# Badlands

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{{Short description|Type of heavily eroded terrain}}
{{About|the type of terrain|the national park|Badlands National Park|other uses}}
[[Image:Chinle Badlands.jpg|thumb|right|The Chinle Badlands at [Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument](/source/Grand_Staircase%E2%80%93Escalante_National_Monument), [Utah](/source/Utah), United States]]

'''Badlands''' are a type of dry terrain where softer [sedimentary rocks](/source/sedimentary_rocks) and [clay](/source/clay)-rich [soil](/source/soil)s have been extensively [eroded](/source/Erosion).<ref name="Chambers">"Badlands" in ''[Chambers's Encyclopædia](/source/Chambers's_Encyclop%C3%A6dia)''. London: [George Newnes](/source/George_Newnes_Ltd), 1961, Vol. 2, p. 47.</ref> They are characterized by steep slopes, minimal [vegetation](/source/vegetation), lack of a substantial [regolith](/source/regolith), and high [drainage density](/source/drainage_density).<ref name="A.D. Abrahams, Editors 2009">A.J. Parsons and A.D. Abrahams, Editors (2009) ''Geomorphology of Desert Environments'' (2nd ed.) Springer Science & Business Media {{ISBN|978-1402057182}}</ref>  [Ravine](/source/Ravine)s, [gullies](/source/gully), [butte](/source/butte)s, [hoodoo](/source/hoodoo_(geology))s and other such [geologic](/source/geologic) forms are common in badlands.

Badlands are found on every continent except Antarctica, being most common where there are [unconsolidated](/source/Consolidation_(geology)) [sediments](/source/sediments). They are often difficult to navigate by foot, and are unsuitable for agriculture. Most are a result of natural processes, but destruction of vegetation by [overgrazing](/source/overgrazing) or [pollution](/source/pollution) can produce [anthropogenic](/source/Anthropogenic_hazard) badlands.

==Badlands topography==
<!-- [Badlands topography](/source/Badlands_topography) redirects here -->
Badlands are characterized by a distinctive '''badlands topography'''.<ref name=Lillie>{{cite book |last1=Lillie |first1=Robert J. |title=Parks and plates: the geology of our national parks, monuments, and seashores |date=2005 |publisher=W.W. Norton |location=New York |isbn=0-393-92407-6 |edition=1st |page=267}}</ref><ref name=Levin>{{cite book |last1=Levin |first1=Harold L. |title=The earth through time |date=2010 |publisher=J. Wiley |location=Hoboken, N.J. |isbn=978-0-470-38774-0 |edition=9th |page=475}}</ref>  This is terrain in which water [erosion](/source/erosion) has cut a very large number of deep drainage channels, separated by short, steep ridges (''[interfluve](/source/interfluve)s'').<ref name=Jackson>{{cite book |editor1-last=Jackson |editor1-first=Julia A. |title=Glossary of geology. |date=1997 |publisher=American Geological Institute |location=Alexandria, Virginia |isbn=0-922152-34-9 |edition=Fourth |chapter=badlands}}</ref> Such a drainage system is said to have a very fine drainage texture,<ref name=Thornbury>{{cite book |last1=Thornbury |first1=William D. |title=Principles of geomorphology |date=1969 |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |isbn=0-471-86197-9 |edition=2d |page=127}}</ref> as measured by its ''[drainage density](/source/drainage_density)''. Drainage density is defined as the total length of drainage channels per unit area of land surface. Badlands have a very high drainage density of {{convert|77|to|747|mi/sqmi|km/km2|order=flip|abbr=off}}.<ref name=Jackson/> The numerous deep drainage channels and high [interfluve](/source/interfluve)s creates a stark landscape of [hill](/source/hill)s, [gullies](/source/Gully), and [ravine](/source/ravine)s.<ref name=Lillie/>

[[File:A030, Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota, USA, 2001.jpg|thumb|[Caprock](/source/Caprock) atop [hoodoos](/source/Hoodoo_(geology)) in [Theodore Roosevelt National Park](/source/Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park), [North Dakota](/source/North_Dakota), U.S.]]
In addition to a dense system of drainages and interfluves, badlands often contain [butte](/source/butte)s and [hoodoo](/source/Hoodoo_(geology))s. These are formed by resistant beds of sandstone, which form the [caprock](/source/caprock) of the buttes and hoodoos.<ref name=Levin/>

==Origin==
Badlands arise from a combination of an impermeable but easily eroded ground surface, sparse [vegetation](/source/vegetation), and infrequent but heavy rainfall.<ref name=Thornbury/> The surface [bedrock](/source/bedrock) is typically [mudrock](/source/mudrock), sometimes with [evaporites](/source/evaporites), with only occasional beds of more resistant [sandstone](/source/sandstone).<ref name=Jackson/> Infrequent heavy rains lead to heavy erosional dissection. Where sudden precipitation cannot penetrate impermeable clays, it is channeled into a very dense system of streamlets that erode a dense system of ever-enlarging, coalescing gulleys and ravines. Erosion is enhanced by pelting raindrops that dislodge soft sediments. The presence of [bentonite](/source/bentonite) clay further increases [erodibility](/source/erodibility), as can [rejuvenation](/source/rejuvenation_(river)) of the drainage system from regional [uplift](/source/tectonic_uplift), as occurred at [Badlands National Park](/source/Badlands_National_Park).<ref name="Levin"/>

In addition to surface erosion, badlands sometimes have well-developed ''piping'', which is a system of pipes, joints, [cave](/source/cave)rns, and other connected void spaces in the subsurface through which water can drain. However, this is not a universal feature of badlands. For example, the [Henry Mountains](/source/Henry_Mountains) badlands show very little piping.<ref name="A.D. Abrahams, Editors 2009"/>

The precise processes by which the erosion responses take place vary depending on the precise interbedding of the sedimentary material.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Thomas |editor1-first=D. |title=Arid zone geomorphology: process, form and change in drylands |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Chichester, West Sussex |isbn=978-0-470-51909-7 |edition=3rd}}</ref> However, it has been estimated that the badlands of Badlands National Park erode at the relatively high rate of about {{convert|1|in|disp=or|spell=in|}} per year.<ref name="nps.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/badl-geologic-formations.htm|title=Geologic Formations: How Badlands Buttes Came to Be|publisher=National Park Service|date=10 November 2020}}</ref> The [White River](/source/White_River_(Missouri_River_tributary)) draining Badlands National Park was so named for its heavy load of bentonite clay eroded from the badlands.<ref name=Levin/>

===Regolith===
Badlands are partially characterized by their thin to nonexistent [regolith](/source/regolith) layers. The regolith profiles of badlands in arid climates are likely to resemble one another.  In these regions, the upper layer (~{{cvt|1-5|cm|disp=or|1|}}) is typically composed of [silt](/source/silt), [shale](/source/shale), and [sand](/source/sand) (a byproduct of the [weathered](/source/Weathering) shale). This layer can form either a compact crust or a looser, more irregular aggregation of "popcorn" fragments. Located beneath  the top layer is a sublayer (~{{cvt|5-10|cm|disp=or|1|}}), below which can be found a transitional shard layer (~{{cvt|10-40|cm|disp=or|1|}}), formed largely of loose disaggregated shale chips, which in turn eventually gives way to a layer of unweathered shale. Badlands such as those found in the [Mancos Shale](/source/Mancos_Shale), the [Brule Formation](/source/Brule_Formation), the [Chadron Formation](/source/Chadron_Formation), and the [Dinosaur Provincial Park](/source/Dinosaur_Provincial_Park) can be generally said to fit this profile.<ref name="A.D. Abrahams, Editors 2009"/>

In less arid regions, the regolith profile can vary considerably. Some badlands have no regolith layer whatsoever, capping instead in bare rock such as [sandstone](/source/sandstone). Others have a regolith with a clay veneer, and still others have a biological crust of [algae](/source/algae) or [lichen](/source/lichen)s.<ref name="A.D. Abrahams, Editors 2009"/>

In addition to lacking significant regolith, they also lack much vegetation. The lack of vegetation could very well be a result of the lack of a substantial regolith.<ref>Bryan, R. and A. Yair, 1982a. Perspectives on studies of badland geomorphology. In ''Badland geomorphology and piping''. R. Bryan and A. Yair (eds), 1-3. Norwich: Geo Books.</ref>

===Anthropogenic badlands===
[[File:Cheltenham Badlands panorama1.jpg|thumb|[Cheltenham Badlands](/source/Cheltenham_Badlands), [Caledon](/source/Caledon%2C_Ontario), [Canada](/source/Canada)]]
Although most badland topography is natural, badlands have been produced artificially by destruction of vegetation cover, through [overgrazing](/source/overgrazing), [acid rain](/source/acid_rain), or [acid mine drainage](/source/acid_mine_drainage).<ref name=Jackson/> The [Cheltenham Badlands](/source/Cheltenham_Badlands) in [Caledon, Ontario](/source/Caledon%2C_Ontario), are an example of badlands produced by [poor farming practices](/source/Land_degradation). In the early 1900s, the area was used for agricultural purposes, predominantly cattle [grazing](/source/grazing). Agricultural use ceased by 1931 and natural recovery of the majority of the property began.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[Bruce Trail](/source/Bruce_Trail) Conservancy |date=2012 |title=Cheltenham Badlands Management Planning Background Information |page=4-5 |url=https://brucetrail.org/system/downloads/0000/0730/Badlands_Background_Document_-_updated_October_2012.pdf |access-date=2024-03-08 |archive-date=2021-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521090201/https://brucetrail.org/system/downloads/0000/0730/Badlands_Background_Document_-_updated_October_2012.pdf }}</ref> Once established, however, this type of erosion can continue rapidly, if land clearing, overgrazing, and increased foot traffic by humans persists, as the shale is highly susceptible to erosion.<ref>{{cite book |last=Guillet |first=J.R |date=1977 |title=Clay and Shale Deposits of Ontario, Ontario Geological Survey, Mineral Deposits Circular MDC15 |url=http://www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca/mndmfiles/pub/data/imaging/MDC015//MDC015.pdf}}</ref>

An example of badlands created by [mining](/source/mining) is the [Roman](/source/Ancient_Rome) gold mine of [Las Médulas](/source/Las_M%C3%A9dulas) in northern Spain.{{fact|date=March 2023}}

==Etymology==
The word ''badlands'' is a [calque](/source/calque) from the [Canadian French](/source/Canadian_French) phrase {{lang|fr-CA|les mauvaises terres}}, as the early French fur traders called the [White River](/source/White_River_(Missouri_River_tributary)) badlands {{lang|fr-CA|les mauvaises terres à traverser}} or 'bad lands to traverse', perhaps influenced by the [Lakota people](/source/Lakota_people) who moved there in the late 1700s and who referred to the terrain as {{lang|lkt|mako sica}}, meaning 'bad land' or 'eroded land'.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ethan |last=Shaw |title=How Did Badlands National Park Get Its Name? |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/did-badlands-national-park-its-name-13162.html |work=[USA Today](/source/USA_Today) |date=2018-03-18 |access-date=2019-08-01 }}</ref>

The term ''[malpaís](/source/Malpa%C3%ADs_(landform))'' means 'badlands' in [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language),<ref>{{cite web |title=Frequently asked questions |url=https://www.nps.gov/elma/faqs.htm |website=El Malpais National Monument |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref> but refers to a terrain of [lava flow](/source/lava_flow)s that is unlike the eroded badlands of the White River.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Jackson |editor1-first=Julia A. |title=Glossary of geology. |date=1997 |publisher=American Geological Institute |location=Alexandria, Virginia |isbn=0-922152-34-9 |edition=Fourth |chapter=Malpais}}</ref>

==Human impact==
Badlands are generally unsuitable for agriculture, but attempts have been made to remediate badlands. For example, [reforestation](/source/reforestation) is being attempted in the [Garbeta](/source/Garbeta) badlands of Eastern India.<ref name="India"/> [Revegetation](/source/Revegetation) and reforestation have been studied in the black [marl](/source/marl) badlands of the French [Alps](/source/Alps). [Austrian black pine](/source/Pinus_nigra) can become established and then be gradually replaced by native [deciduous](/source/deciduous) species. However, the time scale for this process is many decades.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gallart |first1=Francesc |last2=Marignani |first2=Michela |last3=Pérez-Gallego |first3=Nuria |last4=Santi |first4=Elisa |last5=Maccherini |first5=Simona |title=Thirty years of studies on badlands, from physical to vegetational approaches. A succinct review |journal=CATENA |date=July 2013 |volume=106 |pages=4–11 |doi=10.1016/j.catena.2012.02.008|bibcode=2013Caten.106....4G }}</ref>

==Locations==
[[File:Ischigualasto provincial park.jpg|thumb|[Valle de la Luna](/source/Valle_de_la_Luna_(Argentina)), [San Juan](/source/San_Juan_Province_(Argentina)), [Argentina](/source/Argentina)]]
Badlands are found on all the [continent](/source/continent)s except [Antarctica](/source/Antarctica). The presence of unconsolidated sediments is a strong control on their locations.<ref name="Turkey">{{cite journal |last1=Avcioglu |first1=Aydogan |last2=Gorum |first2=Tolga |last3=Akbas |first3=Abdullah |last4=Moreno de las Heras |first4=Mariano |last5=Yetemen |first5=Omer |title=The climatic, topographic and litho-tectonic characteristics of badlands in Turkey |journal=EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts |year=2021 |doi=10.5194/egusphere-egu21-7788 |bibcode=2021EGUGA..23.7788A|s2cid=236762970 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Argentina===
The [Valle de la Luna](/source/Valle_de_la_Luna_(Argentina)) ("Valley of the Moon") is one of many examples of badland formations in midwestern [Argentina](/source/Argentina).<ref name="whs">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/966|title=Ischigualasto / Talampaya Natural Parks|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>

===Canada===
[[File:Tyrrell Museum Badlands from the interpretive trail 8.jpg|thumb|[Drumheller](/source/Drumheller), [Alberta](/source/Alberta), Canada]]
The [Cheltenham Badlands](/source/Cheltenham_Badlands) are in [Caledon, Ontario](/source/Caledon%2C_Ontario), not far from Canada's largest city, [Toronto](/source/Toronto).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Kasanin-Grubin|first=Milica|date=2013-07-01|title=Clay mineralogy as a crucial factor in badland hillslope processes|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0341816212001737|journal=CATENA|series=Updating Badlands Research|language=en|volume=106|pages=54–67|doi=10.1016/j.catena.2012.08.008|bibcode=2013Caten.106...54K |issn=0341-8162|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The [Big Muddy Badlands](/source/Big_Muddy_Badlands) in [Saskatchewan](/source/Saskatchewan)<ref name="esask">{{cite encyclopedia
|url = http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/big_muddy_valley.html
|title = Big Muddy Valley
|last = Harel
|first = Claude-Jean
|encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan
|publisher = Great Plains Research Center
|year = 2006
|access-date = 2010-05-11
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090619095236/http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/big_muddy_valley.html
|archive-date = 2009-06-19
}}</ref> gained notoriety as a hideout for [outlaw](/source/outlaw)s.<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.virtualsk.com/current_issue/outlaw_rule.html
|title = Outlaw Rule
|last = Yanko
|first = Dave
|publisher = Virtual Saskatchewan
|access-date = 2010-05-11}}</ref>

There is a large badland area in [Alberta](/source/Alberta), particularly in the valley of the [Red Deer River](/source/Red_Deer_River), where [Dinosaur Provincial Park](/source/Dinosaur_Provincial_Park) is located, as well as in [Drumheller](/source/Drumheller), where the [Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology](/source/Royal_Tyrrell_Museum_of_Palaeontology) is located.<ref name="Currie2005">{{cite book |editor1-last=Currie |editor1-first=P.J. |editor2-last=Koppelhus |editor2-first=E.B. |title=Dinosaur Provincial Park: a spectacular ancient ecosystem revealed |date=2005 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |isbn=978-0-253-34595-0}}</ref>

===China===
{{See also|Zhangye National Geopark|Danxia landform}}
[[File:Linze, Zhangye, Gansu, China - panoramio (4).jpg|thumb|[Zhangye National Geopark](/source/Zhangye_National_Geopark), [Gansu](/source/Gansu), [China](/source/China)]] 
[Zhangye National Geopark](/source/Zhangye_National_Geopark) is a badlands area known for its colorful rock formations. It was voted by Chinese media outlets as one of the most beautiful landforms in China and became a [UNESCO Global Geopark](/source/UNESCO_Global_Geoparks) in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title = ZHANGYE UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK |url=https://en.unesco.org/global-geoparks/zhangye}}</ref>

===India===
[Garbeta](/source/Garbeta), Eastern India, is a badlands located in a monsoon  climate.<ref name=India>{{cite journal |last1=Saha |first1=Asish |last2=Pal |first2=Subodh Chandra |last3=Arabameri |first3=Alireza |last4=Chowdhuri |first4=Indrajit |last5=Rezaie |first5=Fatemeh |last6=Chakrabortty |first6=Rabin |last7=Roy |first7=Paramita |last8=Shit |first8=Manisa |title=Optimization modelling to establish false measures implemented with ex-situ plant species to control gully erosion in a monsoon-dominated region with novel in-situ measurements |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |date=June 2021 |volume=287 |article-number=112284 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112284|pmid=33711662 |s2cid=232217656 }}</ref> [Chambal](/source/Chambal_(region))<ref>{{Cite web |title=28/07/2020 |url=https://empowerias.com/blog/prelims-special-facts/ravines-of-chambal-gwalior-region-under-agriculture-empower-ias |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=Empower IAS}}</ref> spread across northern parts of [Madhya Pradesh](/source/Madhya_Pradesh), southeastern [Rajasthan](/source/Rajasthan) and southern parts of [Uttar Pradesh](/source/Uttar_Pradesh) known for its lawlessness and [dacoity](/source/dacoity) is another example of badlands. A small strip of badlands is also found in western [Uttar Pradesh](/source/Uttar_Pradesh) and [Haryana](/source/Haryana).

===Italy===
[[File:Calanchi1.jpg|thumb|The "Calanchi" of [Aliano](/source/Aliano), in the [Italian](/source/Italy) region of [Basilicata](/source/Basilicata)]] 
In [Italy](/source/Italy), badlands are called "calanchi". Some examples are [Aliano](/source/Aliano) ([Basilicata](/source/Basilicata)), [Crete Senesi](/source/Crete_Senesi) ([Tuscany](/source/Tuscany)) and [Civita di Bagnoregio](/source/Civita_di_Bagnoregio) ([Lazio](/source/Lazio)).

===New Zealand===
A well-known badlands formation in [New Zealand](/source/New_Zealand) – the [Pūtangirua Pinnacles](/source/P%C5%ABtangirua_Pinnacles), formed by the erosion of the [conglomerate](/source/conglomerate_(geology)) of an old [alluvial fan](/source/alluvial_fan) – is located at the head of a small valley near the southern tip of the [North Island](/source/North_Island).<ref name="DOC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/wairarapa/places/putangirua-pinnacles-scenic-reserve/|title=Putangirua Pinnacles Scenic Reserve|website=[Department of Conservation](/source/Department_of_Conservation_(New_Zealand))}}</ref><ref name="HM">Lloyd Homer and Phil Moore, ''Reading the Rocks: Aguide to the Geological Features of the Wairarapa Coast'', Landscape Publications limited, 1989</ref>

===Spain===
[[File:Bardenas Reales 10.jpg|alt=Badland landscape from the Bárdenas Reales, in Navarre, Spain.|thumb|[Bárdenas Reales](/source/Bardenas_Reales), [Navarre](/source/Navarre), [Spain](/source/Spain)]] 
The [Bardenas Reales](/source/Bardenas_Reales) near [Tudela, Navarre](/source/Tudela%2C_Navarre), the [Tabernas Desert](/source/Tabernas_Desert) in [Tabernas, Almería](/source/Tabernas%2C_Almer%C3%ADa), parts of the Granada Altiplano near [Guadix](/source/Guadix) and possibly [Los Monegros](/source/Los_Monegros) in [Aragon](/source/Aragon) are examples of [Spanish](/source/Spain) badlands.

===Turkey===
Turkey has extensive badlands,<ref name=Turkey/> including [Göreme National Park](/source/G%C3%B6reme_National_Park).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ertek |first1=T. Ahmet |title=The Geoheritage of Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia, Turkey |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues |date=12 March 2021 |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=333–348 |doi=10.1127/zfg_suppl/2021/0702|bibcode=2021ZGmS...62..333E |s2cid=233709481 }}</ref>

===United States===
[[Image:Toadstool Geologic Park.jpg|right|thumb|[Toadstool Geologic Park](/source/Toadstool_Geologic_Park), [Nebraska](/source/Nebraska), U.S.]]
In the U.S., [Makoshika State Park](/source/Makoshika_State_Park) in [Montana](/source/Montana) and [Badlands National Park](/source/Badlands_National_Park) in [South Dakota](/source/South_Dakota) are quite conspicuous examples of extensive badland formations; also located throughout this region are the three component sites of [Theodore Roosevelt National Park](/source/Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park), an assemblage of badlands in western [North Dakota](/source/North_Dakota) named after longtime part-time resident and former U.S. President [Theodore Roosevelt](/source/Theodore_Roosevelt). [Petrified Forest National Park](/source/Petrified_Forest_National_Park) in [Arizona](/source/Arizona) also encompasses numerous badlands. These areas have also come to serve as significant sources of paleontological and geological research samples.<ref>{{cite book | last = Ash | first = Sidney | year = 2005 | title = Petrified Forest: A Story in Stone | edition = 2nd rev. | publisher = Petrified Forest Museum Association | location = Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona | isbn = 978-0-945695-11-0 | ref = {{sfnRef|Ash}} }}</ref>

Another popular area of badland formations is [Toadstool Geologic Park](/source/Toadstool_Geologic_Park) in the [Oglala National Grassland](/source/Oglala_National_Grassland) located in northwestern [Nebraska](/source/Nebraska). [Dinosaur National Monument](/source/Dinosaur_National_Monument) in Colorado and Utah are also badlands settings, along with several other areas in southern Utah, such as the Chinle Badlands in [Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument](/source/Grand_Staircase%E2%80%93Escalante_National_Monument). A small badland called [Hell's Half-Acre](/source/Hell's_Half_Acre_(Wyoming)) is present in [Natrona County](/source/Natrona_County), [Wyoming](/source/Wyoming). Additional badlands also exist in various places throughout southwest Wyoming, such as near [Pinedale](/source/Pinedale%2C_Wyoming) and in the [Bridger Valley](/source/Bridger_Valley%2C_Wyoming) near the towns of [Lyman](/source/Lyman%2C_Wyoming) and [Mountain View](/source/Mountain_View%2C_Wyoming), near the high [Uintah Mountains](/source/Uintah_Mountains). [Pinnacles National Park](/source/Pinnacles_National_Park) in California also has areas of badlands, as does the [Mojave Desert](/source/Mojave_Desert) in [eastern California](/source/eastern_California).

==Culture and media==
Badlands have become a popular [trope](/source/Trope_(cinema)) inside various media, particularly [westerns](/source/westerns).<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/24757762.pdf|jstor=24757762|last1=Río|first1=David|title=Facing Old Age and Searching for Regeneration in a Dying American West: Gregory Martin's "Mountain City" / Afrontando la vejez y buscando la regeneración en un Oeste norteamericano moribundo: "Mountain City", de Gregory Martin|journal=Atlantis|year=2016|volume=38|issue=1|pages=149–164}}</ref>

== Image gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
Image:Badlands00503.JPG| [Badlands National Park](/source/Badlands_National_Park), [South Dakota](/source/South_Dakota), U.S.
Image:HellsHalfAcre.JPG|[Hell's Half-Acre](/source/Hell's_Half_Acre_(Wyoming)), [Wyoming](/source/Wyoming), U.S.
Image:Panorámica de Las Médulas.jpg|[Las Médulas](/source/Las_M%C3%A9dulas), [León](/source/Province_of_Le%C3%B3n), Spain
Image:Badlands at the Blue Gate, Utah.JPG|Badlands near the [Fremont River](/source/Fremont_River) in [Utah](/source/Utah), U.S.
Image:Vigdísarvallavegur, Iceland - panoramio.jpg|Vigdísarvallavegur, [Southern Peninsula](/source/Southern_Peninsula_(Iceland)), [Iceland](/source/Iceland)
</gallery>

==See also==
* [Earth forest](/source/Earth_forest) 
* [Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve](/source/Tsingy_de_Bemaraha_Strict_Nature_Reserve) 
* {{Annotated link|Calanque}}
* {{Annotated link|Death Valley}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Badlands}}
{{Wiktionary|badlands}}
* [https://www.nps.gov/badl/index.htm Badlands National Park (U.S. National Park Service)] 
* [https://sdpb.sd.gov/badlands/ The Badlands: Nature's Time Capsule] – Documentary about the badlands of South Dakota.
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Bad Lands|short=x}}

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Category:Badlands
Category:Sedimentology
Category:Geomorphology
Category:Erosion landforms

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Badlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badlands) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badlands?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.