bottles are {{convert|22|U.S.floz|mL impoz|1|abbr=on}}, or one-sixth of a US gallon (colloquially called a "bomber," a "deuce deuce," or "double deuce"). Some breweries also choose to use {{convert|500|mL|U.S.floz impoz|1|abbr=on}} bottles, often for smaller batches of beer. The European and Australian standard large bottle is {{convert|750|mL|U.S.oz impoz|1|adj=on}} and is also used occasionally in Canada. In South Africa they are referred to as a "quart"; in Australia they are known colloquially as a "longneck","king brown", "tallie", "largie" or simply a "bottle". A liter and 1.25 L are also in use. ===Forty=== A "forty" is American [slang](/source/slang) for a {{convert|40|U.S.floz|mL impoz|adj=on}} bottle commonly used for cheaper varieties of beer and of [malt liquor](/source/malt_liquor),{{cite web|url=http://beeradvocate.com/articles/288|title=Breaking Out the Forty|website=www.beeradvocate.com|date=March 21, 2001|access-date=December 16, 2007|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822192422/http://beeradvocate.com/articles/288|archive-date=August 22, 2013}} though some {{convert|32|U.S.floz|mL impoz|adj=on}} bottles are erroneously called forties. ===Growler=== {{Main|Growler (jug)}} A growler ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|g|r|aʊ|l|ər}}) is a glass, ceramic, or stainless steel jug used to transport [draught beer](/source/draught_beer) in the United States, Canada, Australia, Brazil and other countries. They are commonly sold at [breweries](/source/breweries) and brewpubs as a means to sell [take-out](/source/take-out) [craft beer](/source/craft_beer). In the United States, a growler is {{convert|1/2|USgal|spell=in|abbr=off}}. Less commonly can be found "growlerettes" or "howlers", which are half-growlers, or 32 U.S. fl oz. ===Small bottles=== There are also smaller bottles, called ''nips'',{{cite news|last=Yaeger |first=Brian |title=Nips Pt. 1: Everybody Wants Some |url=http://beersoup.allaboutbeer.com/2011/06/nips-pt-1-everybody-wants-some/ |access-date=27 September 2013 |newspaper=All About Beer Magazine |date=20 June 2011 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917165724/http://beersoup.allaboutbeer.com/2011/06/nips-pt-1-everybody-wants-some/ |archive-date=17 September 2013 }} {{anchor|pony}}''ponies'' (United States), ''cuartitos'' (Mexico, "small fourth", in reference to the larger 355 mL ''media'' "half"), ''throwdowns'' or ''grenades'' (Australia), among other names. In the United States, the size of these bottles is usually {{convert|7|U.S.floz|mL|0|abbr=on}}, and are similar to the size of original [Coca-Cola](/source/Coca-Cola) and [Pepsi Cola](/source/Pepsi_Cola) bottles. The term ''pony'' dates to the 19th century,''Americanisms'', Farmer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RTdcQOlzjXAC&pg=PA430 p. 430] cites ''New York Journal'', 1885 August; see ''pony'' for details. and is due to the diminutive size,{{cite book |title=Notes and Queries |date=August 8, 1896 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIEjZLt7zxYC&pg=PA126 |page=126 |quote=It seems probable the origin is due to the diminutiveness of the glass}} being used earlier for a [pony glass](/source/pony_glass), and similarly for a [pony keg](/source/pony_keg). The best-known brands of ponies are [Rolling Rock](/source/Rolling_Rock) (pony introduced 1939{{citation needed|date=June 2022}})and [Miller High Life](/source/Miller_High_Life) (pony introduced 1972),{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jftEAAAAYAAJ&q=pony |page=309 |title = Advertising and the Food System: Proceedings of a Symposium Held at Airlie House, Virginia on November 6 & 7, 1980|last1 = Connor|first1 = John M.|last2 = Ward|first2 = Ronald W.|year = 1983}}''CSA Super Markets'', Volume 50, 1974, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUpPAAAAYAAJ&q=%22miller+high+life%22+%227+oz%22 p. 68] and the 7 oz size of Rolling Rock likely contributed to the standardization on this size. Other major brands, such as Budweiser and Coors, are also regionally available in 7 oz bottles; these were introduced in the early 1970s, following the introduction of the size for Miller High Life. The popularity of Rolling Rock ponies has led to the [folk etymology](/source/folk_etymology) that "pony" is from the Rolling Rock horse logo. This is incorrect: the term "pony of beer" in the United States predates Rolling Rock (introduced 1939) by over 50 years, and advertising for Rolling Rock from the 1950s uses the term "pony bottle" generically, stating "... Rolling Rock is the Largest Selling 7 oz. Pony Bottle of [premium beer](/source/premium_beer) in Pennsylvania".''The Pittsburgh Press,'' October 21, 1952, [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19521021&id=2l8bAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pE0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6165,2606515 p. 4] Among Mexican beers, Corona sells {{convert|7|U.S.floz|mL|0|abbr=on}} ponies and {{convert|7.1|U.S.floz|mL|0|abbr=on}} ''cuartitos'', branded as ''Coronita'', from the Spanish diminutive ''-ita''.{{cite web |url=http://www.bestinwine.com/shop/Coronita-Beer-Bottle-6-7-Fl-Oz-p-5356.html |title=Coronita Beer Bottle - 6-7 Fl. Oz. :: Imports :: Beer :: BestInWine.com |access-date=2011-12-07 |url-status = usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426032831/http://www.bestinwine.com/shop/Coronita-Beer-Bottle-6-7-Fl-Oz-p-5356.html |archive-date=2012-04-26 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.beeradvice.com.au/4/corona/|title=Beer Advice|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111170646/http://www.beeradvice.com.au/4/corona/|archive-date=2011-11-11}} The American-market 7 oz. ponies come in 6-packs and the Mexican market 210 mL ''cuartitos'' come in boxes of 12. In Australia, a limited range of beers are available in a {{convert|250|mL|impoz U.S.oz|abbr=on}} bottle,{{cite web|url=http://danmurphys.com.au/product/DM_64874/victoria-bitter-twist-tops-250ml|title=Victoria Bitter Twist Tops 250mL|website=danmurphys.com.au|access-date=14 January 2014}} nicknamed a ''throwdown'' or ''grenade''. Pony bottles are most popular for the on-premises market, where they are sold by the bucketful.Greg Kitsock, American Brewer 2011, [http://abonline.americanbrewer.com/article/EDITORIAL/880348/-87225/article.html Editorial] ([http://abonline.americanbrewer.com/publication/?i=87225&p=3 p. 3]) The motivation in the 1970s was to target lighter drinkers, and to ensure that the lager beer stayed cold until finished. The market for beer in small bottles is smaller than that in regular size bottles, which cause added difficulties and expense: the bottles themselves are harder to source, and require either a separate bottling line or retooling the bottling line between runs.{{cite news |first=Greg |last=Kitsock |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/all-we-can-eat/post/the-trouble-with-keeping-the-ponies-in-line/2011/09/09/gIQAuRlyFK_blog.html |title=The trouble with keeping the ponies in line |date=September 12, 2011}} As a result, US craft breweries only rarely bottle in small bottles; temporary examples include [Flying Dog Brewery](/source/Flying_Dog_Brewery) (2007–2009) and [Rogue Ales](/source/Rogue_Ales){{cite news|title=Rogue to Downsize XS Series Bottles|url=http://seattlebeernews.com/2009/12/rogue-to-downsize-xs-series-bottles/|access-date=8 May 2013|newspaper=Seattle Beer News|date=8 December 2009}} (2009–2011, using extra bottles from Flying Dog). ==="Darwin Stubby"=== thumb|upright|The Big Stubby at Larrimah A Darwin Stubby refers to several particularly large beer bottle sizes in Australia. It was first introduced in April 1958 with an {{convert|80|impfloz|mL U.S.floz|sigfig=3|adj=on}} capacity. {{cite web |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/travel/news/toasting-the-darwin-stubby/story-e6frezi0-1111116345810 |title=Toasting the Darwin Stubby | work= The Daily Telegraph |access-date=2009-08-30 |date=2008-05-14 }} The {{convert|2|L|impoz U.S.oz|sigfig=3|adj=on}} Darwin Stubby is available by [NT Draught](/source/NT_Draught) in the Northern Territory. The {{convert|2.25|L|U.S.oz impoz|1|adj=on}} Darwin Stubby has an iconic,[http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/state/niche/general/the-darwin-stubby-turns-50/783785.aspx "The Darwin Stubby turns 50"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928144133/http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/state/niche/general/the-darwin-stubby-turns-50/783785.aspx |date=2011-09-28 }}, IAN MORGAN, 05 Jun, 2008, North Queensland Register if [kitsch](/source/kitsch), status in Australian folklore.[http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/travel/news/toasting-the-darwin-stubby/story-e6frezi0-1111116345810 "Toasting the Darwin Stubby"], Greg McLean, May 15, 2008, The Daily Telegraph ==="Caguama" and "Ballena" bottles=== In Mexico, ''caguama'' and ''ballena'' are popular names for a {{convert|940|mL|impfloz U.S.floz|1|abbr=on}} beer bottle. The beer brands that are sold in these bottles include [Tecate](/source/Tecate_(beer)), [Carta Blanca](/source/Carta_Blanca), [Sol](/source/Cuauht%C3%A9moc_Moctezuma_Brewery), [Indio](/source/Indio_(beer)), [Victoria](/source/Victoria_(Grupo_Modelo)), [Corona Familiar](/source/Corona_(beer)) and [Pacífico](/source/Pac%C3%ADfico_(beer)). The name "caguama" refers to the [Loggerhead sea turtle](/source/Loggerhead_sea_turtle), which is called "caguama" in Spanish, and is used mostly in central and eastern Mexico.[:es:Caretta caretta](/source/%3Aes%3ACaretta_caretta) There are larger sizes of beer bottle called a ''súper caguama'' or a ''caguamón''. The name ''ballena'' is Spanish for whale, and is mostly used along the northern Pacific coast. ===Gallery=== File:Viru-New-bottle-Nov-2010.jpg| Cone-shaped bottle of an [Estonia](/source/Estonia)n beer File:Grolschfles2005.jpg| Two ''pijpjes'' File:Darwin stubby.jpg| Darwin Stubbies in several variations File:Beer growler.jpg| Half gallon [growler](/source/Growler_(jug)) ==Closure== Bottled beer is sold with several types of [bottle cap](/source/bottle_cap), but most often with [crown cap](/source/crown_cap)s, also known as ''crown seals''. Some beers (for example [Grolsch](/source/Grolsch)) are sold in "beugel" style bottles, known as "[flip-top](/source/flip-top)" or "swing top" in some English speaking countries. A number of beers are sold finished with a [cork](/source/cork_(material)) and [muselet](/source/muselet) (or cage), similar to champagne closures. These closures were largely superseded by the crown cap at the end of the 19th century, but survive in some styles, typically [Lambic](/source/Lambic) ales. Many larger beers, including most forties and some growlers, use [screw cap](/source/screw_cap)s due to their resealing design. ===Gallery=== File:Beer bottle closed with crown cap, unopened.jpg|Crown cap, unopened File:Beer-bottling.webm|Video of homebrewers bottling beer using crown caps File:Twist off beer bottle cap, unopened..jpg|Twist off beer bottle cap, unopened File:Swing top beer bottle closure, unopened..jpg|Swing top beer bottle closure, unopened File:Beer bottle sealed with a cork and muselet.jpg|[Cork](/source/cork_(material)) and [wirehood](/source/Muselet) closure, unopened ==Bottle fermentation== Some beers undergo a fermentation in the bottle, giving natural [carbonation](/source/carbonation).{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uWXcajHd3W0C&pg=PA79 |title=Encyclopaedia of Brewing |page=79|author=Christopher M. Boulton|publisher=Wiley|date= 20 May 2013 |access-date=14 June 2013|isbn=9781118598122 }} These beers are usually referred to as bottle-conditioned. They are bottled with a viable yeast population in suspension and to start what may be a second or third [fermentation](/source/fermentation). If there is no residual fermentable sugar left, sugar and or [wort](/source/wort) may be added in a process known as priming. The resulting fermentation generates CO2 that is trapped in the bottle, remaining in solution and providing natural carbonation. Bottle-conditioned beers may be either filled unfiltered direct from the fermentation or conditioning tank, or filtered and then reseeded with [yeast](/source/yeast).{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uWXcajHd3W0C&pg=PA80 |title=Encyclopaedia of Brewing |page=80|author=Christopher M. Boulton|publisher=Wiley|date= 20 May 2013 |access-date=14 June 2013|isbn=9781118598122 }} ==Use as weapons== {{See also|Glassing}} Beer bottles are sometimes used as makeshift [clubs](/source/Club_(weapon)), for instance in bar fights. As with [pint glass](/source/pint_glass)es, the use of glass bottles as weapons is known as [glassing](/source/glassing). [Pathologists](/source/Forensic_pathology) determined in 2009 that beer bottles are strong enough to crack [human skulls](/source/human_skulls), which requires an [impact](/source/Impact_(mechanics)) [energy](/source/energy) of between 14 and 70 [joule](/source/joule)s, depending on the location. Empty beer bottles shatter at 40 joules, while full bottles shatter at only 30 joules because of the pressure of the [carbonated](/source/carbonated) beer inside the bottle.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/projects/magazine/ideas/2009/#e|title=Empty Beer Bottles Make Better Weapons|date=December 10, 2009|work=[The New York Times Magazine](/source/The_New_York_Times_Magazine)|access-date=10 December 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091212061055/http://www.nytimes.com/projects/magazine/ideas/2009/| archive-date= 12 December 2009 |url-status = live}} A test performed by the television show ''[MythBusters](/source/MythBusters)'' suggested that full bottles are significantly more dangerous than empty bottles. They concluded that full bottles inflict more damage in terms of [concussion](/source/concussion) and [skull fracture](/source/skull_fracture). However, they found that both full and empty [bottles](/source/bottles) do the same amount of scalp damage. As with pint glasses, the main solution to glassing with bottles is not to dispense glass bottles where there is risk of fights or accidents, most simply either using plastic glasses or plastic bottles (or [aluminium can](/source/aluminium_can)s). ==Lightstruck beer== Lightstruck, or "skunked" or "skunky", beer has been exposed to [ultraviolet](/source/ultraviolet) and [visible light](/source/visible_light). The light causes [riboflavin](/source/riboflavin) to react with and break down [isohumulone](/source/isohumulone)s, chemicals that contribute to the bitterness of the beer and are derived from the [hops](/source/hops). A molecule resulting from a subsequent chain of reactions, [prenylthiol](/source/prenylthiol), is very similar chemically and in odor to the musk-borne [mercaptan](/source/mercaptan)s that are a [skunk](/source/skunk)'s natural defences.{{cite journal|title=Riboflavin-sensitized photooxidation of isohumulones and derivatives|first1=Kevin|last1=Huvaere|first2=Karsten|last2=Olsen|first3=Mogens L.|last3=Andersen|first4=Leif H.|last4=Skibsted|first5=Arne|last5=Heyerick|first6=Denis De|last6=Keukeleire|date=29 March 2004|journal=Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences|volume=3|issue=4|pages=337–40|doi=10.1039/B316210A|pmid=15052361|s2cid=32857003 }} It has also been identified as the primary odorant in [cannabis](/source/cannabis) that contributes to its skunk-like aroma.{{Cite journal|last1=Oswald|first1=Iain W. H.|last2=Ojeda|first2=Marcos A.|last3=Pobanz|first3=Ryan J.|last4=Koby|first4=Kevin A.|last5=Buchanan|first5=Anthony J.|last6=Del Rosso|first6=Josh|last7=Guzman|first7=Mario A.|last8=Martin|first8=Thomas J.|date=2021-11-30|title=Identification of a New Family of Prenylated Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Cannabis Revealed by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c04196|journal=ACS Omega|volume=6|issue=47|pages=31667–31676|doi=10.1021/acsomega.1c04196|doi-access=free|pmid=34869990|pmc=8638000}} In some cases, such as [Miller High Life](/source/Miller_High_Life), a hops extract that does not have isohumulones is used to bitter the beer so it cannot be "lightstruck". A dark brown glass bottle gives some protection to the beer, but green and clear glass bottles offer virtually no protection at all.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X95O-1_x-a0C&pg=PA56 |title=Beer: quality, safety and ... - Google Books |access-date=2009-10-17 | isbn=978-0-85404-588-4|last1=Denise Baxter |first1=E. |last2=Hughes |first2=Paul S. |year=2001 |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry }} There are also other solutions available to prevent beer bottled in clear and green glass from becoming skunked or light-struck, such as taller walls on 6-pack carriers, which is common with craft beers and highlighted in [Samuel Adams](/source/Samuel_Adams_(beer)) marketing. ==See also== {{Portal|Beer}} {{Div col}} * [Aluminum bottle](/source/Aluminum_bottle) * [Aluminum can](/source/Aluminum_can) * [Beer in Australia](/source/Beer_in_Australia) * [Beverage can](/source/Beverage_can) * [Bottle recycling](/source/Bottle_recycling) * [Box wine](/source/Box_wine) * [Container-deposit legislation](/source/Container-deposit_legislation) * [Glass container industry](/source/Glass_container_industry) * [Widget (beer)](/source/Widget_(beer)) * [Wine bottle](/source/Wine_bottle) {{div col end}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * Colin S. Burns, Arne Heyeric, Malcolm D. E. Forbes, (2001) "[https://archive.today/20121216134348/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/85514669/HTMLSTART Mechanism for Formation of the Lightstruck Flavor in Beer Revealed by Time-Resolved Electron Paramagnetic Resonance]" * Richard Pozdrik, Felicity A. Roddick, Peter J. Rogers, and Thang Nguyen, (2006) "[http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/article.cgi/jafcau/2006/54/i17/html/jf060515v.html Spectrophotometric Method for Exploring 3-Methyl-2-butene-1-thiol (MBT) Formation in Lager]" ==External links== {{Commons}} *[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-73-1395-8732/politics_economy/beer/clip5 Article on stubbies which mentions the newer longnecks.] {{packaging}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Beer Bottle}} Category:Beer vessels and serving Category:Bottles Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Single-serve containers --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Beer bottle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_bottle) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_bottle?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.