# Bacotoma

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***Bacotoma*** is a [genus](/source/Genus) of [moths](/source/Moth) in the [subfamily](/source/Subfamily) [Spilomelinae](/source/Spilomelinae) of the [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) [Crambidae](/source/Crambidae). It currently comprises 11 species, with an [Oriental](/source/Indomalayan_realm) and [Australasian](/source/Australasian_realm) distribution ranging from [India](/source/India) and [Sri Lanka](/source/Sri_Lanka) over [China](/source/China) and [Southeast Asia](/source/Southeast_Asia) to [Australia](/source/Australia).[1][2]

## Description

The adults of *Bacotoma* have relatively narrow forewings and broad, almost triangular hindwings. Wing coloration is inconspicuous, with shades of brown and beige dominating. On the forewing, the antemedian and postmedian lines as well as the proximal and especially the distal discoidal stigma are distinct; on the hindwing, the postmedian line is prominent, and sometimes the discoidal stigma is well developed. Males have a long and slender abdomen with often prominent anal tufts and conspicuous patterns of black and white marks on the abdominal [tergites](/source/Tergite) 7 and 8, in some species also on tergite 6. The male genitalia are characterized by oval to lanceolate valvae with complex sclerotisations of the fibula and sacculus. The uncus exhibits two long, slender, apically tapering or somewhat inflated arms. The phallus or [aedeagus](/source/Aedeagus) is simple, sclerotized and contains a single needle-like cornutus. The female genitalia consist of a simple, sac-like corpus bursae with one or two small signa, a slender ductus bursae with granular texture and a small, sclerotized antrum. Characteristic for the genus are the pleural pockets of [sternum](/source/Sternum_(arthropod_anatomy)) 7, which are densely covered in short microtrichia. The pre-imaginal stages of *Bacotoma* have not been described.

## Diagnosis

Imagines of *Bacotoma* are superficially similar to those of *[Bradina](/source/Bradina)*, *[Herpetogramma](/source/Herpetogramma)* and *[Syngamia](/source/Syngamia)*, with which they share similar coloration and maculation. Identification of the adults and distinction from externally similar species is possible through genetical sequences, e.g. [DNA barcoding](/source/DNA_barcoding), or genitalia dissection. In the genitalia, the genus is characterized by a number of putatively [apomorphic](/source/Apomorphic) features: in the male genitalia, the strongly bifurcate juxta with slender arms, each apically ending in a small hook, and the broad, lobate transtilla arms protruding dorsad beyond the costal valva edge; in the female genitalia, the pleural membrane of [sternum](/source/Sternum_(arthropod_anatomy)) 7 exhibits deep pockets covered in microtrichia.

## Biology

Larvae of *[Bacotoma illatalis](/source/Bacotoma_illatalis)* and *[B. ampliatalis](/source/Bacotoma_ampliatalis)* have been reared from *[Celtis philippensis](/source/Celtis_philippensis)* ([Cannabaceae](/source/Cannabaceae)) and *[Strychnos](/source/Strychnos) minor* ([Loganiaceae](/source/Loganiaceae)) in [Papua New Guinea](/source/Papua_New_Guinea).[2]

## Species

- *[Bacotoma abjungalis](/source/Bacotoma_abjungalis)* (Walker, 1859)
- *[Bacotoma ampliatalis](/source/Bacotoma_ampliatalis)* (Lederer, 1863)
- *[Bacotoma binotalis](/source/Bacotoma_binotalis)* (Warren, 1896)
- *[Bacotoma camillusalis](/source/Bacotoma_camillusalis)* (Walker, 1859)
- *[Bacotoma cuprealis](/source/Bacotoma_cuprealis)* (Moore, 1877)
- *[Bacotoma hainanensis](/source/Bacotoma_hainanensis)* Yang, Ullah, Landry, Miller, Rosati & Zhang, 2019
- *[Bacotoma illatalis](/source/Bacotoma_illatalis)* (Walker, 1866)
- *[Bacotoma oggalis](/source/Bacotoma_oggalis)* (Swinhoe, 1906)
- *[Bacotoma poecilura](/source/Bacotoma_poecilura)* (E. Hering, 1903)
- *[Bacotoma ptochura](/source/Bacotoma_ptochura)* (Meyrick, 1894)
- *[Bacotoma violata](/source/Bacotoma_violata)* (Fabricius, 1787)

## References

1. ["GlobIZ search"](http://globiz.pyraloidea.org/Pages/Reports/TaxonReport.aspx). *Global Information System on Pyraloidea*. Retrieved 2019-02-16.

1. Yang, Z., M. Ullah, J.-F. Landry, S.E. Miller, M.E. Rosati & Y. Zhang (2019). ["Reassessment of the moth genus *Bacotoma*, with a new species from Hainan Island (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae)".](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Zhaofu_Yang/publication/330862078_Reassessment_of_the_moth_genus_Bacotoma_with_a_new_species_from_Hainan_Island_Lepidoptera_Crambidae_Spilomelinae/links/5c62d1e245851582c3e2ac1f/Reassessment-of-the-moth-genus-Bacotoma-with-a-new-species-from-Hainan-Island-Lepidoptera-Crambidae-Spilomelinae.pdf) *Insect Systematics & Evolution*: 1–24.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Bacotoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacotoma) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacotoma?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.