# Bangia

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> Source revision: 1212834135
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{{short description|Extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats}}
{{more footnotes|date=November 2011}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Bangia fuscopurpurea Helgoland.JPG
| image_upright = 0.8
| image_alt = "Bangia fuscopurpurea"
| image_caption = ''[Bangia fuscopurpurea](/source/Bangia_fuscopurpurea)''
| taxon = Bangia
| authority = [Lyngbye](/source/Hans_Christian_Lyngbye), 1819<ref>Lyngbye, H.C. (1819). Tentamen hydrophytologiae danicae continens omnia hydrophyta cryptogama Daniae, Holsatiae, Faeroae, Islandiae, Groenlandiae hucusque cognita, systematice disposita, descripta et iconibus illustrata, adjectis simul speciebus norvegicis. pp. [i]-xxxii, [1]-248, 70 pls. Hafniae [Copenhagen]: typis Schultzianis, in commissis Librariae Gyldendaliae. https://img.algaebase.org/pdf/25E4D8D711cd6252F2pT5D060A8A/13523.pdf</ref>
| synonyms = 
*''Aspalatia'' <small>[Ercegovic](/source/Ante_Ercegovi%C4%87), 1927</small>
*''Bangiadulcis'' <small>[W.A. Nelson](/source/Wendy_Nelson_(marine_scientist)), 2007</small>
*''Bangiella'' <small>[Gaillon](/source/Fran%C3%A7ois_Benjamin_Gaillon), 1833</small>
*''Diadenus'' <small>[Palisot de Beauvois](/source/Palisot_de_Beauvois) ex [O.Kuntze](/source/Otto_Kuntze), 1891</small>
*''Girardia'' <small>[S.F.Gray](/source/Samuel_Frederick_Gray), 1821</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=WoRMS>Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2019). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M.D. Guiry). Bangia Lyngbye, 1819. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=143807 on 2019-06-13</ref>
| type_species = ''[Bangia atropurpurea](/source/Bangia_atropurpurea)''<ref>Pfeiffer, L. (1871-1873). Nomenclator botanicus. Nominum ad finem anni 1858 publici juris factorum, classes, ordines, tribus, familias, divisiones, genera, subgenera vel sectiones designantium enumeratio alphabetica. Adjectis auctoribus, temporibus, locis systematicis apud varios, notis literariis atque etymologicis et synonymis. Vol. 1 pp. [i-vi], [1]-808. Cassellis [Cassel]: Sumptibus Theodori Fischeri [Theodor Fischer].</ref>
| type_species_authority =  ([Mertens](/source/Franz_Carl_Mertens) ex [Roth](/source/Albrecht_Wilhelm_Roth)) [C.Agardh](/source/Carl_Adolph_Agardh)<ref name=AB/>
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = see text<ref name=AB>Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2019. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=33891 ; searched on 13 June 2019.</ref>
}}

'''''Bangia''''' is an extant genus of division [Rhodophyta](/source/Rhodophyta) that grows in marine or [freshwater](/source/freshwater) habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of [r-selected](/source/r-selected) species. The plants are attached by down-growing [rhizoid](/source/rhizoid)s, usually in dense purple-black to rust-colored clumps. The chloroplasts of ''Bangia'', like others in the division Rhodophyta, contain [chlorophyll a](/source/chlorophyll_a) and sometimes [chlorophyll d](/source/chlorophyll_d), as well as accessory pigments such as [phycobilin](/source/phycobilin) pigments and [xanthophyll](/source/xanthophyll)s. Depending on the relative proportions of these pigments and the light conditions, the overall color of the plant can range from green to red to purple to grey; however, the red pigment, [phycoerythrin](/source/phycoerythrin), is usually dominant.

== Species ==
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
*''[Bangia aeruginosa](/source/Bangia_aeruginosa)'' <small>[Sprengel](/source/Kurt_Polycarp_Joachim_Sprengel)</small>
*''[Bangia amethystina](/source/Bangia_amethystina)'' <small>[Kützing](/source/Friedrich_Traugott_K%C3%BCtzing)</small>
*''[Bangia anisogona](/source/Bangia_anisogona)'' <small>[Meneghini](/source/Giuseppe_Giovanni_Antonio_Meneghini)</small>
*''[Bangia annulina](/source/Bangia_annulina)'' <small>([Roth](/source/Albrecht_Wilhelm_Roth)) [Sprengel](/source/Kurt_Polycarp_Joachim_Sprengel)</small>
*''[Bangia atropurpurea](/source/Bangia_atropurpurea)'' <small>([Mertens](/source/Franz_Carl_Mertens) ex [Roth](/source/Albrecht_Wilhelm_Roth)) [C.Agardh](/source/Carl_Adolph_Agardh)</small><ref name=Boelens>Boelens, G., Boelens, R., Minchin, B. and Minchin, D. 2014 ''Bangia atropurpurea'' (Maertens ex Roth) C. Agardh (Rhodophyta) in the Grand Canal, Ireland. ''Ir. Nat. J.'' '''33''': 128 - 129</ref>
**''[Bangia atropurpurea f. ferruginea](/source/Bangia_atropurpurea_f._ferruginea)'' <small>[Migula](/source/Walter_Migula)</small>
**''[Bangia atropurpurea f. muscicola](/source/Bangia_atropurpurea_f._muscicola)'' <small>[Marcucci](/source/Emilio_Marcucci) & [Beccari](/source/Odoardo_Beccari)</small>
**''[Bangia atropurpurea f. tenuis](/source/Bangia_atropurpurea_f._tenuis)'' <small>[Collins](/source/Frank_Shipley_Collins)</small>
**''[Bangia atropurpurea subsp. brevisegmenta](/source/Bangia_atropurpurea_subsp._brevisegmenta)'' <small>[Womersley](/source/Hugh_Bryan_Spencer_Womersley)</small>
**''[Bangia atropurpurea subsp. coccinea](/source/Bangia_atropurpurea_subsp._coccinea)'' <small>([Kützing](/source/Friedrich_Traugott_K%C3%BCtzing)) [De Toni](/source/Giovanni_Battista_de_Toni)</small>
**''[Bangia atropurpurea subsp. roseopurpurea](/source/Bangia_atropurpurea_subsp._roseopurpurea)'' <small>([Kützing](/source/Friedrich_Traugott_K%C3%BCtzing)) [De Toni](/source/Giovanni_Battista_de_Toni)</small>
**''[Bangia atropurpurea var. anisogona](/source/Bangia_atropurpurea_var._anisogona)'' <small>([Meneghini](/source/Giuseppe_Giovanni_Antonio_Meneghini)) [Kützing](/source/Friedrich_Traugott_K%C3%BCtzing)</small>
**''[Bangia atropurpurea var. breviarticulata](/source/Bangia_atropurpurea_var._breviarticulata)'' <small>[Baglietto](/source/Francesco_Baglietto)</small>
**''[Bangia atropurpurea var. coccineopurpurea](/source/Bangia_atropurpurea_var._coccineopurpurea)'' <small>([Kützing](/source/Friedrich_Traugott_K%C3%BCtzing)) [Rabenhorst](/source/Gottlob_Ludwig_Rabenhorst)</small>
**''[Bangia atropurpurea var. elongata](/source/Bangia_atropurpurea_var._elongata)'' <small>[Brébisson](/source/Louis_Alphonse_de_Br%C3%A9bisson)</small>
**''[Bangia atropurpurea var. elongata](/source/Bangia_atropurpurea_var._elongata)'' <small>[C.Agardh](/source/Carl_Adolph_Agardh)</small>
**''[Bangia atropurpurea var. ferruginea](/source/Bangia_atropurpurea_var._ferruginea)'' <small>([Kerner](/source/Anton_Kerner_von_Marilaun)) [Rabenhorst](/source/Gottlob_Ludwig_Rabenhorst)</small>
**''[Bangia atropurpurea var. heteronema](/source/Bangia_atropurpurea_var._heteronema)'' <small>[Derbès](/source/August_Alphonse_Derb%C3%A8s) & [Solier](/source/Antoine_Joseph_Jean_Solier)</small>
**''[Bangia atropurpurea var. muscicola](/source/Bangia_atropurpurea_var._muscicola)'' <small>[De Notaris](/source/Giuseppe_De_Notaris)</small>
**''[Bangia atropurpurea var. pacifica](/source/Bangia_atropurpurea_var._pacifica)'' <small>[J.Agardh](/source/Jacob_Georg_Agardh)</small>
**''[Bangia atropurpurea var. roseopurpurea](/source/Bangia_atropurpurea_var._roseopurpurea)'' <small>([Kützing](/source/Friedrich_Traugott_K%C3%BCtzing)) [Rabenhorst](/source/Gottlob_Ludwig_Rabenhorst)</small>
*''[Bangia atrovirens](/source/Bangia_atrovirens)'' <small>[Lyngbye](/source/Hans_Christian_Lyngbye)</small>
*''[Bangia biseriata](/source/Bangia_biseriata)'' <small>[Meneghini](/source/Giuseppe_Giovanni_Antonio_Meneghini)</small>
*''[Bangia breviarticulata](/source/Bangia_breviarticulata)'' <small>[C.K.Tseng](/source/Cheng_Kwei_Tseng)</small>
*''[Bangia callicoma](/source/Bangia_callicoma)'' <small>[Meneghini](/source/Giuseppe_Giovanni_Antonio_Meneghini)</small>
*''[Bangia carnea](/source/Bangia_carnea)'' <small>([Dillwyn](/source/Lewis_Weston_Dillwyn)) [Harvey](/source/William_Henry_Harvey)</small>
*''[Bangia coccineopurpurea](/source/Bangia_coccineopurpurea)'' <small>[Kützing](/source/Friedrich_Traugott_K%C3%BCtzing)</small>
*''[Bangia condensata](/source/Bangia_condensata)'' <small>[Zanardini](/source/Giovanni_Zanardini)</small>
*''[Bangia confervoides](/source/Bangia_confervoides)'' <small>[Zanardini](/source/Giovanni_Zanardini)</small>
*''[Bangia crispula](/source/Bangia_crispula)'' <small>[Chauvin](/source/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Chauvin)</small>
*''[Bangia discoidea](/source/Bangia_discoidea)'' <small>[A.Aziz](/source/A.Aziz)</small>
*''[Bangia dura](/source/Bangia_dura)'' <small>[Zanardini](/source/Giovanni_Zanardini)</small>
*''[Bangia enteromorphoides](/source/Bangia_enteromorphoides)'' <small>[E.Y.Dawson](/source/E._Yale_Dawson)</small>
*''[Bangia fergusonii](/source/Bangia_fergusonii)'' <small>[Grunow](/source/Albert_Grunow)</small>
*''[Bangia ferruginea](/source/Bangia_ferruginea)'' <small>[Kerner](/source/Anton_Kerner_von_Marilaun)</small>
*''[Bangia flocculosa](/source/Bangia_flocculosa)'' <small>[Schousboe](/source/Peter_Schousboe)</small>
*''[Bangia foetida](/source/Bangia_foetida)'' <small>[Sprengel](/source/Kurt_Polycarp_Joachim_Sprengel)</small>
*''[Bangia foetida](/source/Bangia_foetida)'' <small>[Steudel](/source/Ernst_Gottlieb_von_Steudel)</small>
*''[Bangia foliacea](/source/Bangia_foliacea)'' <small>[Schousboe](/source/Peter_Schousboe)</small>
*''[Bangia fulvescens](/source/Bangia_fulvescens)'' <small>([C.Agardh](/source/Carl_Adolph_Agardh)) [J.Agardh](/source/Jacob_Georg_Agardh)</small>
*''[Bangia fuscopurpurea](/source/Bangia_fuscopurpurea)'' <small>([Dillwyn](/source/Lewis_Weston_Dillwyn)) [Lyngbye](/source/Hans_Christian_Lyngbye)</small>
**''[Bangia fuscopurpurea f. viridis](/source/Bangia_fuscopurpurea_f._viridis)'' <small>[Wittrock](/source/Veit_Brecher_Wittrock) & [Nordstedt](/source/Carl_Fredrik_Otto_Nordstedt)</small>
**''[Bangia fuscopurpurea var. concatenata](/source/Bangia_fuscopurpurea_var._concatenata)'' <small>[Kützing](/source/Friedrich_Traugott_K%C3%BCtzing)</small>
**''[Bangia fuscopurpurea var. crinalis](/source/Bangia_fuscopurpurea_var._crinalis)'' <small>[De Notaris](/source/Giuseppe_De_Notaris)</small>
**''[Bangia fuscopurpurea var. crispa](/source/Bangia_fuscopurpurea_var._crispa)'' <small>[Holmes](/source/Edward_Morell_Holmes) & [Batters](/source/Edward_Arthur_Lionel_Batters)</small>
**''[Bangia fusco-purpurea var. fuscenses](/source/Bangia_fusco-purpurea_var._fuscenses)'' <small>[W.J.Hooker](/source/William_Jackson_Hooker)</small>
**''[Bangia fuscopurpurea var. jadertina](/source/Bangia_fuscopurpurea_var._jadertina)'' <small>[Kützing](/source/Friedrich_Traugott_K%C3%BCtzing)</small>
**''[Bangia fuscopurpurea var. pilosella](/source/Bangia_fuscopurpurea_var._pilosella)'' <small>[Ardissone](/source/Francesco_Ardissone)</small>
**''[Bangia fuscopurpurea var. setacea](/source/Bangia_fuscopurpurea_var._setacea)'' <small>[Kützing](/source/Friedrich_Traugott_K%C3%BCtzing)</small>
*''[Bangia gloiopeltidicola](/source/Bangia_gloiopeltidicola)'' <small>[Tanaka](/source/Takesi_Tanaka)</small>
*''[Bangia grateloupicola](/source/Bangia_grateloupicola)'' <small>[P.Crouan](/source/Pierre_Louis_Crouan) & [H.Crouan](/source/Hippolyte_Marie_Crouan)</small>
*''[Bangia halymeniae](/source/Bangia_halymeniae)'' <small>[M.J.Wynne](/source/Michael_James_Wynne)</small>
*''[Bangia harveyi](/source/Bangia_harveyi)'' <small>[Areschoug](/source/Johan_Erhard_Areschoug)</small>
*''[Bangia homotrichoides](/source/Bangia_homotrichoides)'' <small>[Kützing](/source/Friedrich_Traugott_K%C3%BCtzing)</small>
*''[Bangia intricata](/source/Bangia_intricata)'' <small>[Brébisson](/source/Louis_Alphonse_de_Br%C3%A9bisson) & [Godey](/source/Louis-Luc_Godey)</small>
*''[Bangia intricata](/source/Bangia_intricata)'' <small>[Suhr](/source/Johannes_Nicolaus_von_Suhr) ex [Rabenhorst](/source/Gottlob_Ludwig_Rabenhorst)</small>
*''[Bangia kerkensis](/source/Bangia_kerkensis)'' <small>[Meneghini](/source/Giuseppe_Giovanni_Antonio_Meneghini)</small>
*''[Bangia lacustris](/source/Bangia_lacustris)'' <small>[Carmichael](/source/Dugald_Carmichael)</small>
*''[Bangia lanuginosa](/source/Bangia_lanuginosa)'' <small>[Harvey](/source/William_Henry_Harvey)</small>
*''[Bangia latissima](/source/Bangia_latissima)'' <small>[Meneghini](/source/Giuseppe_Giovanni_Antonio_Meneghini)</small>
*''[Bangia malacensis](/source/Bangia_malacensis)'' <small>([Kützing](/source/Friedrich_Traugott_K%C3%BCtzing)) [Kützing](/source/Friedrich_Traugott_K%C3%BCtzing)</small>
*''[Bangia maxima](/source/Bangia_maxima)'' <small>[Gardner](/source/Nathaniel_Lyon_Gardner)</small>
*''[Bangia punctulata](/source/Bangia_punctulata)'' <small>[Schousboe](/source/Peter_Schousboe)</small>
*''[Bangia purpurea](/source/Bangia_purpurea)'' <small>[Schousboe](/source/Peter_Schousboe)</small>
*''[Bangia quadripunctata](/source/Bangia_quadripunctata)'' <small>[Lyngbye](/source/Hans_Christian_Lyngbye)</small>
*''[Bangia radicula](/source/Bangia_radicula)'' <small>[B.F.Zheng](/source/Bao_Fu_Zheng) & [J.Li](/source/Jie_Li_(botanist))</small>
*''[Bangia sericea](/source/Bangia_sericea)'' <small>[Bory](/source/Jean_Baptiste_Bory_de_Saint-Vincent)</small>
*''[Bangia simplex](/source/Bangia_simplex)'' <small>[A.H.S.Lucas](/source/Arthur_Henry_Shakespeare_Lucas)</small>
*''[Bangia tanakae](/source/Bangia_tanakae)'' <small>[Pham-Hoàng Hô](/source/Pham-Ho%C3%A0ng_H%C3%B4)</small>
*''[Bangia tavarisii](/source/Bangia_tavarisii)'' <small>[Welwitsch](/source/Friedrich_Welwitsch)</small>
*''[Bangia tenuis](/source/Bangia_tenuis)'' <small>[N.L.Gardner](/source/Nathaniel_Lyon_Gardner)</small>
*''[Bangia thaerasiae](/source/Bangia_thaerasiae)'' <small>[Bory](/source/Jean_Baptiste_Bory_de_Saint-Vincent)</small>
*''[Bangia trichodes](/source/Bangia_trichodes)'' <small>[Schousboe](/source/Peter_Schousboe)</small>
*''[Bangia vermicularis](/source/Bangia_vermicularis)'' <small>[Harvey](/source/William_Henry_Harvey)</small>
*''[Bangia viridis](/source/Bangia_viridis)'' <small>[Lyngbye](/source/Hans_Christian_Lyngbye)</small>
*''[Bangia yamadae](/source/Bangia_yamadae)'' <small>[Tanaka](/source/Takesi_Tanaka)</small>
{{Div col end}}

== Description ==
''Bangia'' is a red alga that arises from a discoid holdfast and short stipe consisting of the extensions of rhizoidal cells. Bangia has unbranched, erect thalli forming initially uniseriate filaments becoming multiseriate at maturity. The plant is composed of filiform, unbranched cylinders of cells embedded in a firm gelatinous matrix. The cell contains a stellate chloroplast with prominent pyrenoid, as well as single thylakoids (characteristic of division Rhodophyta). The growth of ''Bangia'' is diffuse and intercalary, and each cell is quadrate to rectangular in shape. Primary pitt connections are absent in all but the conchocelis stage.

== Distribution ==
''Bangia'' grows in freshwater or in marine habitats, usually forming dense clumps or mats, and occur throughout the intertidal area and subtidally to the maximum depth at which benthic algae occur. The plants are usually attached to a solid substratum (rock or shell), but can also occur as epiphytes attached to other algae.

== Ecology ==
Marine populations of ''Bangia'' in the Atlantic Ocean are common food for the periwinkle ''[Littorina littorea](/source/Littorina_littorea)''.

== Reproduction ==
Species of ''Bangia'' undergo a heteromorphic alternation of generation life cycle in which the haploid generation is dominant. Reproduction can be either sexual or asexual; sexual plants occur mainly during the cold season of the year, while at other times the thalli often bear monosporangia only. Bangia, like all Rhodophytes, lack motile sperm and so depend upon water currents to transport their gametes to the trichogyne (receptive area of the female gamete or [carpogonium](/source/carpogonium)).

All sexual reproduction in rhodophytes is oogamous. Carposporangia are formed through direct division of the zygote. [Carpospore](/source/Carpospore)s germinate to form the diploid filamentous conchocelis phase, which produces conchosporangial branches bearing conchosporangia, each containing a single conchospore. These conchospores then germinate to form gametophytes. During the "conchocelis stage", the plants can also self-replicate using monospores. The monospores develop directly into new plants and may germinate within the sporangia.

== Scientific interest ==
Silicified peritidal carbonate rocks have been found off [Somerset Island](/source/Somerset_Island_(Nunavut)), arctic Canada, which contain fossils of well-preserved bangiophyte red algae (''[Bangiomorpha](/source/Bangiomorpha)''). Because these fossils have multiseriate filaments derived by longitudinal divisions from uniseriate filaments, taxonomists believe that these fossils are related to ''Bangia''. This resolution distinguished these fossils from other pre-Ediacaran eukaryotes and contributes to evidence that multicellular algae diversified before the Ediacaran radiation of large animals.

== Related genera ==
''[Bangiadulcis](/source/Bangiadulcis)'' and ''[Pseudobangia](/source/Pseudobangia)'' were previously thought to be part of the genus ''Bangia''. However, it has since been discovered that these plants can only undergo asexual reproduction through the formation of archaeosporangia. In fact, sexual reproduction has so far only been recorded in ''Bangia'', ''[Porphyra](/source/Porphyra)'', ''[Erythrotrichia](/source/Erythrotrichia)'' and ''[Erythrocladia](/source/Erythrocladia)''.

==Etymology ==
The genus was named after [Niels Hofman Bang](/source/Niels_Hofman_Bang) (1803–1886), the Danish patron of [Hans Christian Lyngbye](/source/Hans_Christian_Lyngbye), who described the genus.<ref>{{cite book | last=Burkhardt | first=Lotte | title=Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen |trans-title=Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names | publisher=Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin | year=2022 | isbn=978-3-946292-41-8 | url=https://doi.org/10.3372/epolist2022|format=pdf |language=German |location=Berlin | doi=10.3372/epolist2022 | s2cid=246307410 |access-date=January 27, 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* Brodie, Juliet A., and Irvine, Linda M. “Volume I Rhodophyta Part 3B Bangiophycidae.” Seaweeds of the British Isles. The Natural History Museum. St. Edmundsbury Press Ltd., 2003. pp 91–92
* Butterfiled, Nicholas J; Knoll, Andrew H; Sweet, Keene. “A Bangiophyte Red Alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.” Science, New Series, Vol. 250, No. 4977, 1990. pp 104–107
* Fritsch, F.E. “Structure and Reproduction of the Algae Volume II.” Cambridge University Press 1945. pp 397–398, 415, 423-424, 431, 433-435
* Garbary, David, J; Hansen, Gayle I; Scagel, Robert F. “The Marine Algae of British Columbia and Northern Washington: Division Rhodophyta (Red Algae), Class Bangiophyceae.” Dept. of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 1980. pp 139–142 and 164-165

==Further reading==
*Sheath, R.G. (2003). Red Algae. In: Freshwater Algae of North America, Ecology & Classification. (Wehr, J.D. & Sheath, R.G. Eds), pp.&nbsp;197–224. San Diego: Academic Press.
*Silva, P.C.; Basson, P.W.; Moe, R.L. (1996). Catalogue of the Benthic Marine Algae of the Indian Ocean. University of California Publications in Botany. 79, xiv+1259 pp. {{ISBN|0-520-09810-2}}, available online at https://books.google.com/books?id=vuWEemVY8WEC&pg=PA5
*Silva, P.C. & Nelson, W.A. (2008). History of the typification of conserved and rejected names, including an account of the typification of ''Bangia'' Lyngb. (Bangiaceae, Rhodophyta). Taxon 57: 1351-1354.
*Sutherland, J.E., Lindstrom, S.C., Nelson, W.A., Brodie, J., Lynch, M.D., Hwang, M.S., Choi, H.-G., Miyata, M., Kikuchi, N., Oliveira, M.C., Farr, T., Neefus, C., Mols-Mortensen, A. Milstein, D. & Müller, K.M. (2011). A new look at an ancient order: generic revision of the Bangiales (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 47(5): 1131-1151.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2711675}}

Category:Red algae genera
Category:Bangiophyceae

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Bangia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangia) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangia?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.