# Azure Dynamics

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Azure Dynamics Corporation Type Public Traded as OTC Pink: AZDDQ Industry Hybrid electric vehicle, electric vehicle, electric truck Predecessor Solectria Corporation Defunct December 2012 Area served Worldwide Key people Scott T. Harrison, D. Campbell Deacon Products Balance Hybrid Transit Connect Electric LEEP, Freeze, Lift Force Drive Electric Total assets C$ 58.4 million (2009)

**Azure Dynamics Corporation** was incorporated under the laws of Alberta, Canada,[1] having been spun out of [BC Research Inc](/source/BC_Research_Inc). Azure was headquartered in [Oak Park, Michigan](/source/Oak_Park%2C_Michigan), a suburb of [Detroit](/source/Detroit). The company's principal business was in the development and integration of its proprietary electric and hybrid electric drive technology, primarily for the light and heavy duty commercial vehicle categories. Azure filed for bankruptcy protection in 2012.

## Corporate history

[Solectria Corporation](/source/Solectria_Corporation) was one of the pioneering American companies developing commercial electric vehicles since its founding in 1989, based in [Woburn, Massachusetts](/source/Woburn%2C_Massachusetts). On December 17, 2004, it was announced that Solectria and Azure Dynamics were merging.[2] Azure Dynamics Corporation acquired all assets of Solectria in 2005. Solectria is credited for the original development of the ForceDrive Electric drive train, the [Solectria Force](/source/Solectria_Force),[3] the [Solectria E10](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solectria_E10&action=edit&redlink=1), and the [Solectria Sunrise](/source/Solectria_Sunrise). The [Solectria Sunrise](/source/Solectria_Sunrise) set an all-electric vehicle record by traveling 375 miles on a single charge during the 1996 NESEA American Tour de Sol.[4]

Due to financial difficulties, Azure filed for bankruptcy protection in the [Supreme Court of British Columbia](/source/Supreme_Court_of_British_Columbia) in March 2012, and production of the [Transit Connect Electric](/source/Transit_Connect_Electric) van and Balance hybrid was stopped.[5][6] As of December 2012, operating status of this company is now closed.[7]

## Products

### Transit Connect Electric

Main article: [Azure Dynamics/Ford Transit Connect Electric](/source/Azure_Dynamics%2FFord_Transit_Connect_Electric)

The Transit Connect Electric is an [all-electric](/source/Electric_vehicle) [van](/source/Van) developed as a collaboration between Azure Dynamics and [Ford Motor Company](/source/Ford_Motor_Company), but Azure is the official manufacturer of record.[8] Production began in December 2010, and will reach full capacity in April 2011 to produce between 600 and 700 units a year.[9][10]

The [Azure Dynamics/Ford Transit Connect Electric](/source/Azure_Dynamics%2FFord_Transit_Connect_Electric) has a range of 56 mi (90 km).[11]

The Transit Connect Electric is produced using a [vehicle glider](/source/Vehicle_glider) at a [Ford Motor Company](/source/Ford_Motor_Company) facility in [Kocaeli, Turkey](/source/Kocaeli%2C_Turkey) and then shipped to Azure Dynamics U.S. upfitter, [AM General](/source/AM_General) in [Livonia, Michigan](/source/Livonia%2C_Michigan), where the Force Drive electric drive train and other components are added to the vehicle. Azure Dynamics has partnered with [Johnson Controls](/source/Johnson_Controls)-Saft to produce the [lithium-ion battery](/source/Lithium-ion_battery) pack used in the Transit Connect Electric.[9] The vehicle is badged with both the Ford Blue Oval and Azure's Force Drive logos, with Azure Dynamics being the manufacturer of record.[8][12]

According to Ford and Azure, the Transit Connect Electric has an [all-electric range](/source/All-electric_range) of up to 80 mi (130 km),[9][10] but the official [US Environmental Protection Agency](/source/US_Environmental_Protection_Agency) range is 56 mi (90 km).[11] The electric van has a speed up to 75 mph (121 km/h).[9][10][13]

The rated the combined city/highway [fuel economy](/source/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles) at 62 [miles per gallon gasoline equivalent](/source/Miles_per_gallon_gasoline_equivalent) (3.8 L/100 km) based on the five-cycle tests using varying driving conditions and climate controls, with the same 62 mpg-e rating for both city and highway. The energy consumption for combined city/highway was rated at 54 [kW·h](/source/Kilowatt-hour)/100 mi.[11]

### Balance Hybrid Electric

The Azure Dynamics Balance Hybrid Electric vehicle is built on the Ford E-450 commercial stripped or cutaway chassis. The vehicle is modified with the Azure Force Drive Electric drivetrain technology, along with the Johnson Controls-Saft lithium-ion battery, by Utilimaster and then sent to one of Azure's bus body manufactures such as Collins Bus, Champion Bus, ElDorado National, [Goshen Coach](/source/Goshen_Coach), StarTrans and TurtleTop where it is built as a shuttle bus, Class A school bus, delivery truck, etc. Azure Dynamics owns approximately 60% market share of the medium duty commercial hybrid truck market[14]

### Force Drive Electric

The Force Drive Electric is a proprietary electric drive train component developed by Azure Dynamics. This drive system is based upon the product originally developed by [Solectria Corporation](/source/Solectria_Corporation), which was acquired by Azure Dynamics in 2005.[15] The Force Drive drive train is integrated into the Ford Transit Connect Electric, Ford E-Series Balance Hybrid, as well has a number of other passenger and medium and heavy duty trucks. The Force Drive was used in the Wave II electric vehicle developed by Li-Ion Motors, the $2.5 million prize winner in the "Alternative Side by Side Class" category of the 2010 Progressive X-Prize competition.[16][17]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** [Annual Report | 2009](https://web.archive.org/web/20100911013053/http://www.azuredynamics.com/corporate/investor-relations/documents/AZD_AnnualReport2009.pdf) (PDF) (Report). Azure Dynamics. Archived from the original on September 11, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Solectria Corporation: News: Press Release"](https://web.archive.org/web/20050405181714/http://www.solectria.com/news/17Dec04.html). 2005-04-05. Archived from [the original](http://www.solectria.com/news/17Dec04.html) on 2005-04-05. Retrieved 2021-05-13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [\[1\]](http://www.evdl.org/docs/force1994.pdf) The Solectria Force at a Glance

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** [\[2\]](https://archive.today/20070815003501/http://www.megawattmotorworks.com/display.asp?dismode=article&artid=305) Solectria Sunrise Sets New EV Range Record - 375 Miles

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Sebastian Blanco (2012-03-28). ["Azure halts Ford Transit Connect Electric production, Ford still confident in EV program"](http://green.autoblog.com/2012/03/28/azure-halts-ford-transit-connect-electric-production-ford-still/). [Autoblog Green](/source/Autoblog_Green). Retrieved 2012-03-28.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Danny King (2012-03-28). ["Azure Dynamics files for protection, cancels share offering"](http://green.autoblog.com/2012/03/28/azure-dynamics-files-for-protection-cancels-share-offering/). Autoblog Green. Retrieved 2012-03-28.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Corporation, Azure Dynamics. ["Azure Dynamics Announces Closing of Equity Investment by Johnson Controls"](https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/azure-dynamics-announces-closing-of-equity-investment-by-johnson-controls-96672569.html). *www.prnewswire.com* (Press release). Retrieved 2022-08-23.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-WSJ0910_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-WSJ0910_8-1) Matthew Dolan (2010-09-24). ["Ford Works with Manufacturer for New Electric Van"](https://blogs.wsj.com/drivers-seat/2010/09/24/ford-switches-role-with-new-electric-van/?blog_id=146&post_id=3782). *[The Wall Street Journal](/source/The_Wall_Street_Journal)*. Retrieved 2011-11-01.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-NYT1207_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-NYT1207_9-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-NYT1207_9-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-NYT1207_9-3) Nick Bunkley (2010-12-07). ["Ford Starts to Ship an Electric Delivery Van"](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/08/business/08electric.html?_r=1&hpw). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. Retrieved 2010-12-10.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Fordmedia1207_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Fordmedia1207_10-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Fordmedia1207_10-2) ["Ford and Azure Dynamics Mark Production and Delivery of First Transit Connect Electrics"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101210041409/http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=33675). [Ford Motor Company](/source/Ford_Motor_Company) Press Release. 2010-12-07. Archived from [the original](http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=33675) on 2010-12-10. Retrieved 2010-12-10.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-EPAratings_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-EPAratings_11-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-EPAratings_11-2) EPA. ["2011–12 Electric Vehicles: Trucks"](https://fueleconomy.gov/feg/evsbs.shtml). [US Environmental Protection Agency](/source/US_Environmental_Protection_Agency). Retrieved 2011-11-01.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** [\[3\]](http://green.autoblog.com/2010/05/03/ford-azure-dynamics-will-expand-transit-connect-electric-to-eur/) Ford, Azure Dynamics will expand Transit Connect Electric to Europe in 2011

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** [\[4\]](http://jalopnik.com/5147717/2010-ford-transit-connect-officially-first-ford-electric-vehicle) 2010 Ford Transit Connect Officially First Ford Electric Vehicle

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** [\[5\]](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707202527/http://www.azuredynamics.com/investors/documents/AZD_InvestorFactSheet_winter2011.pdf) AZD Investor Fact Sheet - Winter 2001

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** [\[6\]](https://web.archive.org/web/20121105041417/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-128075739.html) Article: Azure Dynamics Completes Acquisition of Solectria

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** [\[7\]](https://web.archive.org/web/20101212072928/http://azuredynamics.com/investors/documents/PR_Sept16_2010.pdf) Azure Dynamics ForceDriveTM Technology Powers Li-Ion Motors’ Wave II to Prestigious 2010 X PRIZE Victory

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** [\[8\]](http://www.progressiveautoxprize.org/teams/li-ionmotors) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20101216082931/http://www.progressiveautoxprize.org/teams/li-ionmotors) 2010-12-16 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) $2.5 million winner in the Alternative Side by Side Class category

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v t e Azure Dynamics Predecessors BC Research Inc Solectria Corporation Vehicles Azure Transit Connect Electric Solectria Force Solectria Sunrise

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Azure Dynamics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azure_Dynamics) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azure_Dynamics?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.