# Bard > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Bard > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Bard.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard > Source revision: 1355271831 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Poet in medieval Gaelic and British culture For other uses, see [Bard (disambiguation)](/source/Bard_(disambiguation)). *The Bard* (1778) by [Benjamin West](/source/Benjamin_West) In [Celtic cultures](/source/Celts_(modern)), a **bard** is an [oral repository](/source/List_of_oral_repositories) and professional [story teller](/source/Storytelling), lyricist, music composer, [oral historian](/source/Oral_tradition), and [genealogist](/source/Genealogy), employed by a patron (such as a [monarch](/source/Monarch) or chieftain) to commemorate one or more of the patron's ancestors and to praise the patron's own activities. With the decline of a living bardic tradition in the [modern period](/source/Modern_period), the term has loosened to mean a generic [minstrel](/source/Minstrel) or author (especially a famous one). For example, [William Shakespeare](/source/William_Shakespeare) and [Rabindranath Tagore](/source/Rabindranath_Tagore) are respectively known as "the Bard of Avon" (often simply "the Bard") and "the Bard of Bengal".[1][2] In 16th-century Scotland, it turned into a derogatory term for an [itinerant](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/itinerant) musician; nonetheless it was later romanticised by Sir [Walter Scott](/source/Walter_Scott) (1771–1832).[1] ## Etymology The English term *bard* is a [loanword](/source/Loanword) from the [Celtic languages](/source/Celtic_languages): [Gaulish](/source/Gaulish_language): *bardo-* ('bard, poet'), [Middle Irish](/source/Middle_Irish_language): *bard* and [Scottish Gaelic](/source/Scottish_Gaelic_language): *bàrd* ('bard, poet'), [Middle Welsh](/source/Middle_Welsh_language): *bardd* ('singer, poet'), [Middle Breton](/source/Middle_Breton): *barz* ('minstrel'), [Old Cornish](/source/Cornish_language): *barth* ('jester').[3][4] The ancient Gaulish **bardos* is attested as *bardus* ([sing.](/source/Grammatical_number)) in Latin and as *bárdoi* ([plur.](/source/Plural)) in Ancient Greek. It also appears as a [stem](/source/Word_stem) in the [compound words](/source/Compound_words) *bardo-cucullus* ('bard's hood'), *bardo-magus* ('field of the bard'), *barditus* (a song to fire soldiers), and in *bardala* ('[crested lark](/source/Crested_lark)', a singing bird).[3] All of these terms come from the [Proto-Celtic](/source/Proto-Celtic_language) noun *[*bardos](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/bardos#Proto-Celtic)* ('poet-singer, minstrel'), itself derived, with regular Celtic [sound shift](/source/Sound_shift) **gʷ* > **b*, from the [Proto-Indo-European](/source/Proto-Indo-European_language) [compound](/source/Compound_(linguistics)) **gʷrH-dʰh₁-o-s*, which literally means 'praise-maker'.[3][5][4] It is [cognate](/source/Cognate) with [Sanskrit](/source/Sanskrit): *gṛṇā́ti* ('calls', 'praise'), [Latin](/source/Latin_language): *grātus* ('grateful', 'pleasant', 'delightful'), [Lithuanian](/source/Lithuanian_language): *gìrti* ('praise'), and [Armenian](/source/Armenian_language): *kardam* ('raise voice').[3][4] ## History *[The Bard](/source/The_Bard_(Martin))* (c. 1817), by [John Martin](/source/John_Martin_(painter)) In the words of the [Oxford English Dictionary](/source/Oxford_English_Dictionary), the bards were an "ancient Celtic order of minstrel-poets, whose primary function appears to have been to compose and sing (usually to the harp) verses celebrating the achievements of chiefs and warriors, and who committed to verse historical and traditional facts, religious precepts, laws, genealogies, etc."[1] In medieval [Gaelic](/source/Gaels) and [Welsh](/source/Wales) society, a *bard* ([Scottish](/source/Scottish_Gaelic) and Irish Gaelic) or *bardd* ([Welsh](/source/Welsh_language)) was a professional poet, employed to compose [elegies](/source/Elegy) for his [lord](/source/Lord). If the employer failed to pay the proper amount, the bard would then compose a [satire](/source/Satire) (cf. *[fili](/source/Fili)*, *[fáith](/source/F%C3%A1ith)*). In other Indo-European societies, the same function was fulfilled by [skalds](/source/Skald), [rhapsodes](/source/Rhapsode), [minstrels](/source/Minstrel), and *[scops](/source/Scop)* (among others). A hereditary caste of professional poets in [Proto-Indo-European society](/source/Proto-Indo-European_society) has been reconstructed by comparison of the position of poets in medieval Ireland and in ancient India in particular.[6] Bards (who are not the same as the Irish *filidh* or *fili*) were those who sang the songs recalling the tribal warriors' deeds of bravery as well as the genealogies and family histories of the ruling strata among [Celtic](/source/Celt) societies. The pre-Christian Celtic people recorded no written histories; however, Celtic peoples did maintain an intricate oral history committed to memory and transmitted by bards and filid. Bards facilitated the memorization of such materials by the use of [metre](/source/Metre_(poetry)), [rhyme](/source/Rhyme#Function_of_rhyming_words) and other formulaic poetic devices.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] ## Regions ### Ireland See also: [Bardic poetry](/source/Bardic_poetry) In medieval Ireland, bards were one of two distinct groups of poets, the other being the *[fili](/source/Fili)*. According to the [Early Irish law](/source/Early_Irish_law) text on status, *[Uraicecht Becc](/source/Uraicecht_Becc)*, bards were a lesser class of poets, not eligible for higher poetic roles as described above. However, it has also been argued that the distinction between *filid* (pl. of *fili*) and bards was a creation of Christian Ireland, and that the *filid* were more associated with the church.[7][8] By the Early Modern Period, these names came to be used interchangeably.[9] Irish bards formed a professional hereditary [caste](/source/Caste) of highly trained, learned poets. The bards were steeped in the history and traditions of [clan](/source/Clan) and country, as well as in the technical requirements of a verse technique that was [syllabic](/source/Syllabic_verse) and used [assonance](/source/Assonance), [half rhyme](/source/Half_rhyme), and [alliteration](/source/Alliteration), among other conventions. As officials of the court of king or chieftain, they performed a number of official roles. They were [chroniclers](/source/Chronicle) and [satirists](/source/Satire) whose job it was to praise their employers and damn those who crossed them.[10] It was believed that a well-aimed bardic satire, *glam dicenn*, could raise boils on the face of its target. 'Beardna', a loanword of Celtic origin The bardic system lasted until the mid-17th century in Ireland and the early 18th century in Scotland. In Ireland, their fortunes had always been linked to the Gaelic aristocracy, which declined along with them during the [Tudor reconquest](/source/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland).[11] The early history of the bards can be known only indirectly through mythological stories. The first mention of the bardic profession in Ireland is found in the [Book of Invasions](/source/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn), in a story about the [Tuatha Dé Danann](/source/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann) (Tribe of Goddess Danu), also called Danonians. They became the *[aos sí](/source/Aos_s%C3%AD)* (folk of the mound), comparable to Norse *[alfr](/source/Alfr)* and British [fairy](/source/Fairy). During the tenth year of the reign of the last monarch of the [Fir Bolg](/source/Fir_Bolg), the [Tuatha Dé Danann](/source/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann) invaded and settled in Ireland. They were divided into three tribes — the tribe of Tuatha who were the nobility, the tribe of De who were the priests (those devoted to serving God or De) and the tribe of Danann, who were the bards. This account of the Tuatha Dé Danann must be considered legendary; however the story was an integral part of the oral history of Irish bards themselves. One of the most notable bards in Irish mythology was [Amergin Glúingel](/source/Amergin_Gl%C3%BAingel), a bard, druid, and judge for the [Milesians](/source/Milesians_(Irish)).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] ### Scotland Further information: [MacMhuirich bardic family](/source/MacMhuirich_bardic_family) The best-known group of bards in Scotland were the members of the MacMhuirich family, who flourished from the 15th to the 18th centuries. The family was centred in the [Hebrides](/source/Hebrides), and claimed descent from a 13th century Irish bard who, according to legend, was exiled to Scotland. The family was at first chiefly employed by the [Lords of the Isles](/source/Lords_of_the_Isles) as poets, lawyers, and physicians.[12] With the fall of the Lordship of the Isles in the 15th century, the family was chiefly employed by the [chiefs](/source/Scottish_clan_chief) of the [MacDonalds of Clanranald](/source/Clan_Macdonald_of_Clanranald). Members of the family were also recorded as musicians in the early 16th century, and as clergymen possibly as early as the early 15th century.[13] The last of the family to practise classical Gaelic poetry was Domhnall MacMhuirich, who lived on [South Uist](/source/South_Uist) in the 18th century.[12] In [Gaelic-speaking areas](/source/G%C3%A0idhealtachd), a **village bard** or **village poet** ([Scottish Gaelic](/source/Scottish_Gaelic_language): *bàrd-baile*) is a local poet who composes works in a traditional style relating to that community. Notable village bards include [Dòmhnall Ruadh Chorùna](/source/D%C3%B2mhnall_Ruadh_Chor%C3%B9na) and [Dòmhnall Ruadh Phàislig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%C3%B2mhnall_Ruadh_Ph%C3%A0islig&action=edit&redlink=1) [[gd](https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B2mhnall_Ruadh_Ph%C3%A0islig)].[14] ### Wales Further information: [Medieval Welsh literature](/source/Medieval_Welsh_literature) A number of bards in [Welsh mythology](/source/Welsh_mythology) have been preserved in [medieval Welsh literature](/source/Medieval_Welsh_literature) such as the [Red Book of Hergest](/source/Red_Book_of_Hergest), the [White Book of Rhydderch](/source/White_Book_of_Rhydderch), the [Book of Aneirin](/source/Book_of_Aneirin) and the [Book of Taliesin](/source/Book_of_Taliesin). The bards [Aneirin](/source/Aneirin) and [Taliesin](/source/Taliesin) may be legendary reflections of historical bards active in the 6th and 7th centuries. Very little historical information about [Dark Age Welsh](/source/Dark_Age_Wales) court tradition survives, but the Middle Welsh material came to be the nucleus of the [Matter of Britain](/source/Matter_of_Britain) and [Arthurian legend](/source/Arthurian_legend) as they developed from the 13th century. The (Welsh) Laws of Hywel Dda, originally compiled around 900, identify a bard as a member of a king's household. His duties, when the bodyguard were sharing out [booty](/source/Looting), included the singing of the [sovereignty](/source/Sovereignty) of Britain—possibly why the genealogies of the British high kings survived into the written historical record. A large number of Welsh bards were [blind people](/source/Blind_people).[15] The royal form of bardic tradition ceased in the 13th century, when the 1282 [Edwardian conquest](/source/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I) permanently ended the rule of the Welsh princes. The legendary suicide of *The Last Bard* (c. 1283), was commemorated in the poem *[The Bards of Wales](/source/The_Bards_of_Wales)* by the [Hungarian](/source/Kingdom_of_Hungary) poet [János Arany](/source/J%C3%A1nos_Arany) in 1857, as a way of encoded resistance to the suppressive politics of his own time. However, the poetic and musical traditions were continued throughout the Middle Ages, e.g., by noted 14th-century poets [Dafydd ap Gwilym](/source/Dafydd_ap_Gwilym) and [Iolo Goch](/source/Iolo_Goch). Also the tradition of regularly assembling bards at an [eisteddfod](/source/Eisteddfod) never lapsed and was strengthened by formation of the [Gorsedd](/source/Gorsedd) by [Iolo Morganwg](/source/Iolo_Morganwg) in 1792. Wales in the twenty-first century is a leading Celtic upholder of the bardic tradition. The annual [National Eisteddfod of Wales](/source/National_Eisteddfod_of_Wales) (*Eisteddfod Genedlaethol Cymru*) (which was first held in 1880) is held in which bards are chaired (see [Category:Chaired bards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chaired_bards)) and crowned (see [Category:Crowned bards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Crowned_bards)). The [Urdd National Eisteddfod](/source/Urdd_National_Eisteddfod) is also held annually. And many schools hold their own annual *eisteddfodau* which emulate bardic traditions.[16] Several published research studies into the Welsh bardic tradition have been published. They include Williams (1850),[17] Parry-Williams (1947),[18] Morgan (1983)[19] and Jones (1986).[20] Doubtless research studies have also been published in the current century. ## Literature Further information: [*Aois-dàna*](/source/Aois-d%C3%A0na) William Blake's hand painted engraving of his poem "[The Voice of the Ancient Bard](/source/The_Voice_of_the_Ancient_Bard)" in the *[Songs of Innocence and of Experience](/source/Songs_of_Innocence_and_of_Experience)* From its frequent use in romanticism, 'The Bard' became attached as a title to various poets - 'The Bard of Armagh' is [Martin Hearty](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Hearty&action=edit&redlink=1) - 'The Bard of Avon,' 'The Immortal Bard' or (in England) simply 'The Bard' is [William Shakespeare](/source/William_Shakespeare) - 'The Bard of Ayrshire' (or in Scotland, simply 'The Bard') is [Robert Burns](/source/Robert_Burns) - 'The Bard of Bengal' is [Rabindranath Tagore](/source/Rabindranath_Tagore) - 'The Bard of Olney' is [William Cowper](/source/William_Cowper) - 'The Bard of Rydal Mount' is [William Wordsworth](/source/William_Wordsworth) - 'The Bard of Salford' is [John Cooper Clarke](/source/John_Cooper_Clarke) - 'The Bard of Twickenham' is [Alexander Pope](/source/Alexander_Pope) - 'The Bard of the Yukon' is [Robert W. Service](/source/Robert_W._Service) - Australian [bush poets](/source/Bush_poet) such as [Henry Lawson](/source/Henry_Lawson) and [Banjo Paterson](/source/Banjo_Paterson) are referred to as 'bush bards' - [Bob Dylan](/source/Bob_Dylan), [Jim MacCool](/source/Jim_MacCool) and the band [Blind Guardian](/source/Blind_Guardian) have also been termed 'bards' ## Popular culture From its Romanticist use, the notion of the bard as a minstrel with qualities of a priest, magician, or seer also entered the [fantasy](/source/Fantasy) genre in the 1960s to 1980s, for example as the [bard class](/source/Bard_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)) in *[Dungeons & Dragons](/source/Dungeons_%26_Dragons)* and [*Pathfinder*](/source/Pathfinder_Roleplaying_Game), *Bard* by [Keith Taylor](/source/Keith_Taylor_(author)) (1981), *[Bard: The Odyssey of the Irish](/source/Bard%3A_The_Odyssey_of_the_Irish)* by [Morgan Llywelyn](/source/Morgan_Llywelyn) (1984), in video games in fantasy settings such as *[The Bard's Tale](/source/The_Bard's_Tale_(1985_video_game))* (1985), and in modern literature and TV like [*The Witcher*](/source/The_Witcher_(TV_series)) books by [Andrzej Sapkowski](/source/Andrzej_Sapkowski) (1986–2013) and television adaptation by [Lauren Schmidt Hissrich](/source/Lauren_Schmidt_Hissrich) (2019). As of 2020, an online trend to cover modern songs using medieval-style musical instruments and composition, including rewriting the lyrics in a medieval style, is known as [bardcore](/source/Bardcore). In 2023, [Google](/source/Google) released its AI chatbot [Bard](/source/Bard_(chatbot)).[21] ## See also - [Aois-dàna](/source/Aois-d%C3%A0na) - [Bard (Dungeons & Dragons)](/source/Bard_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)) - [Bard (League of Legends)](/source/Bard_(League_of_Legends)) - [Bard (Soviet Union)](/source/Bard_(Soviet_Union)) - [Bhāts](/source/Bh%C4%81ts) - [Cacofonix](/source/Cacofonix) - [Charan](/source/Charan) (India) - [Contention of the bards](/source/Contention_of_the_bards) - [Druid](/source/Druid) - [Fili](/source/Fili) - [Gorsedd](/source/Gorsedd) - [Gorseth Kernow](/source/Gorseth_Kernow) (Cornwall) - [Griot](/source/Griot) - [Gusans](/source/Gusans) - [Minstrel](/source/Minstrel) - [Poet as legislator](/source/Poet_as_legislator) - [Rhapsodist](/source/Rhapsodist) - [Skald](/source/Skald) - *[The Bards of Wales](/source/The_Bards_of_Wales)* - [The Bard's Tale (1985 video game)](/source/The_Bard's_Tale_(1985_video_game)) - [Troubadour](/source/Troubadour) - [Vates](/source/Vates) - [Welsh bardic music](/source/Welsh_bardic_music) - [Kobzar](/source/Kobzar) - [Duma (epic)](/source/Duma_(epic)) - [Lirnyk](/source/Lirnyk) - [Poetry portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Poetry) ## References 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionary_of_English_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionary_of_English_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionary_of_English_1-2) "*bard*, n. 1.". *[Oxford Dictionary of English](/source/Oxford_Dictionary_of_English)*. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Work of Rabindranath Tagore celebrated in London"](https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-33543786). BBC News. Retrieved 15 July 2015. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200367_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200367_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200367_3-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200367_3-3) [Delamarre 2003](#CITEREFDelamarre2003), p. 67. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasović200956_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasović200956_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasović200956_4-2) [Matasović 2009](#CITEREFMatasović2009), p. 56. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest200727_5-0)** [West 2007](#CITEREFWest2007), p. 27. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest200730_6-0)** [West 2007](#CITEREFWest2007), p. 30. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["On bards, and bardic circles"](http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/articles/onbards.html). *pbm.com*. c. 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2017. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-Breatnach_8-0)** Breatnach, Liam. *[Uraicecht na Ríar](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uraicecht_na_R%C3%ADar&action=edit&redlink=1)*, ca. p. 98 1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Bergin, Osborn (1997–2020) [1912]. ["Irish bardic poetry"](https://www.ucc.ie/celt/bardic.html) (link list; excerpt from lecture). Dublin, IE: [Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies](/source/Dublin_Institute_for_Advanced_Studies). pp. 3–5. Retrieved 8 December 2015. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Butler, Craig. ["Druids, filid, & bards: Custodians of Celtic tradition"](https://irishempire.org/news/travel-roots/druids-filid-bards-custodians-of-celtic-tradition/25). *Irish Empire*. Retrieved 8 July 2017. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Divided Gaels: Gaelic cultural identities in Scotland and Ireland c. 1200 – c. 1650"](https://www.historyireland.com/early-modern-history-1500-1700/divided-gaels-gaelic-cultural-identities-in-scotland-and-ireland-c-1200-c-1650/). *History Ireland*. 22 February 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2017. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Clancy-453_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Clancy-453_12-1) [Clancy, T.O.](/source/Thomas_Owen_Clancy) (2006), "Clann MacMhuirich", in [Koch, John T.](/source/John_T._Koch) (ed.), *Celtic Culture: A historical encyclopedia*, [Santa Barbara](/source/Santa_Barbara%2C_California): [ABC-CLIO](/source/ABC-CLIO), p. 453, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-85109-445-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-445-8) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-Thomson-61_13-0)** [Thomson, D.S.](/source/Derick_Thomson) (1968), "Gaelic learned orders and literati in medieval Scotland", *Scottish Studies*, **12** (1), The Journal of the School of Scottish Studies University of Edinburgh: 65 1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** [*Celtic Culture: A-Celti*](https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&q=bard-baile&pg=PA173). ABC-CLIO. 2006. pp. 173–74. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781851094400](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851094400). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-:12_15-0)** [Schama, Simon](/source/Simon_Schama) (2003). [*A History of Britain 1: 3000 BC-AD 1603 At the Edge of the World?*](/source/A_History_of_Britain_(TV_series)#DVDs_and_books) (Paperback 2003 ed.). London: [BBC Worldwide](/source/BBC_Worldwide). p. 170. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-563-48714-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-48714-2). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** An example is the *eisteddfod* that was held at St Julian's School, Newport on 19 March 2013. See ["Our Eisteddfod | St Julian's School"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131110001934/http://stjulians.realsmartcloud.com/our-eisteddfod/). Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2013.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown)). Accessed 20 June 2013 1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Williams, John (1850). "Druid stones". *Archaeologia Cambrensis*. New Series. **1** (1): 1–9. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Parry-Williams, T.H. (1947). "The Bardic Tradition". *The Welsh Review*. **iv** (4). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Morgan, Prys (1983). "From a death to a view: The hunt for the Welsh past in the Romantic period". In Hobsbawm, Eric; Ranger, Terence (eds.). *The invention of tradition*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Jones, Bedwyr L (1986). "The Welsh Bardic Tradition". In Evans, Ellis D.; Griffith, John G. (eds.). *Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Celtic Studies*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["Google releases Bard AI chatbot amid competition with chatGPT"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/anafaguy/2023/03/21/google-releases-bard-ai-chatbot-amid-competition-with-chatgpt/?sh=a95acc532b7b). *[Forbes](/source/Forbes)*. Retrieved 24 April 2023. ### Bibliography - [Delamarre, Xavier](/source/Xavier_Delamarre) (2003). *Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental* [*Dictionary of the Gaulish Language: A linguistic approach to continental Old Celtic*] (in French). Errance. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9782877723695](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782877723695). - [Matasović, Ranko](/source/Ranko_Matasovi%C4%87) (2009). *Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic*. Brill. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789004173361](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004173361). - [West, Martin L.](/source/Martin_Litchfield_West) (2007). *Indo-European Poetry and Myth*. Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-928075-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9). ## Further reading - [Walker, Joseph C.](/source/Joseph_Cooper_Walker) (1971). *Historical Memoirs of the Irish Bards*. New York, NY: Garland. ## External links Look up ***[bard](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/bard)*** in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. - [Irish Bardic Poetry](https://www.ucc.ie/celt/bardic.html) Corpus of Electronic Texts, University College Cork. - [Chisholm, Hugh](/source/Hugh_Chisholm), ed. (1911). ["Bard"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bard). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition)* (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. v t e Ancient Celts History Battle of the Allia (ca. 387 BC) Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe Galatian War (189 BC) First Transalpine War (125–121 BC) Gallic Wars (58–50 BC) Roman Gaul (50 BC–476 AD) Culture Society Ambactos Bard Calendar Carnyx Clientes Coinage Druid Gallo-Roman culture Music Nemeton Oppidum La Tène culture Torc Vates Vergobret Warfare Language Lepontic Gaulish Cisalpine Galatian Noric Hispano-Celtic Celtiberian Callaecian Brittonic Common Brittonic Pictish Primitive Irish Religion Proto-Celtic Ancient Celtic mythology deities Gaulish Gallo-Roman Peoples Gaul Belgica Ambiani Ambivariti Aresaces (?) Atrebates Atuatuci (?) Bellovaci Caeracates (?) Caerosi (?) Caletes Catuslugi Catalauni Ceutrones Condrusi (?) Eburones (?) Geidumni Grudii Leuci Levaci Mediomatrici Meldi Menapii Morini Nemetes (?) Nervii (?) Paemani (?) Pleumoxii Remi Segni (?) Silvanectes Suessiones Treveri (?) 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Segovellauni Suelteri Tolosates Tricastini Tricores Tricorii Tritolli Vertamocorii Verucini Vocontii Vordenses Vulgientes Alpina Acitavones Adanates Adunicates Alauni Ambidravi Ambilici Ambisontes Anauni (?) Aneuniates Ausuciates Avantici Belaci Belouni Benacenses Bergalei Bodiontici Brigantii Brigianii Brixentes (?) Calucones (?) Carni Catali Catenates (?) Catubrini Caturiges Ceutrones Clavennates (?) Cosuanetes (?) Ecdinii Estiones (?) Gallitae Genauni Graioceli Iemerii (?) Ingauni (?) Licates (?) Medulli Nantuates Nemaloni Nemeturii (?) Quariates Rucinates (?) Saevates (?) Salassi (?) Savincates Sebaginni Seduni Segovii Segusini Sentii Sogionti Suanetes (?) Subocrini (?) Suetrii (?) Taurisci Tebavii Triulatti Uberi Ucennii Vediantii (?) Velaunii (?) Venisami Venostes (?) Vennones (?) Veragri Vergunni (?) Vesubiani (?) Vindelici (?) Cisalpina Anares (?) Anesiates (?) Bagienni (?) Boii Bromanenses (?) Comenses Cenomani Cerdiciates (?) Gallianates Gennanates (?) Insubres Laevi (?) Libicii (?) Marici (?) Orobii (?) Salluvii Senones Statielli (?) Subinates (?) Taurini (?) Vertamocorii Votodrones Eastern Eastern Anartes Bastarnae (?) Belgites Boii Bohemian Pannonian Boisci Britolagai Cotini Eravisci Hercuniates Itimari (?) Lugii (?) Osi Teurisci (?) Volcae Balkans Arabiates (?) Catari (?) Celegeri (?) Coralli (?) Cornacates Latobici Scordisci Serdi (?) Tricornenses Varciani (?) Galatia Aigosages Rigosages Tectosages Tolistobogii Toutobodiaci Trocmi Hispania Celtiberians Arevaci Belli Cratistii Lobetani Lusones Olcades Oretani Pellendones Titii Turboletae Uraci Gallaeci Albiones Arroni Artabri Baedi Bracari Capori Celtici Praestamarici Celtici Supertamarici Cibarci Cileni Coelerni Equaesi Gallaeci Grovii Iadovi Interamici Lapatianci Lemavi Leuni Limici Louguei Luanqui Namarini Narbasi Nemetati Nerii Poemani Quaquerni Seurbi Seurri Tamagani Turodi Other Allotriges Astures Autrigones Berones Cantabri Caristii Carpetani Celtici Mirobrigenses Ophi Sefes Suessetani Plentauri Turduli Bardili Oppidani Veteres Turmodigi Vaccaei Varduli Britain Atrebates Belgae Brigantes Caereni Caledonii Cantiaci Carnonacae Carvetii Catuvellauni Coritani Corionototae Cornovii (Central) Cornovii (Northern) Creones Damnonii Decantae Deceangli Demetae Dobunni Dumnonii Durotriges Epidii Gabrantovices Iceni Lopocares Lugi Novantae Ordovices Parisi Regni Selgovae Setantii Silures Smertae Suessiones Taexali Textoverdi Trinovantes Vacomagi Venicones Votadini Ireland Auteini Brigantes Cauci Coriondi Darini Eblani Erdini Gangani Iverni Manapii Nagnatae Robogdii Uellabori Uennicnii Uodiae Uoluntii Pre-Roman settlements Alesia Argentomagus Avaricum Basel-Münsterhügel Bibracte Bibrax Cenabum Cularo Ensérune Entremont Gergovia La Tène Magetobria Noreia Tylis Vertillum Vix Grave Part of: Celts Authority control databases International GND FAST National United States France BnF data Israel Other Yale LUX --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Bard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.