# Basaglia Law

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{{Short description|1978 Italian mental health act}}
[[Image:1979 - BasagliaFoto800.jpg|thumb|right|Law 180 is also known by the name of its main proponent, [Franco Basaglia](/source/Franco_Basaglia).]]
'''Basaglia Law''' or '''Law 180''' ({{langx|it|Legge Basaglia, Legge 180}}) is the Italian Mental Health Act of 1978 which signified a large [reform of the psychiatric system in Italy](/source/psychiatric_reform_in_Italy), contained directives for the closing down of all [psychiatric hospital](/source/psychiatric_hospital)s<ref name="Ramon">{{cite journal |author=Ramon S. |title=Psichiatria democratica: a case study of an Italian community mental health service |journal=[International Journal of Health Services](/source/International_Journal_of_Health_Services) |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=307–324 |year=1983 |pmid=6853005 |doi=10.2190/76CQ-B5VN-T3FD-CMU7|s2cid=20370455 }}</ref> and led to their gradual replacement  with a whole range of community-based services, including settings for acute in-patient care.<ref name="De Girolamo, 2007">{{cite journal |author1=De Girolamo G. |author2=Barbato A. |author3=Bracco R. |author4=Gaddini A. |author5=Miglio R. |author6=Morosini P. |author7=Norcio B. |author8=Picardi A. |author9=Rossi E. |author10=Rucci P. |author11=Santone G. |author12=Dell'Acqua G. |s2cid=4695148 |title=Characteristics and activities of acute psychiatric in-patient facilities: national survey in Italy |journal=[British Journal of Psychiatry](/source/British_Journal_of_Psychiatry) |volume=191 |issue= 2|pages=170–177 |date=August 2007 |pmid=17666503 |doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.105.020636 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Basaglia Law is the basis of Italian mental health legislation.<ref name="Piccione">{{cite book |last=Piccione |first=Renato |title=Il futuro dei servizi di salute mentale in Italia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFCefZkQiQEC |publisher=FrancoAngeli |year=2004 |pages=64, 95 |isbn=978-88-464-5358-7}}</ref>{{rp|64}} The principal proponent of Law 180<ref name="Sapouna">{{cite book |last1=Sapouna |first1=Lydia |last2=Herrmann |first2=Peter |title=Knowledge in Mental Health: Reclaiming the Social |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1-X6iP-m9UC |publisher=Nova Publishers |location=Hauppauge |year=2006 |pages=69–73 |isbn=978-1-59454-812-3}}</ref>{{rp|70}} and its architect was Italian psychiatrist [Franco Basaglia](/source/Franco_Basaglia).<ref name="Benaim">{{cite journal |author=Benaim S. |title=The Italian Experiment |journal=[Psychiatric Bulletin](/source/Psychiatric_Bulletin) |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=7–10 |date=January 1983 |doi=10.1192/pb.7.1.7 |doi-access=free }}</ref>{{rp|8}} Therefore, Law 180 is known as the “Basaglia Law” from the name of its promoter.<ref name="Bongiorno">{{cite journal|title=Proposals for Mental Health in Italy at the End of the Nineteenth Century: between Utopia and Anticipating the "Basaglia Law"|journal=Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health|year=2013|volume=9|pages=210–213|doi=10.2174/1745017920131029001|pmid=24358051|author=Vincenzo Bongiorno|pmc=3866620}}</ref> The [Parliament of Italy](/source/Parliament_of_Italy) approved the Law 180 on 13 May  1978, and thereby initiated the gradual dismantling of psychiatric hospitals.<ref name="AJP">{{cite journal |author=De Girolamo |title=Franco Basaglia, 1924–1980 |journal=[American Journal of Psychiatry](/source/American_Journal_of_Psychiatry) |volume=165 |issue=8 |pages=968 |date=August 2008 |pmid=18676602 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111761 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Implementation of the psychiatric reform law was accomplished in 1998 which marked the very end of the state psychiatric hospital system in Italy.<ref name="Burti">{{cite journal |author=Burti L. |s2cid=40910917 |title=Italian psychiatric reform 20 plus years after |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum |issue=410 |pages=41–46 |year=2001 |pmid=11863050 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.1040s2041.x |volume=104}}</ref> The Law has had worldwide impact as other counties took up widely the Italian model.<ref name="Saillant">{{cite book |last1=Saillant |first1=Francine |last2=Genest |first2=Serge |title=Medical Anthropology: Regional Perspectives and Shared Concerns |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_swnyQ7r_uEC |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Oxford |year=2007 |pages=125–127 |isbn=978-1-4051-5249-5}}</ref>{{rp|125}} It was ''[Democratic Psychiatry](/source/Democratic_Psychiatry)'' which was essential in the birth of the reform law of 1978.<ref name="Fioritti">{{cite journal |author1=Fioritti A. |author2=Lo Russo L. |author3=Melega V. |title=Reform said or done? The case of Emilia-Romagna within the Italian psychiatric context |journal=[American Journal of Psychiatry](/source/American_Journal_of_Psychiatry) |volume=154 |issue=1 |pages=94–98 |date=January 1997 |pmid=8988965 |doi=10.1176/ajp.154.1.94 |url=http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/reprint/154/1/94 |access-date=2010-10-02 |archive-date=2011-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807213948/http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/reprint/154/1/94 |url-status=dead |url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{rp|95}}

The law itself lasted until 23 December 1978. Then, its articles were incorporated, with very little changes, into a broader law ({{langx |it|legge 23 dicembre 1978, n. 833 - Istituzione del Servizio sanitario nazionale}}) that introduced the National Health System.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.normattiva.it/atto/caricaDettaglioAtto?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=1978-12-28&atto.codiceRedazionale=078U0833&queryString=%3FmeseProvvedimento%3D12%26testoNot%3D%26formType%3Dricerca_avanzata_aggiornamenti%26numeroArticolo%3D%26titoloNot%3D%26tipoRicercaTesto%3DALL_WORDS%26titolo%3D%26testo%3D%26giornoProvvedimento%3D23%26siglaProvvedimento%3D%26tipoRicercaTitolo%3DALL_WORDS%26mesePubblicazioneA%3D%26annoPubblicazioneDa%3D%26numeroProvvedimento%3D833%26annoPubblicazioneA%3D%26mesePubblicazioneDa%3D%26giornoPubblicazioneA%3D%26annoProvvedimento%3D1978%26giornoPubblicazioneDa%3D&currentPage=1|title = LEGGE 23 dicembre 1978, n. 833 - Normattiva}}</ref>

== General objectives ==
The general objectives of Law 180/1978 included creating a decentralised community service of treating and rehabilitating mental patients and preventing mental illness and promoting comprehensive treatment, particularly through services outside a hospital network.<ref name="Junaid">{{cite journal |author=Junaid O. |title=Italian mental health law (Correspondence) |journal=[Psychiatric Bulletin](/source/Psychiatric_Bulletin) |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=112 |year=1994 |doi=10.1192/pb.18.2.111-b |url=http://pb.rcpsych.org/cgi/reprint/18/2/112-b.pdf|doi-access=free }}</ref> Law 180/1978 introduced significant change in the provision of psychiatric care.<ref name="Junaid"/> The emphasis has shifted from defense of society towards better meeting of patients' wants through community care.<ref name="Junaid"/> New hospitalizations to the “old style” mental hospitals stopped instantly.<ref name="Junaid"/> The law required re-hospitalizations to cease within two years.<ref name="Junaid"/> Nobody was involuntarily discharged into the community.<ref name="Junaid"/>

== History ==
The new Italian law was created after conducting the long-term pilot experiments of [deinstitutionalization](/source/deinstitutionalization) in a number of cities (including [Gorizia](/source/Gorizia), [Arezzo](/source/Arezzo), [Trieste](/source/Trieste), [Perugia](/source/Perugia), [Ferrara](/source/Ferrara)) between 1961 and 1978.<ref name="Tansella">{{cite journal |author=Tansella M. |title=Community psychiatry without mental hospitals — the Italian experience: a review |journal=[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine](/source/Journal_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Medicine) |volume=79 |issue=11 |pages=664–669 |date=November 1986 |doi=10.1177/014107688607901117 |pmid=3795212 |pmc=1290535 }}</ref>{{rp|665}} These pilot experiments succeeded in demonstrating that it was possible to replace outdated custodial care in psychiatric hospitals with alternative community care.<ref name="Tansella"/>{{rp|665}} The demonstration consisted in showing the effectiveness of the new system of care per its ability to make a gradual and ultimate closure of psychiatric hospitals possible, while the new services, which can appropriately be called “alternative” instead of “complementary” to the psychiatric hospitals, were being created.<ref name="Tansella"/>{{rp|665}} These services include unstaffed apartments, supervised hostels, group homes, day centers, and cooperatives managed by patients.<ref name="Tansella"/>{{rp|665}}

In the early sixties, a critical factor for development of the new Law was the availability of widespread [reform movements](/source/reform_movements) across the country led by the [trade unions](/source/trade_unions), the [working class](/source/working_class), [university student](/source/university_student)s, and [radical](/source/Political_radicalism) and [leftist](/source/leftist) parties.<ref name="Sapouna"/>{{rp|70}} This unique social milieu led to the passing of innovative legislative bills including legislation on rights for workers, [abortion](/source/Abortion_in_Italy), [divorce](/source/Law_and_divorce_around_the_world) and finally, Law 180.<ref name="Sapouna"/>{{rp|70}}

== Main provisions ==
Law 180 was based on the following main provisions:<ref name="Sapouna"/>{{rp|71}} 
# Psychiatric assistance was to be shifted away from mental hospitals to Community Mental Health Centres, newly organized in a sectorised or departmental manner to assure integrations and connections with services and community resources.
# Hospitalization of new patients to the existing mental hospitals was not to be allowed. The construction of new mental hospitals was also prohibited.
# Psychiatric wards were to be opened inside General Hospitals with a limited number of beds (no more than 14–16).
# Compulsory treatments were to be exceptional interventions applied only when adequate community facilities could not be accessed and when at the same time the treatment outside of the hospital was not accepted by the patient.

== Effects of Law 180 ==

=== Dichotomy in mental health treatment ===
Since the passing of Law 180 in 1978, the Italian Mental Health Act has produced serious debate, disputing its sociopolitical implications, appraising its positive points and criticizing its negative ones.<ref name="Fornari">{{cite journal |author1=Fornari U. |author2=Ferracuti S. |title=Special judicial psychiatric hospitals in Italy and the shortcomings of the mental health law |journal=Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=381–392 |date=September 1995 |doi=10.1080/09585189508409903 }}</ref> However, the international discussion has never questioned what Law 180 has done to improve the destiny of the mental ill who commit crimes.<ref name="Fornari"/> The Italian experience demonstrates how, when there are no convenient solutions, difficult issues may be sidestepped.<ref name="Fornari"/> Italian legislation has created a dichotomy in mental health treatment: to its credit it has given the law-abiding mentally ill the right to refuse treatment and has stopped all further admission of mental patients; at the same time, it allows the law-breaking mentally ill to be confined in special institutions on indeterminate sentences, thereby depriving them of all civil rights.<ref name="Fornari"/>
As a consequence, the approval of Law 180 led to the closure of psychiatric hospitals in [Mantova](/source/Mantua), [Castiglione delle Stiviere](/source/Castiglione_delle_Stiviere) and in [Mombello](/source/Mombello_Psychiatric_Hospital).

=== Main consequences ===
The main long-term consequences of implementation of Law 180 are that:<ref name="Barbui">{{cite journal |author1=Barbui C. |author2=Tansella M. |title=Thirtieth birthday of the Italian psychiatric reform: research for identifying its active ingredients is urgently needed |journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health |volume=62 |issue=12 |pages=1021 |date=December 2008 |pmid=19008365 |doi=10.1136/jech.2008.077859 |s2cid=7210602 |url=http://jech.bmj.com/content/62/12/1021.full|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
# Patients who were staying in mental hospitals before 1978 were gradually discharged into the community, and;
# The availability of psychiatric beds in Italy is lower than in other comparable countries: Italy has 46 psychiatric beds for every 100, 000 population, compared with 58 in the United Kingdom and 77 in the United States of America.

== Legacy ==
American psychiatrist [Loren Mosher](/source/Loren_Mosher) called the Basaglia Law a revolutionary one<ref name="Mosher1982">{{cite journal |author=Mosher L.R. |title=Italy's revolutionary mental health law: an assessment |journal=[American Journal of Psychiatry](/source/American_Journal_of_Psychiatry) |volume=139 |issue=2 |pages=199–203 |date=February 1982 |pmid=7055290 |doi= 10.1176/ajp.139.2.199}}</ref> and believed that valuable lessons might be learned from the gradualism intrinsic to the models used in developing the law, and from the national health insurance support which implemented it.<ref name="Mosher1983">{{cite journal |author=Mosher L.R. |title=Recent developments in the care, treatment, and rehabilitation of the chronic mentally ill in Italy |journal=[Hospital and Community Psychiatry](/source/Hospital_and_Community_Psychiatry) |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=947–950 |date=October 1983 |pmid=6629349 |doi= 10.1176/ps.34.10.947}}</ref>

In 1993, Italian psychiatrist Bruno Norcio stated that Law 180 of 1978 was and still is an important law:<ref name="Norcio">{{cite journal |author=Norcio B. |title=Care for mentally ill in Italy |journal=[BMJ](/source/BMJ) |volume=306 |issue= 6892|pages=1615–1616 |date=12 June 1993 |pmid= 8329937|pmc=1678036 |doi=10.1136/bmj.306.6892.1615-b |url=}}</ref> that it was the first to establish that the mentally ill must be cured, not secluded; that psychiatric hospitals must cease to exist as places of seclusion; and that the mentally ill must be granted civil rights and integrated into community life.<ref name="Norcio"/>

In 2001, Stefano Carrara wrote that in Italy, the “enlightened” (as per the definition provided by [Nobel laureate](/source/Nobel_laureate) [Rita Levi-Montalcini](/source/Rita_Levi-Montalcini)) Law 180/1978, more known as “Basaglia Law”, gave rise little more than twenty years ago to model of psychiatric care considered so avant-garde in the world that it was put under observation by some countries, such as [France](/source/France), for its export.<ref name="Carrara">{{cite journal|last=Carrara|first=Stefano|title=Psiche e psichiatria|journal=La Rivista di Psicologia Analitica|year=2001|volume=2|issue=12|url=http://www.rivistapsicologianalitica.it/v2/ind/ED122001.html|access-date=10 July 2011}}</ref>

In 2009, P. Fusar-Poli with coauthors stated that thanks to Basaglia law, psychiatry in Italy began to be integrated into the general health services and was no longer sidelined to a peripheral area of medicine.<ref name="Fusar-Poli">{{cite journal |author1=Fusar-Poli P. |author2=Bruno D. |author3=Machado-de-Sousa J.P. |author4=Crippa J. |title=Franco Basaglia (1924—1980): Three decades (1979—2009) as a bridge between the Italian and Brazilian mental health reform |journal=[International Journal of Social Psychiatry](/source/International_Journal_of_Social_Psychiatry) |volume= 57|issue= 1|pages= 100–103|date=October 2009 |pmid=19833677 |doi=10.1177/0020764009344145 |s2cid=46379373 }}</ref>

British clinical psychologist [Richard Bentall](/source/Richard_Bentall) argues that after Franco Basaglia had persuaded the Italian government to pass Law 180, which made new hospitalizations to large mental hospitals illegal, the results were controversial.<ref name="Bentall">{{cite book |last=Bentall |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Bentall |title=Doctoring the mind: is our current treatment of mental illness really any good? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V2ahyDKjMykC |publisher=NYU Press |year=2009 |pages=74 |isbn=978-0-8147-9148-6}}</ref>{{rp|74}} In the following decade many Italian doctors complained that the prisons had become depositories for the seriously mentally ill, and that they found themselves “in a state psychiatric-therapeutic impotence when faced with the uncontrollable paranoid schizophrenic, the agitated-meddlesome maniac, or the catatonic”.<ref name="Palermo">Bentall cites Palermo’s article: {{cite journal |author=Palermo G.B. |title=The 1978 Italian mental health law — a personal evaluation: a review |journal=[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine](/source/Journal_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Medicine) |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=99–102 |date=February 1991 |pmid=1999825 |pmc=1293098 |doi= 10.1177/014107689108400215}}</ref>{{rp|101}} These complaints were seized upon psychiatrists elsewhere, eager to exhibit the foolishness of abandoning conventional ways.<ref name="Bentall"/>{{rp|74}} However, an efficient network of smaller community mental health clinics gradually developed to replace the old system.<ref name="Bentall"/>{{rp|74}}

Giovanna Russo and Francesco Carelli state that back in 1978 the Basaglia reform perhaps could not be fully implemented because society was unprepared for such an avant-garde and innovative concept of mental health.<ref name="Russo">{{cite journal |author1=Russo G. |author2=Carelli F. |title=Dismantling asylums: The Italian Job |journal=London Journal of Primary Care |date=May 2009 |url=http://www.psychodyssey.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Dismantling-asylums-The-Italian-Job.pdf |access-date=2014-04-16 |archive-date=2017-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316112759/http://www.psychodyssey.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Dismantling-asylums-The-Italian-Job.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thirty years later, it has become more obvious that this reform reflects a concept of modern health and social care for mental patients.<ref name="Russo"/> The Italian example originated samples of effective and innovative service models and paved the way for deinstitutionalisation of mental patients.<ref name="Russo"/>

According to Corrado Barbui and [Michele Tansella](/source/Michele_Tansella), after 30 years of implementation, Law 180 remains unique in mental health law around the world, as Italy is the only country where traditional psychiatric hospitals are outside the law.<ref name="Barbui"/>

== See also ==
* ''[Democratic Psychiatry](/source/Democratic_Psychiatry)''
* [Deinstitutionalisation](/source/Deinstitutionalisation)
* [Psychiatric reform in Italy](/source/Psychiatric_reform_in_Italy)
* [Giorgio Coda](/source/Giorgio_Coda)
* [Giorgio Antonucci](/source/Giorgio_Antonucci)
* [Mombello Psychiatric Hospital](/source/Mombello_Psychiatric_Hospital)

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |author=De Girolamo G. |title=The current state of mental health care in Italy: problems, perspectives, and lessons to learn |journal=[European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience](/source/European_Archives_of_Psychiatry_and_Clinical_Neuroscience) |volume=257 |issue=2 |pages=83–91 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17200877 |doi=10.1007/s00406-006-0695-x|s2cid=6450801 |display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1136/jech.2008.077859 |author1=Barbui C. |author2=Tansella M. |title=Thirtieth birthday of the Italian psychiatric reform: research for identifying its active ingredients is urgently needed |journal=[Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health](/source/Journal_of_Epidemiology_and_Community_Health) |volume=62 |issue=12 |pages=1021 |date=December 2008 |pmid=19008365|s2cid=7210602 }}
* {{cite journal |author1=Mosher L.R. |author2=Cox O.E. |title=Book Reviews: 'Psychiatry Inside Out: Selected Writings of Franco Basaglia' |journal=[Community Mental Health Journal](/source/Community_Mental_Health_Journal) |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=85–88 |date=February 1991 |doi=10.1007/BF00752718|s2cid=1000220 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Boffey P. |title=Treating mentally ill: Trieste's lesson |journal=The New York Times  |date=January 17, 1984 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/17/science/treating-mentally-ill-trieste-s-lesson.html}}
* {{cite journal |author1=Fioritti A. |author2=Lo Russo L. |author3=Melega V. |title=Reform said or done? The case of Emilia-Romagna within the Italian psychiatric context |journal=[American Journal of Psychiatry](/source/American_Journal_of_Psychiatry) |volume=154 |issue=1 |pages=94–98 |date=January 1997 |pmid=8988965 |doi=10.1176/ajp.154.1.94}}
* {{cite journal |author1=De Girolamo G. |author2=Barbato A. |author3=Bracco R. |author4=Gaddini A. |author5=Miglio R. |author6=Morosini P. |author7=Norcio B. |author8=Picardi A. |author9=Rossi E. |author10=Rucci P. |author11=Santone G. |author12=Dell'Acqua G. |s2cid=4695148 |title=Characteristics and activities of acute psychiatric in-patient facilities: national survey in Italy |journal=[British Journal of Psychiatry](/source/British_Journal_of_Psychiatry) |volume=191 |issue= 2|pages=170–177 |date=August 2007 |pmid=17666503 |doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.105.020636|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |author1=Thornicroft G. |author2=Tansella M. |title=Components of a modern mental health service: a pragmatic balance of community and hospital care: overview of systematic evidence |journal=[British Journal of Psychiatry](/source/British_Journal_of_Psychiatry) |volume=185 |issue= 4|pages=283–290 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15458987 |doi=10.1192/bjp.185.4.283|doi-access=free }}

== External links ==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.legge180.it/Testodilegge/tabid/53/Default.html|title=Legge 13 maggio 1978, n. 180: Testo di legge|access-date=2010-09-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211024158/http://www.legge180.it/Testodilegge/tabid/53/Default.html|archive-date=2010-02-11}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.triestesalutementale.it/english/doc/psy_reform_act.doc |title=The Italian National Mental Health Law |publisher=Trieste: Mental Health Department |access-date=2010-09-12 |archive-date=2011-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726085452/http://www.triestesalutementale.it/english/doc/psy_reform_act.doc |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |date=2008-05-13 |url=http://www.psychiatryonline.it/ital/la180ha30anni/index1.htm |title=Speciale trent'anni di 180: Indice dei documenti |publisher=POL.it: The Italian on line psychiatric magazine |access-date=2010-09-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610071039/http://www.psychiatryonline.it/ital/la180ha30anni/index1.htm |archive-date=2010-06-10 }}
* {{cite web |date=2007-02-03 |url=http://www.psychiatryonline.it/ital/180/index1.htm |title=Speciale "Vent'anni di 180": Indice generale |publisher=POL.it: The Italian on line psychiatric magazine |access-date=2010-09-12 |archive-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722050552/http://www.psychiatryonline.it/ital/180/index1.htm |url-status=dead }}
* [http://www.cssc.eu/pdf/pu_1/thical_aspects_of_outpatient_treatment_in_the_community_biomed_1_italian_report.pdf Ethical Aspects of Coercive Supervision and/or Treatment of Uncooperative Psychiatric Patients in the Community: Italian Report. — Rome: Psychoanalytic Institute for Social Research, 1994.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720154719/http://www.cssc.eu/pdf/pu_1/thical_aspects_of_outpatient_treatment_in_the_community_biomed_1_italian_report.pdf |date=2011-07-20 }}

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Category:Mental health law
Category:Law of Italy
Category:Health care reform
Category:Mental health in Italy
Category:1978 in law
Category:Deinstitutionalisation in Italy

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Basaglia Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basaglia_Law) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basaglia_Law?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.