# Battle of Vitoria > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Battle_of_Vitoria > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Battle_of_Vitoria.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria > Source revision: 1355038578 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) 1813 battle of the Peninsular War This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Battle of Vitoria Part of the Peninsular War and the War of the Sixth Coalition The Battle of Vittoria George Jones, 1822 Date 21 June 1813[1] Location Vitoria, Basque Country, Spain 42°51′N 2°41′W / 42.850°N 2.683°W / 42.850; -2.683 Result Coalition victory Belligerents France Bonapartist Spain United Kingdom Portugal Spain Commanders and leaders Joseph I Jean-Baptiste Jourdan Honoré Gazan Comte d'Erlon Honoré Charles Reille Marquess of Wellington Lord Dalhousie Sir Thomas Graham Sir Rowland Hill Sir Thomas Picton Lowry Cole Francisco de Longa Pablo Morillo Miguel Ricardo de Álava Strength 57,000–60,000[1] 153 guns : 57,000 : 16,000 : 8,000 Total Allied strength: 81,000–90,000[1] 96 guns Casualties and losses 756 killed 4,414 wounded 2,800 captured[2] 151 guns lost Total French casualties: 7,970 : 3,675 killed, wounded or captured : 921 killed, wounded or captured : 562 killed, wounded or captured Total Allied casualties in detail: 840 killed 4,040 wounded 266 captured[3] Total Allied casualties: 5,158 Location within Spain v t e Peninsular War 1813–1814 Vitoria and the Pyrenees 1813 Morales San Millan Vitoria Tolosa Pamplona San Sebastián Pyrenees Maya Roncesvalles Sorauren Lizasso Buenza San Marcial Campaign in south-west France 1813–1814 Bidassoa Nivelle Nive Garris Orthez Tarbes Croix d'Orade Toulouse Bayonne v t e Portugal in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars War of the Pyrenees Boulou Sant Llorenç de la Muga Villelongue Black Mountain Bascara Mediterranean campaign of 1798 Malta War of the Oranges First invasion of Portugal Olhão Padrões de Teixeira Évora Roliça Vimeiro Second invasion of Portugal Monterrey Valley Chaves Braga 1st Porto Amarante Grijó Alcántara 2nd Porto Third invasion of Portugal Barquilla River Côa 1st Almeida Bussaco Coimbra Sobral Pombal Redinha Condeixa Casal Novo Foz de Arouce Alva River Sabugal 2nd Almeida Fuentes de Oñoro Aldeia da Ponte Allied campaign in Spain Barrosa 1st Badajoz Albuera Gebora Campo Maior Usagre El Bodón Arroyo dos Molinos Ciudad Rodrigo 2nd Badajoz Almaraz 1st Salamanca 2nd Salamanca Majadahonda Burgos Tordesillas San Millan Vitoria Tolosa Pamplona San Sebastián Pyrenees Maya Roncesvalles Sorauren Lizasso Buenza Campaign in south-west France Bidassoa Nivelle Nive Garris Orthez Tarbes Toulouse Bayonne South America French Guiana Banda Oriental [Peninsular War](/source/Peninsular_War): Spain 220km 137miles **12** Toulouse **11** Vitoria **10** Tordesillas **9** Burgos **8** Salamanca **7** Ciudad **6** Talavera **5** Corunna **4** Tudela **3** Bailén **2** Valencia **1** Madrid   current battle   Wellington in command   Wellington not in command At the **Battle of Vitoria** (21 June 1813), a [British](/source/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland), [Portuguese](/source/Kingdom_of_Portugal) and [Spanish](/source/Spanish_Empire) army under the [Marquess of Wellington](/source/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington) broke the French army under King [Joseph Bonaparte](/source/Joseph_Bonaparte) and Marshal [Jean-Baptiste Jourdan](/source/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan) near [Vitoria](/source/Vitoria-Gasteiz) in Spain, eventually leading to victory in the [Peninsular War](/source/Peninsular_War). ## Background In July 1812, after the [Battle of Salamanca](/source/Battle_of_Salamanca), the French had evacuated [Madrid](/source/Madrid), which Wellington's army entered on 12 August 1812. Deploying three divisions to guard its southern approaches, Wellington marched north with the rest of his army to lay siege to the fortress of [Burgos](/source/Burgos), 140 miles (230 km) away, but he had miscalculated the enemy's strength, and on 21 October he had to abandon the [Siege of Burgos](/source/Siege_of_Burgos) and retreat. By 31 October he had abandoned Madrid too and retreated first to [Salamanca](/source/Salamanca) then to [Ciudad Rodrigo](/source/Ciudad_Rodrigo), near the Portuguese frontier, to avoid encirclement by French armies from the north-east and south-east. Wellington spent the winter reorganizing and reinforcing his forces to [attack King Joseph in Madrid](/source/Peninsular_War#Defeat_of_King_Joseph). Napoleon recalled to France numerous soldiers to reconstruct his main army after his [disastrous invasion](/source/French_invasion_of_Russia) of [Russia](/source/Russia). By 20 May 1813 Wellington marched 121,000 troops (53,749 British, 39,608 Spanish and 27,569 Portuguese[4]) from northern [Portugal](/source/Portugal) across the mountains of northern Spain and the [Esla River](/source/Esla_River) to outflank Marshal Jourdan's army of 68,000, strung out between the [Douro](/source/Douro) and the [Tagus](/source/Tagus). The French retreated to Burgos, with Wellington's forces marching hard to cut them off from the road to France. Wellington himself commanded the small central force in a strategic feint, while [Sir Thomas Graham](/source/Thomas_Graham%2C_1st_Baron_Lynedoch) conducted the bulk of the army around the French right flank over landscape considered impassable. Wellington launched his attack with 57,000 British, 16,000 Portuguese and 8,000 Spanish at Vitoria on 21 June, from four directions.[5] ### Terrain The battlefield centres on the [Zadorra river](/source/Zadorra), which runs from east to west. As the Zadorra runs west, it loops into a hairpin bend, finally swinging generally to the southwest. On the south of the battlefield are the Heights of La Puebla. To the northwest is the mass of Monte Arrato. Vitoria stands to the east, two miles (3 km) south of the Zadorra. Five roads radiate from Vitoria, north to [Bilbao](/source/Bilbao), northeast to [Salinas](/source/Leintz-Gatzaga) and [Bayonne](/source/Bayonne), east to [Salvatierra](/source/Salvatierra%2FAgurain), south to [Logroño](/source/Logro%C3%B1o) and west to [Burgos](/source/Burgos) on the south side of the Zadorra. ### Plans Jourdan was ill with a fever all day on 20 June. Because of this, few orders were issued and the French forces stood idle. An enormous wagon [train](/source/Train_(military)) of booty clogged the streets of Vitoria. A convoy left during the night, but it had to leave siege artillery behind because there were not enough draft animals to pull the cannons. [Gazan](/source/Honor%C3%A9_Th%C3%A9odore_Maxime_Gazan_de_la_Peyri%C3%A8re)'s divisions guarded the narrow western end of the Zadorra valley, deployed south of the river. Maransin's brigade was posted in advance, at the village of [Subijana](/source/Subijana_de_%C3%81lava). The divisions were disposed with [Leval](/source/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Leval) on the right, Daricau in the centre, [Conroux](/source/Nicolas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Conroux) on the left and [Villatte](/source/Eug%C3%A8ne-Casimir_Villatte) in reserve. Only a picket guarded the western extremity of the Heights of La Puebla. Further back, [d'Erlon](/source/Jean-Baptiste_Drouet%2C_Comte_d'Erlon)'s force stood in a second line, also south of the river. [Darmagnac's](/source/Jean_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Darmagnac) division deployed on the right and [Cassagne's](/source/Louis_Victorin_Cassagne) on the left. D'Erlon failed to destroy three bridges near the river's hairpin bend and posted Avy's weak cavalry division to guard them. [Reille](/source/Honor%C3%A9_Charles_Reille)'s men originally formed a third line, but [Sarrut](/source/Jacques_Thomas_Sarrut)'s division was sent north of the river to guard the Bilbao road while Lamartinière's division and the Spanish Royal Guard units held the river bank. Wellington directed Hill's 20,000-man Right Column to drive the French from the Zadorra [defile](/source/Defile_(geography)) on the south side of the river. While the French were preoccupied with Hill, Wellington's Right Centre column moved along the north bank of the river and crossed it near the hairpin bend behind the French right flank. Graham's 20,000-man Left Column was sent around the north side of Monte Arrato. It drove down the Bilbao road, cutting off the bulk of the French army. Dalhousie's Left Centre column cut across Monte Arrato and struck the river east of the hairpin, providing a link between Graham and Wellington. ## Battle See also: [Battle of Vitoria order of battle](/source/Battle_of_Vitoria_order_of_battle) Map of the Battle of Vitoria Battle of Vitoria by Heath & Sutherland, A.S.K. Brown collection Wellington's plan split his army into four attacking "columns", attacking the French defensive position from south, west and north while the last column cut down across the French rear. Coming up the Burgos road, Hill sent [Pablo Morillo](/source/Pablo_Morillo)'s Division to the right on a climb up the Heights of La Puebla. Stewart's [2nd Division](/source/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)) began deploying to the left in the narrow plain just south of the river. Seeing these moves, Gazan sent Maransin forward to drive Morillo off the heights. Hill moved Col. Henry Cadogan's brigade of the 2nd Division to assist Morillo. Gazan responded by committing Villatte's reserve division to the battle on the heights. About this time, Gazan first spotted Wellington's column moving north of the Zadorra to turn his right flank. He asked Jourdan, now recovered from his fever, for reinforcements. Having become obsessed with the safety of his left flank, the marshal refused to help Gazan, instead ordering some of D'Erlon's troops to guard the Logroño road. Wellington thrust [James Kempt](/source/James_Kempt)'s brigade of the [Light Division](/source/Light_Division) across the Zadorra at the hairpin. At the same time, Stewart took Subijana and was counterattacked by two of Gazan's divisions. On the heights, Cadogan was killed, but the Anglo-Spanish force managed to hang on to its foothold. Wellington suspended his attacks to allow Graham's column time to make an impression and a lull descended on the battlefield. At noon, Graham's column appeared on the Bilbao road. Jourdan immediately realised he was in danger of envelopment and ordered Gazan to pull back toward Vitoria. Graham drove Sarrut's division back across the river, but could not force his way across the Zadorra despite bitter fighting. Further east, Longa's Spanish troops defeated the Spanish Royal Guards and cut the road to Bayonne. With some help from Kempt's brigade, Picton's 3rd Division from Dalhousie's column crossed to the south side of the river. According to Picton, the enemy responded by pummelling the 3rd with 40 to 50 [cannon](/source/Cannon) and a counter-attack on their right flank, still open because they had captured the bridge so quickly, causing the 3rd to lose 1,800 men (over one third of all Allied losses at the battle) as they held their ground.[6] Cole's 4th Division crossed further west. With Gazan on the left and d'Erlon on the right, the French attempted a stand at the village of Arinez. Formed in a menacing line, the 4th, Light, 3rd and 7th Divisions soon captured this position. The French fell back to the Zuazo ridge, covered by their well-handled and numerous field artillery. This position fell to Wellington's attack when Gazan refused to cooperate with his colleague d'Erlon. French morale collapsed and the soldiers of Gazan and d'Erlon fled from the field. Artillerists left their guns behind as they fled on the trace horses. Soon the road was jammed with a mass of wagons and carriages. The efforts of Reille's two divisions, holding off Graham, allowed tens of thousands of French troops to escape by the Salvatierra road. ## Aftermath British troops auction off loot taken during the battle The Allied army lost about 5,000 men, with 3,675 British, 921 Portuguese and 562 Spanish casualties.[3] French losses totalled at least 5,200 killed and wounded, plus 2,800 men and 151 cannon captured. By army, the losses were South 4,300, Centre 2,100 and Portugal 1,600. There were no casualty returns from the Royal Guard or the artillery.[7] French losses were not higher for several reasons. First, the Allied army had already marched 20 miles (32 km) that morning and was in no condition to pursue. Second, Reille's men valiantly held off Graham's column. Third, the valley by which the French retreated was narrow and well-covered by the 3rd Hussar and the 15th Dragoon Regiments acting as rearguard. Last, the French left their booty behind.[3] Many British soldiers turned aside to plunder the abandoned French wagons, containing "the loot of a kingdom". It is estimated that more than £1 million of booty (perhaps £100 million in modern equivalent) was seized, but the gross abandonment of discipline caused an enraged Wellington to write in a dispatch to [Earl Bathurst](/source/Henry_Bathurst%2C_3rd_Earl_Bathurst), "We have in the service the scum of the earth as common soldiers".[8] The British general also vented his fury on a new cavalry regiment, writing, "The [18th Hussars](/source/18th_Royal_Hussars) are a disgrace to the name of soldier, in action as well as elsewhere; and I propose to draft their horses from them and send the men to England if I cannot get the better of them in any other manner."[3] (On 8 April 1814, the 18th redeemed their reputation in a gallant charge led by [Lieutenant-colonel Sir Henry Murray](/source/Henry_Murray_(British_Army_officer)) at Croix d'Orade, shortly before the battle of Toulouse) Order was soon restored, and by December, after detachments had seized [San Sebastián](/source/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n) and [Pamplona](/source/Pamplona), Wellington's army was encamped in France. The [abdication of Napoleon](/source/Peninsular_War#Abdication_of_Napoleon) ended the Peninsular War followed by the [Battle of Toulouse](/source/Battle_of_Toulouse_(1814)) and the [Battle of Bayonne](/source/Battle_of_Bayonne). ### Legacy The battle was the inspiration for [Ludwig van Beethoven](/source/Ludwig_van_Beethoven)'s Opus 91, often called the "Battle Symphony" or "[Wellington's Victory](/source/Wellington's_Victory)", which portrays the battle as musical drama. Another large-scale composition was [Johann Bernhard Logier](/source/Johann_Bernhard_Logier)'s *The Battle of Vitoria* (1813), which combined several military bands with orchestra. The [artist](/source/Artist) [George Jones](/source/George_Jones_(painter)) was commissioned to produce a painting *[The Battle of Vittoria](/source/The_Battle_of_Vittoria_(painting))* by [George IV](/source/George_IV) in 1822. The climax of the movie *[The Firefly](/source/The_Firefly_(1937_film))*, starring [Jeanette MacDonald](/source/Jeanette_MacDonald), occurs with Wellington's attack on the French centre. (The film used music from an opera of the same name by [Rudolf Friml](/source/Rudolf_Friml), but with a totally different plot.) The battle and French rout also forms the climax to [Bernard Cornwell](/source/Bernard_Cornwell)'s book *[Sharpe's Honour](/source/Sharpe's_Honour)*. ### Monuments and memorials - Recreation with model figures of the battle, displayed at the [Armory Museum (Museo de Armería)](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_de_Armer%C3%ADa_de_%C3%81lava) in Vitoria-Gasteiz. - Imperial militaria captured by the allies after the battle, displayed at the [Armory Museum (Museo de Armería)](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_de_Armer%C3%ADa_de_%C3%81lava) in Vitoria-Gasteiz. - The French withdrawal, Monument to the Battle, in Vitoria-Gasteiz. ## Notes 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1908452_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1908452_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1908452_1-2) [Bodart 1908](#CITEREFBodart1908), p. 452. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGates2002390_2-0)** [Gates (2002)](#CITEREFGates2002), p. 390. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlover2001243_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlover2001243_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlover2001243_3-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlover2001243_3-3) [Glover (2001)](#CITEREFGlover2001), p. 243. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGates2002521_4-0)** [Gates (2002)](#CITEREFGates2002), p. 521. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGates2002386_5-0)** [Gates (2002)](#CITEREFGates2002), p. 386. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannon1847_6-0)** [Cannon (1847)](#CITEREFCannon1847). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1998427_7-0)** [Smith (1998)](#CITEREFSmith1998), p. 427. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellington1838496_8-0)** [Wellington (1838)](#CITEREFWellington1838), p. 496. ## References - Bodart, Gaston (1908). [*Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618–1905)*](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_A0kNAAAAYAAJ). Retrieved 1 June 2021. - Cannon, Richard (1847). [*Historical Record of the Seventy-fourth Regiment (Highlanders)*](https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/DMkJ3xvg34AC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA65). Parker, Furnivall & Parker. - Gates, David (2002). *The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War*. London: Pimlico. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7126-9730-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-9730-6). - Glover, Michael (2001). *The Peninsular War 1807–1814*. London: Penguin. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-141-39041-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-141-39041-7). - Smith, Digby (1998). *The Napoleonic Wars Data Book*. London: Greenhill. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-85367-276-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-276-9). - [Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of](/source/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington) (1838), [*The dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington: during his various campaigns in India, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries, and France, from 1799 to 1818*](https://archive.org/details/dispatchesoffiel10welluoft), vol. X, John Murray, retrieved 14 November 2007{{[citation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation)}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list)) ## Further reading - Fletcher, Ian (2005). *Vittoria 1813: Wellington Sweeps the French from Spain*. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-275-98616-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-98616-0). - Lipscombe, Nick (2010). *The Peninsular War Atlas*. Oxford: Osprey. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84908-364-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-364-5). ## External links - [The Cruel War in Spain – Armies, Battles, Skirmishes](https://web.archive.org/web/20070301061414/http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/cruel_war_in_Spain.html) - Media related to [Battle of Vitoria](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Vitoria) at Wikimedia Commons Preceded by Battle of Luckau Napoleonic Wars Battle of Vitoria Succeeded by Siege of San Sebastián v t e Napoleonic Wars Third Coalition Fourth Coalition Peninsular War Fifth Coalition French Invasion of Russia Sixth Coalition Seventh Coalition Belli- gerents France, client states and allies France Polish Legions Italy Holland Etruria Swiss Confederation Naples Confederation of the Rhine Bavaria Saxony Westphalia Württemberg Denmark–Norway Ottoman Empire Persia Spain Coalition forces United Kingdom Austria Russia Prussia Spain Portugal Sicily Papal States Ottoman Empire Persia Sardinia Sweden Netherlands Brunswick Hanover Nassau French Royalists Major battles Prelude French Revolution First Coalition Second Coalition 18 Brumaire Planned invasion of the United Kingdom Duc d'Enghien Execution Coronation of Napoleon 1805 Diamond Rock Cape Finisterre Wertingen Günzburg Haslach-Jungingen Elchingen Ulm Verona Trafalgar Caldiero Cape Ortegal Amstetten Dürenstein Schöngrabern Austerlitz 1806 Gaeta Campo Tenese Maida Schleiz Saalfeld Jena–Auerstedt Erfurt Halle Magdeburg Prenzlau Pasewalk Stettin Waren-Nossentin Lübeck Greater Poland uprising Hamelin Czarnowo Golymin Pułtusk 1807 Mohrungen Eylau Ostrołęka Kolberg Danzig Stralsund I Mileto Guttstadt-Deppen Heilsberg Friedland Stralsund II Copenhagen Invasion of Portugal 1808 Dos de Mayo Bruch Rosily Squadron Cabezón 1st Zaragoza Valencia Medina de Rioseco Bailén Roliça Vimeiro Zornoza Valmaseda Burgos Espinosa Tudela Somosierra 2nd Zaragoza Sahagún Benavente 1809 Castellón Uclés Corunna Valls Tyrolean Rebellion Villafranca Yevenes/Yébenes Ciudad Real 1st Porto Medellín Bergisel Sacile Teugen-Hausen Raszyn Abensberg Landshut Eckmühl Ratisbon Neumarkt-Sankt Veit Dalmatian Campaign Ebelsberg Girona Piave River Grijó 2nd Porto Wörgl Tarvis Aspern-Essling Alcañiz Sankt Michael Stralsund Raab María Graz Wagram Korneuburg Stockerau Gefrees Hollabrunn Schöngrabern Armistice of Znaim Talavera Walcheren Campaign Ölper Almonacid Tamames Ocaña Alba de Tormes 1810 Cádiz Astorga Ciudad Rodrigo Barquilla Côa Almeida Bussaco 1811 Gebora Barrosa Pombal Redinha Casal Novo Campo Maior Sabugal Almeida Fuentes de Oñoro Tarragona Albuera Usagre Saguntum Arroyo dos Molinos Valencia 1812 Ciudad Rodrigo Badajoz Villagarcia Almaraz Maguilla Mir Ekau Salamanca García Hernández Saltanovka Ostrovno Vitebsk Kobryn Klyastitsy Majadahonda Gorodechno Smolensk 1st Polotsk Valutino Mesoten Borodino Moscow Burgos Tarutino 2nd Polotsk Venta del Pozo Maloyaroslavets Chashniki Vyazma Smoliani Krasnoi Berezina 1813 Castalla Lützen Bautzen Tarragona Luckau Vitoria San Sebastián Pyrenees Sorauren Großbeeren Katzbach Dresden 1st Kulm San Marcial Dennewitz 2nd Kulm Göhrde Roßlau Wartenburg Bidassoa Leipzig Hanau Nivelle Bornhöved Sehested 1814 1st Bar-sur-Aube Brienne La Rothière Mincio River Champaubert Montmirail Château-Thierry Vauchamps Garris Mormant Montereau Orthez 2nd Bar-sur-Aube Gué-à-Tresmes Saint-Julien Laubressel Craonne Laon Mâcon Reims Limonest Arcis-sur-Aube Fère-Champenoise Saint-Dizier Montmartre Paris Toulouse Bayonne 1815 Panaro Occhiobello Carpi Casaglia Ronco Cesenatico Pesaro Scapezzano Tolentino Ancona Castel di Sangro San Germano Gaeta Quatre Bras Ligny Waterloo Wavre Rocheserviere La Suffel Rocquencourt Issy Info French and ally military and political leaders Napoleon Louis-Alexandre Berthier Joachim Murat Louis-Nicolas Davout Jean Lannes Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Michel Ney Jean-de-Dieu Soult Marshal Victor Jean-Baptiste Bessières Pierre-Charles Villeneuve Joseph I Louis Bonaparte Jérôme Bonaparte Prince Poniatowski Prince Eugène Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria Frederick Augustus I of Saxony Frederick I of Württemberg Frederick VI of Denmark Coalition military and political leaders Duke of Wellington Rowland Hill John Moore Horatio Nelson Thomas Cochrane Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor Manuel Lapeña Archduke Charles Prince von Schwarzenberg Archduke John of Austria Alexander I of Russia Mikhail Kutuzov Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly Count Bennigsen Pyotr Bagration Peter Wittgenstein Frederick William III of Prussia Gebhard von Blücher Duke of Brunswick Prince of Hohenlohe Ferdinand VII of Spain Miguel de Álava Maria I of Portugal Prince Regent John of Portugal Count of Feira William, Prince of Orange Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden Prince Charles John of Sweden Louis XVIII Related conflicts Anglo-Russian War Anglo-Spanish War Anglo-Swedish War Anglo-Turkish War Anglo-Danish War Gunboat War Dano-Swedish War Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War) Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War) Russo-Persian War Russo-Turkish War Spanish American wars of independence Swedish–Norwegian War War of 1812 Treaties Campo Formio Lunéville Amiens Artlenburg Pressburg Finckenstein Tilsit Cintra Schönbrunn Paris (1810) Paris (February 1812) Paris (March 1812) Paris (1814) Tauroggen Ried Chaumont Kiel Mantua Casalanza Fontainebleau (1814) Paris (1815) Congress of Vienna Miscellaneous Bibliography Bourbon Restoration Casualties Congress of Erfurt Continental System Conference of Dresden Economics and logistics England expects that every man will do his duty Films Grande Armée Uniforms Longwood House Types of military Authority control databases National United States Israel Other Yale LUX --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Battle of Vitoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.