# Batkoa

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Genus of fungi

Batkoa Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Division: Entomophthoromycota Class: Entomophthoromycetes Order: Entomophthorales Family: Entomophthoraceae Genus: Batkoa R. A. Humber, 1989[1]

***Batkoa*** is a genus of [fungi](/source/Fungus) within the family of [Entomophthoraceae](/source/Entomophthoraceae) and order [Entomophthorales](/source/Entomophthorales) of the [Zygomycota](/source/Zygomycota).[2] This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis (Gryganskyi et al. 2012).[3]

The genus name of *Batkoa* is named by the American mycologist Richard A. Humber in 1989 to honor the Polish mycologist Andrzej Batko (1933–1997).[1]

The presence of [rhizoids](/source/Rhizoids) and having globose (rounded) rather than pear-shaped [conidia](/source/Conidia) helps identify *Batkoa* species from *[Entomophaga](/source/Entomophaga_(fungus))* species.[4]

## Description

The [Hyphal](/source/Hyphal) bodies are elongated and walled (but not proto-plastic). The condiphores are simple with narrow 'neck' between the conidium and condiogenous cell. The primary condia are globose and round, multi-nucleate, discharged by papillar eversion. The rhizoids (if present) are thicker than the vegetative hypae, with terminal discoid holdfast. The resting spores bud laterally from the parental cell. Unfixed nuclei have granular contents stained by aceto-orcein.[5]

## Infection

Generally, when an insect (or host) comes in contact with *Batkoa* spores, they enter its body through leg joints or other chinks in its armor or through gaps in the 'skin'. The spores then start to multiply. As the fungi begin to overwhelm the insect, it stops eating, mating and crawls (or flies short distances) to a high, exposed place like on the side of a tree trunk or at the tip of a tall grass blade. There the fungus sends out threadlike [hyphae](/source/Hyphae) from within the bug and attaching the insect to its perch, securely. The *Batkoa* fungus somehow triggers the host insect to open its wings fully, exposing its soft abdomen completely. That is the last time the host moves. Finally, the very small spores are expelled out from the insect's belly, showering everything below with spores and potentially, 'powdered death'.[6]

## Hosts

*Batkoa major* is known to infect the invasive [spotted lanternfly](/source/Spotted_lanternfly) (*Lycorma delicatula*) in north-eastern North America,[7] including [Pennsylvania](/source/Pennsylvania).[8] No other recorded insects have been killed by *Batkoa major* in the Pennsylvania area.[9] *Batkoa major* is also a host on the ptilodactylid beetle (*[Ptilodactyla serricollis](/source/Ptilodactyla_serricollis)* in [Maine](/source/Maine) and [North Carolina](/source/North_Carolina).[4] The [pine beauty moth](/source/Pine_beauty) (*Panolis flammea*) in Scotland.[10] It was also found on aphid, *[Myzodium modestrum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myzodium_modestrum&action=edit&redlink=1)* in Sweden (Gustafsson, 1965).

In June 2007, an [epizootic](/source/Epizootic) was observed in a crane fly (*[Tipula](/source/Tipula)* sp.) population in an area between Galugah to Bishehband in [Mazandaran province](/source/Mazandaran_province) of Iran. The fungus was identified as *Batkoa apiculata* (Thaxter) Humber.[11] *Batkoa apiculata* has also been reported discovered on 3 species of aphid in France (Thoizon, 1970) and while in Poland, it was found on a wide range of insects (Balazy, 1993).[4] *Baktoa apiculata* has also been found on moth, *[Mentaxya muscosa](/source/Mentaxya)* (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Africa.[12]

Various *Batkoa* species and also *[Furia](/source/Furia_(fungus))* species are being studied for the control of the (spittlebugs) [cercopids](/source/Cercopidae) *[Mahanarva fimbriolata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahanarva_fimbriolata&action=edit&redlink=1)* and *[Deois schach](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deois_schach&action=edit&redlink=1)* which are known pests of [sugarcane](/source/Sugarcane) and pastures in Brazil.[13][14]

*Batkoa amrascae* S. Keller & Villac. (1997) infects the cotton leafhopper, *[Amrasca biguttula](/source/Amrasca_biguttula)* ([Homoptera](/source/Homoptera): [Cicadellidae](/source/Cicadellidae)) in the Philippines.[15]

In Spain, *Batkoa apiculata* was found on *Diptera* [Nematocera](/source/Nematocera) and *Batkoa limoniae* was found on Diptera [Limoniidae](/source/Limoniidae).[16]

## Distribution

It has been recorded being found mainly in North America and Great Britain,[17] with a few other recordings elsewhere. Such as parts of Europe; France, Poland, [Sweden](/source/Sweden),[4] [Spain](/source/Spain),[16] [Iran](/source/Iran),[11] the [Philippines](/source/Philippines),[15] and Brazil.[13][14] *Batkoa hydrophila*,[18] and *Batkoa gigantea* has been recorded found in [Switzerland](/source/Switzerland).[19]

## Species

As accepted by [Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum);[20]

- *[Batkoa amrascae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batkoa_amrascae&action=edit&redlink=1)* S. Keller & Villac. (1997)[15]

- *[Batkoa apiculata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batkoa_apiculata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Thaxt.) Humber (1989)[11]

- *[Batkoa cercopidis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batkoa_cercopidis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (S. Keller) B. Huang, Humber & K.T. Hodge (2007)

- *[Batkoa dysderci](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batkoa_dysderci&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Viégas) Humber (1989)

- *[Batkoa gigantea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batkoa_gigantea&action=edit&redlink=1)* (S. Keller) Humber (1989)

- *[Batkoa hydrophila](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batkoa_hydrophila&action=edit&redlink=1)* S. Keller (2007)

- *[Batkoa limoniae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batkoa_limoniae&action=edit&redlink=1)* (S. Keller) Niell & Santam. (2001)[16]

- *[Batkoa major](/source/Batkoa_major)* (Thaxt.) Humber (1989)

- *[Batkoa papillata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batkoa_papillata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Thaxt.) Humber (1989)

- *[Batkoa pseudapiculata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batkoa_pseudapiculata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (S. Keller) B. Huang, Humber & K.T. Hodge (2007)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Humber_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Humber_1-1) Humber, R. A. 1989. Mycotaxon 34, 441-460.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Elya, Carolyn; De Fine Licht, Henrik H. (12 November 2021). ["The genus Entomophthora: bringing the insect destroyers into the twenty-first century &"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8588673). *IMA Fungus*. **12** (34): 34. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1186/s43008-021-00084-w](https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs43008-021-00084-w). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [8588673](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8588673). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [34763728](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34763728).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Gryganskyi AP, Humber RA, Smith ME et al (2012) Molecular phylogeny of the Entomophthoromycota. Mol Phylogenet Evol 65:682–694. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.026](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.026)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Beneficial_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Beneficial_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Beneficial_4-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Beneficial_4-3) N. Amaresan, M. Senthil Kumar, K. Annapurna, Krishna Kumar and N. Sankaranaryanan (Editors) *[Beneficial Microbes in Agro-Ecology: Bacteria and Fungi (2020)](https://books.google.com/books?id=dPLkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA762)*, p. 762, at [Google Books](/source/Google_Books)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Lawrence A. Lacey (Editor) *[Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology (2012)](https://books.google.com/books?id=RFc2mqAUpqQC&pg=PA162)*, p. 162, at [Google Books](/source/Google_Books)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Hetzler, Paul (3 August 2019). ["Think again: your microbiome (or your cat) might have made you do it"](https://www.northcountrypublicradio.org/news/story/39266/20190803/think-again-your-microbiome-or-your-cat-might-have-made-you-do-it). *NCPR*. Canton, New York. Retrieved 30 December 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Hajek_7-0)** Hajek, Ann E.; Clifton, Eric H.; Stefanik, Sarah E.; Harris, David C. (October 2022). ["Batkoa major infecting the invasive planthopper *Lycorma delicatula*"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jip.2022.107821). *Journal of Invertebrate Pathology*. **194** 107821. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.jip.2022.107821](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jip.2022.107821). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [36030881](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36030881).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** McDevitt, Rachel (8 May 2019). ["Native fungi found to be deadly to invasive pest in Pa"](https://whyy.org/articles/native-fungi-found-to-be-deadly-to-invasive-pest-in-pa/). *WHYY*. Retrieved 30 December 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Ramanujan, Krishna (29 April 2019). ["Destructive plant pest thwarted by two native fungi"](https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2019/04/destructive-plant-pest-thwarted-two-native-fungi). *Cornell Chronicle*. Retrieved 30 December 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** (Barry), Hicks, B. J. (2001). *The history and control of the pine beauty moth,*Panolis flammea*(D. & S.), (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Scotland from 1976 to 2000*. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [704106173](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/704106173).{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list))

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Ghazavi_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Ghazavi_11-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Ghazavi_11-2) Ghazavi, Mehran; Zangeneh, S.; Hywel-Jones, Nigel; Zare, Rasoul (January 2008). "Batkoa apiculata, a new species of Entomophthorales for Iran". *Rostaniha*. **30**: 130–132.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** African Plant Protection *[African Plant Protection, Volumes 4-7 (1998)](https://books.google.com/books?id=FGRMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA48)*, p. 48, at [Google Books](/source/Google_Books)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Leite_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Leite_13-1) Leite, L.G.; Alves, S.B.; Filho, A. Batista; Almeida, J.E.M.; Roberts, D.W. (July 2002). "PRESERVATION OF BATKOA SP. AND FURIA SP. (ENTOMOPHTHORALES) DRY MYCELIUM WITH COMBINATIONS OF DESICCANTS AND OXYGEN REDUCERS". *Arq. Inst. Biol*. **69** (3). São Paulo: 117–122.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Salts_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Salts_14-1) Leite, Luis G.; Alves, Sérgio B.; Batista Filho, Antonio; Roberts, Donald W. (July 2003). "Effect of salts, vitamins, sugars and nitrogen sources on the growth of three genera of Entomophthorales: Batkoa, Furia, and Neozygites". *Mycol. Res*. **107** (7): 872–8. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/s0953756203007974](https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0953756203007974). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [12967215](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12967215).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Amrascae_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Amrascae_15-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Amrascae_15-2) Philippine Association of Entomologists *[Philippine Entomologist, Volumes 11-12 (1997)](https://books.google.com/books?id=zPlNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA81)*, p. 81, at [Google Books](/source/Google_Books)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Engelmann_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Engelmann_16-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Engelmann_16-2) H.R. Engelmann (J. Cramer, Editor) *[Nova Hedwigia, Volume 73; Volume 73 (2001)](https://books.google.com/books?id=x0IlAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA167)*, p. 167, at [Google Books](/source/Google_Books)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["*Batkoa* Humber"](https://www.gbif.org/species/2560023). *gbif.org*. Retrieved 30 December 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** F. Berger *[Sydowia, Volumes 58-59 (2006)](https://books.google.com/books?id=r08mAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA75)*, p. 75, at [Google Books](/source/Google_Books)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Kirk PM (2019). Zygomycetes (version Oct 2017). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalog of Life, 2019 Annual Checklist (Roskov Y., Ower G., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk PM, Bourgoin T., DeWalt RE, Decock W., Nieukerken E van, Zarucchi J., Penev L., eds.). Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-884X.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Fungorum_20-0)** ["Batkoa – Search Page"](http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp?strGenus=Batkoa). *speciesfungorum.org*. Species Fungorum. Retrieved 30 December 2022.

v t e Opisthokont: True fungi classification, fungal orders Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota (major groups Metamonada Discoba Diaphoretickes Hacrobia Cryptista Rhizaria Alveolata Stramenopiles Plants Amorphea Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animalia Fungi Mesomycetozoea) Rozellomyceta Rozellomycota Rozellomycetes Microsporidiomycota Morellosporales Nucleophagales Paramicrosporidiales Microsporidia Chytridiopsidea Metchnikovellea Microsporea Aphelidiomyceta Aphelidiomycota Aphelidea Eumycota Zoosporic fungi (paraphyletic) Neocallimastigomycota Neocallimastigomycetes Monoblepharomycota Hyaloraphidiomycetes Monoblepharidomycetes Chytridiomycota ?Caulochytriomycetes ?Coenomycetes Sanchytriomycetes Chytridiomycetes Blastocladiomycota Physodermatomycetes Blastocladiomycetes Zygomycota (paraphyletic) Olpidiomycota Olpidiomycetes Basidiobolomycota Basidiobolomycetes Entomophthoromycota Neozygitomycetes Entomophthoromycetes Kickxellomycota Zoopagomycetes Dimargaritomycetes Ramicandelaberomycetes Kickxellomycetes Mortierellomycota Mortierellomycetes Calcarisporiellomycota Calcarisporiellomycetes Mucoromycota Endogonomycetes Mucoromycetes Glomeromycota †Palaeovesiarbusmycetes Paraglomeromycetes Archaeosporomycetes Glomeromycetes Dikarya Entorrhizomycota Entorrhizomycetes Ascomycota (sac fungi) Taphrinomycotina Archaeorhizomycetes Neolectomycetes Novakomycetes Pneumocystidomycetes Schizosaccharomycetes Taphrinomycetes Saccharomycotina Alloascoideomycetes Dipodascomycetes Lipomycetes Pichiomycetes Saccharomycetes Sporopachydermiomycetes Trigonopsidomycetes Pezizomycotina Other Orbiliomycetes Pezizomycetes Dothideomyceta Candelariomycetes Coniocybomycetes Lichinomycetes Arthoniomycetes Collemopsidiomycetes Dothideomycetes Eurotiomycetes Lecanoromycetes Xylobotryomycetes Sordariomyceta Xylonomycetes Geoglossomycetes Leotiomycetes Laboulbeniomycetes Sareomycetes Sordariomycetes Basidiomycota (with basidia) Pucciniomycotina Tritirachiomycetes Mixiomycetes Agaricostilbomycetes Cystobasidiomycetes Microbotryomycetes Classiculomycetes Cryptomycocolacomycetes Atractiellomycetes Spiculogloeomycetes Pucciniomycetes Ustilaginomycotina Peribolosporomycetes Monilielliomycetes Malasseziomycetes Ustilaginomycetes Exobasidiomycetes Agaricomycotina Dacrymycetales Agaricomycetes Wallemiomycetes Bartheletiomycetes Tremellomycetes See also: fungi imperfecti (polyphyletic group).

Taxon identifiers Batkoa Wikidata: Q10426986 Wikispecies: Batkoa CoL: 62F8P EoL: 98971 GBIF: 2560023 iNaturalist: 340634 IndexFungorum: 25280 IRMNG: 1348697 MycoBank: 25280 NBN: NHMSYS0019999392 NCBI: 348614 Open Tree of Life: 466138 SpeciesFungorum: 25280

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Batkoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batkoa) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batkoa?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.