# Bank of Java
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{{Short description|Bank in Netherlands East Indies and Indonesia}}
[[File:Jakarta Indonesia Museum-Bank-Indonesia-02.jpg|300px|thumb|Former head office of the Bank of Java in [Batavia](/source/Batavia%2C_Dutch_East_Indies), now [Bank Indonesia Museum](/source/Bank_Indonesia_Museum) in [Jakarta](/source/Jakarta)]]
The '''Bank of Java''' ({{langx|nl|De Javasche Bank N.V.}}, abbreviated as '''DJB''') was a note-issuing bank in the [Dutch East Indies](/source/Dutch_East_Indies), founded in 1828, and nationalized in 1951 by the government of [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia) to become the newly independent country’s [central bank](/source/central_bank), later renamed [Bank Indonesia](/source/Bank_Indonesia). For more than a century, the Bank of Java was the central institution of the Dutch East Indies’ financial system, alongside the “big three” commercial banks (the [Netherlands Trading Society](/source/Netherlands_Trading_Society), the [Nederlandsch-Indische Handelsbank](/source/Nederlandsch-Indische_Handelsbank), and the [Nederlandsch-Indische Escompto Maatschappij](/source/Nederlandsch-Indische_Escompto_Maatschappij)).[{{citation |title=The monetary policy in the Netherlands East Indies under the Japanese administration |author=Shibata Yoshimasa |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=152 |date=1996 |issue=4 |pages=699–724 |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003959 |jstor=27864801 |doi-access=free }}]{{rp|703}} It was both a note-issuing bank and a commercial bank.
==Background==
The first bank founded in the Indonesian archipelago was the {{lang|de|Bank van Courant}}, established in 1746, to support trading activity. In 1752, it was renamed {{lang|de|De Bank van Courant en Bank Van Leening}} ({{lit|Bank of current [accounts] and loans}}), and was given a mandate to extend loans to employees of the [Dutch East India Company](/source/Dutch_East_India_Company). In 1818, that institution closed as a consequence of financial crisis.[{{cite web |website=Bank Indonesia |title=History of Bank Indonesia |url=https://www.bi.go.id/en/tentang-bi/sejarah-bi/default.aspx }}]
==Dutch colonial period==
[King William I of the Netherlands](/source/King_William_I_of_the_Netherlands) granted the right to create a private bank in the Indies in 1826, which was named {{lang|nl|De Javasche Bank}}. It was founded on {{date|1828/01/24}}, and later became the bank of issue of the [Dutch East Indies](/source/Dutch_East_Indies), issuing and regulating the [Netherlands Indies gulden](/source/Netherlands_Indies_gulden).
In 1829, it opened branch offices in [Semarang](/source/Semarang) and [Surabaya](/source/Surabaya). Later branch offices opened in [Padang](/source/Padang) (1864), [Makassar](/source/Makassar) (1864), [Cirebon](/source/Cirebon) (1866), [Solo](/source/Surakarta) (1867), [Pasuruan](/source/Pasuruan) (1867), [Yogyakarta](/source/Yogyakarta) (1879), [Pontianak](/source/Pontianak) (1906), [Bengkalis](/source/Bengkalis) (1907), [Medan](/source/Medan) (1907), [Banjarmasin](/source/Banjarmasin) (1907), [Tanjungbalai](/source/Tanjungbalai_(city)) (1908), [Tanjungpura](/source/Tanjungpura) (1908), [Bandung](/source/Bandung) (1909), [Palembang](/source/Palembang) (1909), [Manado](/source/Manado) (1910), [Malang](/source/Malang) (1916), [Kutaraja / Banda Aceh](/source/Banda_Aceh) (1918), [Kediri](/source/Kediri_(city)) (1923), [Pematang Siantar](/source/Pematang_Siantar) (1923), and [Madiun](/source/Madiun) (1928).[
Until 1891, the DJB was represented in the mainland Netherlands by the [Netherlands Trading Society](/source/Netherlands_Trading_Society). That year, it opened an office in [Amsterdam](/source/Amsterdam), which in 1922 was converted into a subsidiary known as {{lang|nl|Bijbank Javasche Bank}} or {{lang|nl|Javasche Bank Nederland}}.][ Some time later, DJB opened an office in [New York](/source/New_York_City).][
Under the [Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies](/source/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies) during [World War II](/source/World_War_II), the occupation authorities closed the Bank of Java and all other Dutch and Western banks in March 1942, and endeavored to seize as much as possible of their assets.{{R|Shibata|p=706}} They replaced it with an ''ad hoc'' central bank for occupied Indonesia, named {{ill|Nanpo Kaihatsu Ginko|jp|南方開発金庫}} ({{langx|ja|南方開発金庫}}, {{lit|Southern Development Bank}}). The Bank of Java could only reopen after the [surrender of Japan](/source/surrender_of_Japan) in the late summer of 1945.
==Nationalization and aftermath==
The Bank of Java was nationalized by the [Sukarno](/source/Sukarno) government in 1951, and renamed [Bank Indonesia](/source/Bank_Indonesia) on {{date|1953/07/01}}. By that time, Europeans still represented four-fifths of the Bank's employees.][{{citation |author=J. Thomas Lindblad |date=2004 |title=Van Javasche Bank naar Bank Indonesia : Voorbeeld uit de praktijk van indonesianisasi |journal=TSEG: The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=28–46 |doi=10.18352/tseg.791 |doi-access=free }}]
In 1962, Bank Indonesia moved to a new head office building. Its former main building on Station Square in [Jakarta](/source/Jakarta) was left to deteriorate. It was renovated in the 2000s, and repurposed as [Bank Indonesia Museum](/source/Bank_Indonesia_Museum), which opened on {{date|2009/07/21}}.
In 1966, the bank's affiliate in Amsterdam became the {{ill|Indonesian Overseas Bank|nl}}, later renamed the [Indover Bank](/source/%3Anl%3AIndonesische_Overzeese_Bank). It was eventually liquidated in 2008.[
==Leadership==
Presidents of the Bank of Java have included:
* Chr. de Haan (1828–1838)
* C.J. Smulders (1838–1851)
* {{ill|Emanuel Francis|nl}} (1851–1863)
* {{ill|Carel Wiggers van Kerchem|nl}} (1863–1868)
* J.W.C. Diepenheim (1868–1870)
* {{ill|Fokko Alting Mees|nl}} (1870–1873)
* {{ill|Norbertus van den Berg|nl}} (1873–1889)
* {{ill|Sako Zeverijn|nl}} (1889–1893)
* D. Groeneveld (1893–1898)
* J. Reijsenbach (1899–1906)
* [Gerard Vissering](/source/Gerard_Vissering) (1906–1912)
* {{ill|Ede Zeilinga|nl}} (1912–1924)
* {{ill|Leonardus Trip|nl}} (1924–1929)
* {{ill|Gerard van Buttingha Wichers|nl}} (1929–1945)
* J.C. van Waveren (1946)
* R.E. Smits (1946–1949)
* Andre Houwink (1949–1951)
* [Sjafruddin Prawiranegara](/source/Sjafruddin_Prawiranegara) (1951–1953)
==Buildings==
Shortly after its founding, the Java Bank moved into a vacant hospital in Batavia's lower city. In 1913, a new building was added, designed by Amsterdam architect [Eduard Cuypers](/source/Eduard_Cuypers). ][{{aut|Norbruis, Obbe}} (2020): “Landmarks from a bygone era, Life and work of Ed. Cuypers & Hulswit-Fermont 1897-1927” Volendam, LM Publishers, {{ISBN|9789460220128}} pp. 160-165] In 1924, the last hospital buildings were replaced by new ones designed by Eduard Cuypers, whose architecture echoed his earlier design. [{{aut|Norbruis, Obbe}} (2020): “Landmarks from a bygone era, Life and work of Ed. Cuypers & Hulswit-Fermont 1897-1927” Volendam, LM Publishers, {{ISBN|9789460220128}} pp. 268-271] Cuypers' successors, the Fermont-Cuypers firm, extended in 1936 the 1913 building forward and added a new façade, around the main entrance [{{aut|Norbruis, Obbe}} (2020): “Architecture from the Indonesian Past, Life and work of Fermont-Cuypers 1927-1957” Volendam, LM Publishers, {{ISBN|9789460220159}} pp. 210-215 ] The current extensive complex houses now the Museum Bank Indonesia on Station Square.[{{cite web |website=Indonesia, Dutch Colonial Heritage |author=Dirk Teeuwen |url=http://www.indonesia-dutchcolonialheritage.nl/jakhistoricalsites/Hosp.pdf |title=Javasche Bank, the Old Dutch City Hospital of Batavia-Jakarta and the Mandiri Bank Museum }}] The head offices of the three large banks were built on adjacent lots in the 1920s and 1930s, namely the [Nederlandsch-Indische Escompto Maatschappij](/source/Nederlandsch-Indische_Escompto_Maatschappij) to the north, the [Netherlands Trading Society](/source/Netherlands_Trading_Society) to the south, and the [Nederlandsch-Indische Handelsbank](/source/Nederlandsch-Indische_Handelsbank) to the northeast. Between 1908 and 1927, a new bank building was built in cities as [Banjarmasin](/source/Banjarmasin), [Bandung](/source/Bandung), [Cirebon](/source/Cirebon), [Yogyakarta](/source/Yogyakarta), [Banda Aceh](/source/Banda_Aceh), [Makassar](/source/Makassar), [Malang](/source/Malang), [Medan](/source/Medan), [Manado](/source/Manado), [Padang](/source/Padang), [Palembang](/source/Palembang), [Pematang Siantar](/source/Pematang_Siantar), [Semarang](/source/Semarang), [Surabaya](/source/Surabaya), [Surakarta](/source/Surakarta). These buildings were also designed by [Eduard Cuypers](/source/Eduard_Cuypers), who collaborated with M.J. Hulswit (1862-1921) and A.A. Fermont (1882-1967) in Batavia. [{{aut|Norbruis, Obbe}} (2020): “Landmarks from a bygone era, Life and work of Ed. Cuypers & Hulswit-Fermont 1897-1927” Volendam, LM Publishers, {{ISBN|9789460220128}} pp. 120-129, 150-153, 196-199. 204-205, 208-213, 222-223, 236=237, 244-245, 254-255, 260-261, 276-279. ] After the death of Eduard Cuypers, a few more buildings of the Javasche Bank were built, designed by the Fermont-Cuypers office, namely in; [Pontianak](/source/Pontianak), [Kediri](/source/Kediri_(city)) and [Semarang](/source/Semarang).[{{aut|Norbruis, Obbe}} (2020): “Architecture from the Indonesian Past, Life and work of Fermont-Cuypers 1927-1957” Volendam, LM Publishers, {{ISBN|9789460220159}} pp. 92-93, 100-101, 200-203. ]
The Amsterdam office was opened in 1891, at 60 Reguliersdwarsstraat, in a suite of offices hosted by the Hollandsche Hypotheekbank. It moved to [Keizersgracht](/source/Keizersgracht) 668 in April 1892. In 1920, DJB expanded to the nearby building at Keizersgracht 664, and in 1937–1939, the bank erected a new office building on numbers 664-666, designed in 1936 by the architecture firm of {{ill|Christiaan Posthumus Meyjes jr.|nl}} and Jakob van der Linden. The successor entity, Indover Bank, remained there until 1992, when it moved to Stadhouderskade.[{{cite web |website=Amsterdams Grachten Huizen |title=Indover Bank |url=https://amsterdamsegrachtenhuizen.info/bedrijf/bedr-ijk/indover/ }}]
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Kantoor van de Javasche Bank in Batavia TMnr 60047649.jpg|Head office in [Batavia](/source/Batavia%2C_Dutch_East_Indies), before remodeling in 1936
File:2016 De Javasche Bank.jpg|Interior hall of the branch in [Surabaya](/source/Surabaya) (2016)
File:Bank Indonesia Museum inner court.jpg|Inner court in [Jakarta](/source/Jakarta) (2018)
File:Bank Indonesia Museum stained-glass window.jpg|Stained glass window (2018)
File:Keizersgracht 666-668, kantoorgebouw "De Javasche Bank" (1937-39).jpg|Keizersgracht 666-668, former office of the Bank of Java in [Amsterdam](/source/Amsterdam)
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Kantoor van de Javasche Bank in Bandoeng TMnr 60016843.jpg|Branch office in [Bandung](/source/Bandung), built in 1918; now a museum
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Het gemeentehuis en het kantoor van de Javasche Bank TMnr 10015457.jpg|Branch office in [Medan](/source/Medan)
File:Bank Indonesia in Medan.jpg|The same building, now Town Hall and Bank Indonesia branch
File:Bank Indonesia Solo 2009 Bennylin 13.jpg|Branch office in [Surakarta](/source/Surakarta)
File:Bank_Indonesia_Building,_Yogyakarta_(2025)_-_img_03.jpg|Branch office in [Yogyakarta](/source/Yogyakarta)
File:Bank Indonesia Lama di Padang.JPG|Branch office in [Padang](/source/Padang)
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Kantoor van Bank Indonesia TMnr 10015484.jpg|Branch office in [Palembang](/source/Palembang) (1950s)
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Het kantoor van de Javasche Bank in Soerabaja TMnr 10015463.jpg|Branch office in [Surabaya](/source/Surabaya)
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Javasche Bank te Malang. TMnr 60005905.jpg|Branch office in [Malang](/source/Malang)
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Gebouw van de Javasche Bank in Koetaradja Noord-Sumatra. TMnr 60008371.jpg|Branch office in [Banda Aceh](/source/Banda_Aceh)
==Banknotes==
File:25 Guilders - Javasche Bank (1 April 1920) - Baldwin's Hong Kong Coin Auction (2012).jpg|25 Guilders, 1920
File:Collectie NMvWereldculturen, TM-6017-2, Bankbiljet, 'Bankbiljet van de Javasche Bank, ontwerp van Lion Cachet', 1934.jpg|10 Guilders, 1934
File:Collectie NMvWereldculturen, TM-6017-4, Bankbiljet, 'Bankbiljet van de Javasche Bank, ontwerp van Lion Cachet', 1935.jpg|25 Guilders, 1935
File:Collectie NMvWereldculturen, TM-6017-1, Bankbiljet, 'Bankbiljet van de Javasche Bank, ontwerp van Lion Cachet', 1937.jpg|5 Guilders, 1937
File:Collectie NMvWereldculturen, TM-6017-6, Bankbiljet, 'Bankbiljet van De Javasche Bank, ontwerp van Lion Cachet', 1938.jpg|50 Guilders, 1938
==See also==
* [Banque de l'Algérie](/source/Banque_de_l'Alg%C3%A9rie)
* [Ottoman Bank](/source/Ottoman_Bank)
* [Bank of Indochina](/source/Bank_of_Indochina)
* [Netherlands Indies gulden](/source/Netherlands_Indies_gulden)
* [Japanese government-issued currency in the Dutch East Indies](/source/Japanese_government-issued_currency_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies)
* [History of the Indonesian rupiah](/source/History_of_the_Indonesian_rupiah)
* [List of banks in the Netherlands](/source/List_of_banks_in_the_Netherlands)
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Defunct banks of the Netherlands
Category:Defunct companies of the Dutch East Indies
Category:Banks established in 1828
Category:Former central banks and banks of issue
Category:Bank Indonesia
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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Bank of Java](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Java) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Java?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.