# Bay Darnell > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Bay_Darnell > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Bay_Darnell.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Darnell > Source revision: 1354513456 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|American stock car and open-wheel racing driver (1931–2023)}} {{Infobox NASCAR driver |name = Bay Darnell |image = |caption = |birth_name = Wilbur Darnell |birth_date = {{birth date|1931|02|04}} |birth_place = [Lake Bluff, Illinois](/source/Lake_Bluff%2C_Illinois), U.S. |death_date = {{death date and age|2023|02|28|1931|02|04}} |death_place = [Waukegan, Illinois](/source/Waukegan%2C_Illinois), U.S. |achievements = |awards = |Total_Cup_Races = 3 |Years_In_Cup = 3 |Cup_Car_Team = |Prev_Cup_Pos = |Previous_Year = |Best_Cup_Pos = 118th ([1967](/source/1967_NASCAR_Grand_National_Series)) |First_Cup_Race = [1954](/source/1954_NASCAR_Grand_National_Series) Willow Springs 200 ([Willow Springs](/source/Santa_Fe_Speedway)) |Last_Cup_Race = [1967](/source/1967_NASCAR_Grand_National_Series) [Atlanta 500](/source/Atlanta_500) ([Atlanta](/source/Atlanta_International_Raceway)) |First_Cup_Win = |Last_Cup_Win = |Cup_Wins = 0 |Cup_Top_Tens = 0 |Cup_Poles = 0 |module = {{Infobox racing driver|embed=yes | last_series = [USAC Stock Car](/source/USAC_Stock_Car) | years_active = 1962–1983 | starts = 249 | wins = 4 | poles = | best_finish = 2nd | year = 1979 | prev_series = [ARCA Series](/source/ARCA_Racing_Series)
[USAC Indy Car](/source/American_Championship_car_racing)
[ASA National Tour](/source/American_Speed_Association) | prev_series_years = 1964, 1982–83
1965–1968
1981–1983 }} }} '''Wilbur Darnell''' (February 4, 1931 – February 28, 2023) was an American racing driver from [Lake Bluff, Illinois](/source/Lake_Bluff%2C_Illinois). He raced mainly in [USAC Stock Car](/source/USAC_Stock_Car)s, but he did have a few [Indy Car](/source/American_Championship_car_racing) and [NASCAR](/source/NASCAR) [Grand National Series](/source/Grand_National_Series) starts. His grandson [Erik Darnell](/source/Erik_Darnell) is a current NASCAR driver. ==Racing career== ===Early career=== Darnell began racing [Modifieds](/source/modified_car_racing) on the dirt tracks in northern [Illinois](/source/Illinois) and southern [Wisconsin](/source/Wisconsin), especially Waukegan Speedway.{{cite web |title=Russ Lake Photographs page #1 |url=http://www.kalracing.com/Autoracing/russ_lake_photographs.htm |publisher=Chicagoland Auto Racing |accessdate=5 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104113110/http://www.kalracing.com/Autoracing/russ_lake_photographs.htm |archivedate=4 January 2013 }} ===USAC Stock Car=== Darnell began racing in [USAC Stock Car](/source/USAC_Stock_Car) in 1962.{{cite web|title=USAC Stock Car Results|url=http://www.ultimateracinghistory.com/racelist2.php?uniqid=75|publisher=Ultimate Racing History|accessdate=5 February 2012}} He became the second driver to land in [Lake Lloyd](/source/Lake_Lloyd) at the [Daytona International Speedway](/source/Daytona_International_Speedway) during a rare appearance in an ARCA stock car.{{cite news |title=Swaim wins Florida 200 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19940219&id=a7wfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GtgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1121,2000332 |newspaper=[The Gadsden Times](/source/The_Gadsden_Times) / [Associated Press](/source/Associated_Press) |date=February 19, 1994 |accessdate=13 February 2012}} He went into the infield lake during a February 8, 1964 qualifying race for the [ARCA 250](/source/Lucas_Oil_Slick_Mist_200). Darnell finished third in the season points in 1973, his first time in the top three.{{cite web|title=The USAC Stock Car Series|url=http://www.ultimateracinghistory.com/usacstock.htm|publisher=Ultimate Racing History|accessdate=5 February 2012}} In 1974, Darnell had his first USAC win at the [Indiana State Fair](/source/Indiana_State_Fair)grounds after racing for 13 seasons.{{cite web|title=1974 - Darnell upstages USAC vets for Century win|url=http://www.midwestracingarchives.com/2011/08/1974-darnell-upstages-usac-vets-for.html|publisher=Midwest Racing Archives|accessdate=5 February 2012}} He led the final five laps at the one mile dirt oval. Darnell was forced to race his asphalt car after his dirt car was wrecked during the previous week's race at the [Springfield Mile](/source/Illinois_State_Fairgrounds_Racetrack). Darnell drove with a broken shoulder from the earlier incident. Darnell's second USAC victory happened on the clay at the [100-mile race](/source/Southern_Illinois_100) at [DuQuoin State Fairgrounds Racetrack](/source/DuQuoin_State_Fairgrounds_Racetrack) on August 28, 1976. His third USAC stock car win happened on June 5 in the following year at [Texas World Speedway](/source/Texas_World_Speedway). After starting tenth, he won on the two-mile asphalt superspeedway. He took the lead on lap 148 of 250. In the middle of the 1978 season, Darnell finished fifth at Springfield. The following week he was ruled to have jumped the final restart prematurely at DuQuoin and he was awarded a second-place finish instead of the win. In an interview with the ''[Milwaukee Sentinel](/source/Milwaukee_Sentinel)'', Darnell talked about how he felt that he could win the championship that year. After having mechanical difficulties in the August 17th race at the [Milwaukee Mile](/source/Milwaukee_Mile) caused him to lose hundreds of points in the third last race of the season, he said, "If I hadn't fallen out of the Milwaukee 150, I'd be ahead (in points) right now."{{cite news |title=Bay Darnell's Stock Rises at Young 47 |author=Rel Bochat |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19780908&id=5oBRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_xEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4061,1348615 |newspaper=[Milwaukee Sentinel](/source/Milwaukee_Sentinel) |date=September 8, 1978 |accessdate=13 February 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Darnell finished third in points that season. The following year he earned his career-best second points finish, one position better than [Rusty Wallace](/source/Rusty_Wallace). He dropped to third in the 1980 season points and tied his career-best second-place points finish in 1982. He earned his final USAC victory on August 15 of that year on the dirt at the Springfield Mile. He raced his final USAC race in the middle of 1983 and the series folded after running only two events in 1984. ===NASCAR=== Darnell made three NASCAR [Grand National Series](/source/Grand_National_Series) starts in his career.{{cite web|title=Bay Darnell NASCAR and USAC IndyCar Results|url=http://racing-reference.info/driver/Bay_Darnell|publisher=Racing Reference|accessdate=4 February 2012}} In 1954, he started 17th at the only NASCAR race [Santa Fe Speedway](/source/Santa_Fe_Speedway) in [Willow Springs, Illinois](/source/Willow_Springs%2C_Illinois). His car overheated and he retired at the 18th lap of the race finishing last in the 23 car field.{{cite web|title=1954 NASCAR results|url=http://racing-reference.info/drivdet/darneba01/1954/W|publisher=Racing Reference|accessdate=4 February 2012}} He made his second start in 1964, starting 23rd for [Holman Moody](/source/Holman_Moody) at [Atlanta International Raceway](/source/Atlanta_International_Raceway). In a race of high attrition, he completed 205 of 334 laps before ending with [push rod](/source/Overhead_valve) failure to finish 13th in the 39-car field.{{cite web|title=1964 NASCAR Grand National results|url=http://racing-reference.info/drivdet/darneba01/1964/W|publisher=Racing Reference|accessdate=4 February 2012}} His final NASCAR start was in 1967 when he raced in his own car at Atlanta. He started 39th and finished 32nd in the 44-car field.{{cite web|title=1967 NASCAR Results|url=http://racing-reference.info/drivdet/darneba01/1967/W|publisher=Racing Reference|accessdate=4 February 2012}} ===Indy Car=== Darnell raced in three [Indy Car](/source/American_Championship_car_racing) races. His first champ car start was at the DuQuoin in 1965. He finished ninth in the 18-car field. Darnell returned for this final two Indy Car races in 1968. He raced at [Trenton Speedway](/source/Trenton_Speedway), finishing 14th with engine problems.{{cite web|title=1968 USAC Indy Car results|url=http://www.racing-reference.info/drivdet/darneba01/1968/UO|publisher=Racing Reference|accessdate=9 February 2012}} Later that season, he raced at his home race at the [Milwaukee Mile](/source/Milwaukee_Mile). He was involved in a wreck on the second lap and finished 23rd. ==Business== Darnell owned a trucking company in the [Chicago](/source/Chicago%2C_Illinois) area.{{cite news |title=Darnell Takes First Big Win in Texas 500 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Na8pAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ml0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5875,5228064&dq=bay-darnell&hl=en |newspaper=[St. Petersburg Times](/source/St._Petersburg_Times) |date=June 6, 1977 |accessdate=13 February 2012}} He also built USAC [stock cars](/source/stock_car_racing) and in 1977 the ''[St. Petersburg Times](/source/St._Petersburg_Times)'' called him a "master car builder" who "builds and maintains his own equipment which is considered among the best." ==Personal life and death== Darnell was the father of Danny Darnell, a well-known Midwestern short-track driver, and grandfather of NASCAR driver [Erik Darnell](/source/Erik_Darnell).{{cite web|url=http://www.roushfenway.com/story/darnells-mom-will-forever-be-along-ride |title=Darnell's Mom Will Forever Be Along for the Ride |date=February 25, 2009 |publisher=Roush Fenway Racing |accessdate=16 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725230119/http://www.roushfenway.com/story/darnells-mom-will-forever-be-along-ride |archivedate=25 July 2015 }} Bay Darnell died in [Waukegan, Illinois](/source/Waukegan%2C_Illinois) on February 28, 2023, at the age of 92.{{cite web |title=Wilber "Bay" Darnell |url=https://www.gurneesalatafh.com/obituary/wilber-bay-darnell |website=Gurnee Salata Funeral Home |access-date=8 December 2023 |date=28 February 2023}} ==Motorsports career results== ===NASCAR=== (key) ('''Bold''' – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. ''Italics'' – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.) ====Grand National Series==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:75%" ! colspan="69"| [NASCAR Grand National Series](/source/NASCAR_Grand_National_Series) results |- ! Year ! Team ! No. ! Make ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! 18 ! 19 ! 20 ! 21 ! 22 ! 23 ! 24 ! 25 ! 26 ! 27 ! 28 ! 29 ! 30 ! 31 ! 32 ! 33 ! 34 ! 35 ! 36 ! 37 ! 38 ! 39 ! 40 ! 41 ! 42 ! 43 ! 44 ! 45 ! 46 ! 47 ! 48 ! 49 ! 50 ! 51 ! 52 ! 53 ! 54 ! 55 ! 56 ! 57 ! 58 ! 59 ! 60 ! 61 ! 62 ! {{Tooltip|NGNC|NASCAR Grand National classification}} ! Pts ! Ref |- ! [1954](/source/1954_NASCAR_Grand_National_Series) ! ! 69 ! [Ford](/source/Ford_Motor_Company) | [PBS](/source/Palm_Beach_Speedway) | [DAB](/source/Daytona_Beach_Road_Course) | [JSP](/source/Speedway_Park) | [ATL](/source/Lakewood_Speedway) | [OSP](/source/Oglethorpe_Speedway) | [OAK](/source/Oakland_Speedway) | [NWS](/source/Wilkes_County_160) | [HBO](/source/Occoneechee_Speedway) | [CCS](/source/Central_City_Speedway) | [LAN](/source/Langhorne_Speedway) | [WIL](/source/Wilson_Speedway) | [MAR](/source/Martinsville_Speedway) | [SHA](/source/Sharon_Speedway) | [RSP](/source/Raleigh_250) | [CLT](/source/Charlotte_Speedway) | [GAR](/source/Carrell_Speedway) | [CLB](/source/Columbia_Speedway) | [LND](/source/Linden_Airport) | [HCY](/source/Hickory_Speedway) | [MCF](/source/Monroe_County_Fairgrounds) | [WGS](/source/Williams_Grove_Speedway) | [PIF](/source/Piedmont_Interstate_Fairgrounds) | [AWS](/source/Asheville-Weaverville_Speedway) | style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [SFS](/source/Santa_Fe_Speedway)
23 | [GRS](/source/Grand_River_Speedrome) | [MOR](/source/Morristown_Speedway) | [OAK](/source/Oakland_Speedway) | [CLT](/source/Southern_States_Fairgrounds) | [SAN](/source/Bay_Meadows_Speedway) | [COR](/source/Corbin_Speedway) | [DAR](/source/1954_Southern_500) | [CCS](/source/Central_City_Speedway) | [CLT](/source/Southern_States_Fairgrounds) | [LAN](/source/Langhorne_Speedway) | [MAS](/source/1954_Mid-South_250) | [MAR](/source/Martinsville_Speedway) | [NWS](/source/Wilkes_160) | colspan=25| ! NA ! – ! {{cite web|url=https://www.racing-reference.info/drivdet/darneba01/1954/W|title=Bay Darnell – 1954 NASCAR Grand National Results|work=Racing-Reference|publisher=NASCAR Digital Media, LLC|accessdate=January 20, 2020}} |- ! [1964](/source/1964_NASCAR_Grand_National_Series) ! [Holman-Moody](/source/Holman-Moody) ! 66 ! [Ford](/source/Ford_Motor_Company) | [CON](/source/1964_Textile_250) | [AUG](/source/The_First_510) | [JSP](/source/1964_Jacksonville_200) | [SVH](/source/Sunshine_200) | [RSD](/source/Motor_Trend_500) | [DAY](/source/Daytona_500_Qualifying_Race) | [DAY](/source/Daytona_500_Qualifying_Race) | [DAY](/source/1964_Daytona_500) | [RCH](/source/Richmond_250) | [BRI](/source/Southeastern_500) | [GPS](/source/Greenville_200) | [BGS](/source/Bowman_Gray_Stadium) | style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [ATL](/source/1964_Atlanta_500)
13 | [AWS](/source/Asheville-Weaverville_Speedway) | [HBO](/source/Joe_Weatherly_150) | [PIF](/source/Piedmont_Interstate_Fairgrounds) | [CLB](/source/Columbia_200) | [NWS](/source/Gwyn_Staley_400) | [MAR](/source/Virginia_500) | [SVH](/source/1964_Savannah_200) | [DAR](/source/Rebel_300) | [LGY](/source/Tidewater_250) | [HCY](/source/Hickory_250) | [SBO](/source/South_Boston_Speedway) | [CLT](/source/1964_World_600) | [GPS](/source/Pickens_200) | [ASH](/source/New_Asheville_Speedway) | [ATL](/source/Dixie_400) | [CON](/source/Concord_Speedway) | [NSV](/source/Music_City_200) | [CHT](/source/Confederate_300) | [BIR](/source/Birmingham_International_Raceway) | [VAL](/source/Valdosta_Speedway) | [PIF](/source/Piedmont_Interstate_Fairgrounds) | [DAY](/source/1964_Firecracker_400) | [ODS](/source/Old_Dominion_400) | [OBS](/source/Fireball_Roberts_200) | [BRR](/source/Bridgehampton_Raceway) | [ISP](/source/Islip_Speedway) | [GLN](/source/1964_The_Glen_151.8) | [LIN](/source/Pennsylvania_200) | [BRI](/source/1964_Volunteer_500) | [NSV](/source/1964_Nashville_400) | [MBS](/source/Rambi_Raceway) | [AWS](/source/Western_North_Carolina_500) | [DTS](/source/Moyock_300) | [ONA](/source/Mountaineer_500) | [CLB](/source/Sandlapper_200) | [BGS](/source/Myers_Brothers_250) | [STR](/source/Starkey_Speedway) | [DAR](/source/Southern_500) | [HCY](/source/Buddy_Shuman_250) | [RCH](/source/Cook_Out_400_(Richmond)) | [ODS](/source/Old_Dominion_Speedway) | [HBO](/source/Orange_Speedway) | [MAR](/source/1964_Old_Dominion_500) | [SVH](/source/Savannah_Speedway) | [NWS](/source/1964_Wilkes_400) | [CLT](/source/National_400) | [HAR](/source/Harris_Speedway) | [AUG](/source/Jaycee_300) | [JAC](/source/Jacksonville_Speedway) ! NA ! – ! {{cite web|url=https://www.racing-reference.info/drivdet/darneba01/1964/W|title=Bay Darnell – 1964 NASCAR Grand National Results|work=Racing-Reference|publisher=NASCAR Digital Media, LLC|accessdate=January 20, 2020}} |- ! [1965](/source/1965_NASCAR_Grand_National_Series) ! Jack Watts ! ! [Ford](/source/Ford_Motor_Company) | [RSD](/source/Motor_Trend_500) | [DAY](/source/Daytona_500_Qualifying_Race) | [DAY](/source/Daytona_500_Qualifying_Race) | style="background:#FFCFCF;"| [DAY](/source/1965_Daytona_500)
DNQ | [PIF](/source/Piedmont_Interstate_Fairgrounds) | [AWS](/source/1965_Fireball_200) | [RCH](/source/Richmond_250) | [HBO](/source/Orange_Speedway) | [ATL](/source/1965_Atlanta_500) | [GPS](/source/1965_Greenville_200) | [NWS](/source/1965_Gwyn_Staley_400) | [MAR](/source/1965_Virginia_500) | [CLB](/source/Columbia_200) | [BRI](/source/Southeastern_500) | [DAR](/source/Rebel_300) | [LGY](/source/Tidewater_250) | [BGS](/source/Bowman_Gray_Stadium) | [HCY](/source/Hickory_250) | [CLT](/source/World_600) | [CCF](/source/Cleveland_County_Fairgrounds) | [ASH](/source/New_Asheville_Speedway) | [HAR](/source/Harris_Speedway) | [NSV](/source/Music_City_200) | [BIR](/source/Birmingham_200) | [ATL](/source/Dixie_400) | [GPS](/source/Pickens_200) | [MBS](/source/Myrtle_Beach_Speedway) | [VAL](/source/Valdosta_Speedway) | [DAY](/source/Firecracker_400) | [ODS](/source/Old_Dominion_Speedway) | [OBS](/source/Old_Bridge_200) | [ISP](/source/Islip_Speedway) | [GLN](/source/The_Glen_151.8) | [BRI](/source/Volunteer_500) | [NSV](/source/Nashville_400) | [CCF](/source/Cleveland_County_Fairgrounds) | [AWS](/source/Western_North_Carolina_500) | [SMR](/source/Smokey_Mountain_Raceway) | [PIF](/source/Piedmont_Interstate_Fairgrounds) | [AUG](/source/Augusta_Speedway) | [CLB](/source/Sandlapper_200) | [DTS](/source/Dog_Track_Speedway) | [BLV](/source/Beltsville_200) | [BGS](/source/Myers_Brothers_250) | [DAR](/source/1965_Southern_500) | [HCY](/source/Buddy_Shuman_250) | [LIN](/source/Pennsylvania_200) | [ODS](/source/Old_Dominion_Speedway) | [RCH](/source/Cook_Out_400_(Richmond)) | [MAR](/source/Old_Dominion_500) | [NWS](/source/1965_Wilkes_400) | [CLT](/source/National_400) | [HBO](/source/Orange_Speedway) | [CAR](/source/American_500) | [DTS](/source/Tidewater_300) | colspan=7| ! NA ! – ! {{cite web|url=https://www.racing-reference.info/drivdet/darneba01/1965/W|title=Bay Darnell – 1965 NASCAR Grand National Results|work=Racing-Reference|publisher=NASCAR Digital Media, LLC|accessdate=January 20, 2020}} |- ! [1967](/source/1967_NASCAR_Grand_National_Series) ! nowrap| Bay Darnell Racing ! 66 ! [Plymouth](/source/Plymouth_(automobile)) | [AUG](/source/Augusta_300) | [RSD](/source/Motor_Trend_500) | [DAY](/source/Daytona_500_Qualifying_Race) | [DAY](/source/Daytona_500_Qualifying_Race) | [DAY](/source/1967_Daytona_500) | [AWS](/source/1967_Fireball_300) | [BRI](/source/Southeastern_500) | [GPS](/source/1967_Greenville_200) | [BGS](/source/Bowman_Gray_Stadium) | style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [ATL](/source/1967_Atlanta_500)
32 | [CLB](/source/Columbia_200) | [HCY](/source/Hickory_250) | [NWS](/source/1967_Gwyn_Staley_400) | [MAR](/source/Virginia_500) | [SVH](/source/Savannah_Speedway) | [RCH](/source/Richmond_250) | [DAR](/source/Rebel_400) | [BLV](/source/Beltsville_200) | [LGY](/source/Tidewater_250) | [CLT](/source/World_600) | [ASH](/source/Asheville_300) | [MGR](/source/Macon_300) | [SMR](/source/East_Tennessee_200) | [BIR](/source/Fairgrounds_Raceway) | [CAR](/source/1967_Carolina_500) | [GPS](/source/Pickens_200) | [MGY](/source/Montgomery_Speedway) | [DAY](/source/Firecracker_400) | [TRN](/source/Northern_300) | [OXF](/source/Maine_300) | [FDA](/source/Fonda_Speedway) | [ISP](/source/Islip_300) | [BRI](/source/Volunteer_500) | [SMR](/source/Smoky_Mountain_200) | [NSV](/source/Nashville_400) | [ATL](/source/Dixie_500) | [BGS](/source/Myers_Brothers_250) | [CLB](/source/Sandlapper_200) | [SVH](/source/Savannah_Speedway) | [DAR](/source/Southern_500) | [HCY](/source/Buddy_Shuman_250) | [RCH](/source/1967_Capital_City_300) | [BLV](/source/Maryland_300_(auto_race)) | [HBO](/source/Hillsboro_150) | [MAR](/source/Old_Dominion_500) | [NWS](/source/1967_Wilkes_400) | [CLT](/source/1967_National_500) | [CAR](/source/American_500) | [AWS](/source/Western_North_Carolina_500) | colspan=13| ! 118th ! 100 ! {{cite web|url=https://www.racing-reference.info/drivdet/darneba01/1967/W|title=Bay Darnell – 1967 NASCAR Grand National Results|work=Racing-Reference|publisher=NASCAR Digital Media, LLC|accessdate=January 20, 2020}} |} =====Daytona 500===== {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" |- ! Year ! Team ! Manufacturer ! Start ! Finish |- | [1965](/source/1965_Daytona_500) | Jack Watts | [Ford](/source/Ford_Motor_Company) |align=center colspan=2 style="background:#FFCFCF;"| DNQ |} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== * {{Racing-Reference driver|Bay_Darnell}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Darnell, Bay}} Category:1931 births Category:2023 deaths Category:People from Lake Bluff, Illinois Category:Sportspeople from Lake County, Illinois Category:Racing drivers from Illinois Category:NASCAR drivers Category:USAC Stock Car drivers Category:ARCA Menards Series drivers Category:Champ Car drivers Category:American Speed Association drivers Category:20th-century American sportsmen --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Bay Darnell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Darnell) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Darnell?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.