# Azilian

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Azilian
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Azilian.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azilian
> Source revision: 1338976736
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Mesolithic industry of the Franco-Cantabrian region

Azilian Geographical range Western Europe Period Epipaleolithic or Mesolithic Dates 12,500–10,000 BP[1] Type site Le Mas-d'Azil Preceded by Magdalenian Followed by Maglemosian culture, Sauveterrian

The Mesolithic ↑ Upper Paleolithic Europe Fosna–Hensbacka Komsa Maglemosian Iron Gates Kunda Narva Komornica Swiderian Tardenoisian Schela Cladovei Mesolithic Southeastern Europe Epipalaeolithic Near East Levantine corridor Kebaran Mushabian Natufian Caucasus Trialetian Mesolithic Zagros Zarzian ↓ Neolithic v t e

The **Azilian** is a [Mesolithic](/source/Mesolithic) [industry](/source/Archaeological_industry) of the [Franco-Cantabrian region](/source/Franco-Cantabrian_region) of northern [Spain](/source/Spain) and [Southern France](/source/Southern_France). It dates approximately 10,000–12,500 years ago.[1] Diagnostic [artifacts](/source/Cultural_artifact) from the culture include projectile points (microliths with rounded retouched backs), crude flat bone [harpoons](/source/Harpoon) and pebbles with abstract decoration. The latter were first found in the River [Arize](/source/Arize) at the type-site for the culture, the *[Grotte du Mas d'Azil](/source/Mas_d'Azil_cave)* at [Le Mas-d'Azil](/source/Le_Mas-d'Azil) in the French [Pyrenees](/source/Pyrenees) (illustrated, now with a modern road running through it). These are the main type of Azilian art, showing a great reduction in scale and complexity from the [Magdalenian](/source/Magdalenian) [Art of the Upper Palaeolithic](/source/Art_of_the_Upper_Palaeolithic).[2][3]

The industry can be classified as part of the [Epipaleolithic](/source/Epipaleolithic) or the [Mesolithic](/source/Mesolithic) periods, or of both.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Archaeologists think the Azilian represents the tail end of the Magdalenian as the warming climate brought about changes in human behaviour in the area. The effects of melting ice sheets would have diminished the food supply and probably impoverished the previously well-fed Magdalenian manufacturers, or at least those who had not followed the herds of horse and [reindeer](/source/Reindeer) out of the [glacial refugium](/source/Glacial_refugium) to new territory. As a result, Azilian tools and art were cruder and less expansive than their [Ice Age](/source/Last_Glacial_Period) predecessors - or simply different.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

People associated with the Azilian are genetically different from the preceding Magdalenian peoples, instead being related to peoples from who produced the [Epigravettian](/source/Epigravettian) culture as part of the [Villabruna/Western Hunter Gatherer](/source/Western_hunter-gatherer) ancestry cluster,[4] though with some ancestry from the preceding Magdalenian peoples.[5]

## Terminology

[The Thaïs Bone](/source/The_Tha%C3%AFs_Bone), c. 12,000 BP.[6]

The Azilian was named by [Édouard Piette](/source/%C3%89douard_Piette), who excavated the Mas d'Azil type-site in 1887. Unlike other coinages by Piette, the name was generally accepted, indeed in the early 20th century used for much greater areas than it is today. [Henry Fairfield Osborn](/source/Henry_Fairfield_Osborn), president of the [American Museum of Natural History](/source/American_Museum_of_Natural_History) and a palaeontologist rather than an archaeologist, was taken around the sites by leading excavators such as [Hugo Obermaier](/source/Hugo_Obermaier). The popularizing book he published in 1916,

*Men of the Old Stone Age* talks happily of Azilian sites as far north as [Oban](/source/Oban) in Scotland, wherever flattened barbed "harpoon" points of deer antler are found.[7][8][9]

Subsequently, Azilian types of artefact have been defined more precisely, and similar examples from beyond the Franco-Cantabrian region generally excluded and reassigned, although references to "Azilian" finds much further north than the Franco-Cantabrian region still appear in non-specialized sources. Terms like "Azilian-like" and even "epi-Azilian" may be used to describe such finds.[10]

## Characteristics

The Azilian in [Vasco-Cantabria](/source/Vasco-Cantabria) occupied a similar region to the [Magdalenian](/source/Magdalenian), and in very many cases the same sites; typically the Azilian remains are fewer, and rather simpler, than those from the Magdalenian occupation beneath, indicative of a smaller group of people.[11] As the glaciers retreated, sites increasingly reach into the slopes of the [Cantabrian Mountains](/source/Cantabrian_Mountains) as high as 1,000 metres above sea level, though presumably the higher ones were only occupied in the summers.[8] The grand cavern at Mas d'Azil is not entirely typical of Azilian sites, many of which are shallow shelters at the bottom of a rock face.

### Azilian pebbles

Azilian painted pebbles from the cave of Le Mas d'Azil.

Painted, and sometimes [engraved](/source/Engraving) pebbles (or "cobbles") are a feature of core Azilian sites; some 37 sites have produced them. The decoration is simple patterns of dots, zig-zags, and stripes, with some crosses or hatching, normally just on one side of the pebble, which is usually thin and flattish, and some 4 to 10 cm across. Large numbers may be found at a site. The colours are usually red from [iron oxide](/source/Iron_oxide), or sometimes black; the paint was often mixed in [*Pecten*](/source/Pecten_(bivalve)) saltwater [scallop](/source/Scallop) shells, even at Mas d'Azil, which is far from the sea. Attempts to find a meaning for their [iconography](/source/Iconography) have not got very far, although "the repeated combinations of motifs does seem to some extent to be ordered, which may suggest a simple syntax". Such attempts began with Piette, who believed the pebbles carried a primitive writing system.[12][13]

## Neighbours

The Azilian culture coexisted with similar early Mesolithic European cultures, such as the [Federmesser](/source/Federmesser_culture) in northern Europe, the Tjongerian in the [Low Countries](/source/Low_Countries), the Romanellian culture of [Italy](/source/Italy), the [Creswellian](/source/Creswellian) in Britain and the Clisurian in [Romania](/source/Romania) (in a process called azilianization).

In its late phase, it experienced strong influences from the neighbouring [Tardenoisian](/source/Tardenoisian), reflected in the presence of many geometrical [microliths](/source/Microlith). The Azilian culture persisted until the arrival of the [Neolithic](/source/Neolithic_Europe) Era.[14][15][16] The [Asturian culture](/source/Asturian_culture) in the area to the west along the coast was also similar, but added a distinctive form of pick-axe to its toolkit.

## Gallery

		- Harpoon – Mas d'Azil – [Museum de Toulouse](/source/Museum_de_Toulouse)

		- Azilian point - Tourasse Cave – [Museum de Toulouse](/source/Museum_de_Toulouse)

		- Painted pebble – Mas d'Azil – [Museum de Toulouse](/source/Museum_de_Toulouse)

## In Southern Iberia

A culture very similar to the Azilian spread as well into Mediterranean Spain and southern Portugal. Because it lacked [bone industry](/source/Bone_industry) it is named distinctively as *Iberian microlaminar microlithism*. It was replaced by the so-called *geometrical microlithism* related to Sauveterrian culture.

## Genetics

In a genetic study published in 2014, the remains of an Azilian male from the [Grotte du Bichon](/source/Grotte_du_Bichon) were examined. He was found to be carrying the paternal [haplogroup I2](/source/Haplogroup_I-M438) and the maternal haplogroup [U5b1h](/source/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U5).[17]

Villalba-Mouco *et al* examined the remains of two males of the Azilian culture buried at the Late [Upper Paleolithic](/source/Upper_Paleolithic) site of Balma de Guilanyà, [Catalonia](/source/Catalonia), Spain c. 11,380-9,990 BC.[5] They were found to be carrying the paternal haplogroups [I](/source/Haplogroup_I-M170) and [C1a1a](/source/Haplogroup_C-M8), and the maternal haplogroups [U5b2a](/source/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U5) and [U2'3'4'7'8'9](/source/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#U2'3'4'7'8'9). They consisted of a mixture of ancestry between people from the preceding [Magdalenian](/source/Magdalenian) culture, as well as [Villabruna/Western Hunter-Gatherer](/source/Western_hunter-gatherer) cluster, which shares affinities to people from the Middle East and Caucasus.[5]

## See also

- [Art of the Upper Palaeolithic](/source/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic)

- [Federmesser](/source/Federmesser)

- [Prehistoric Art](/source/Prehistoric_art)

- [Prehistoric Europe](/source/Prehistoric_Europe)

- [Prehistoric France](/source/Prehistoric_France)

- [Prehistoric Iberia](/source/Prehistoric_Iberia)

- [Sauveterrian](/source/Sauveterrian)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Barbaza2011_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Barbaza2011_1-1) Barbaza, Michel (2011). ["Environmental changes and cultural dynamics along the northern slope of the Pyrenees during the Younger Dryas"](https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01995332/file/Younger%20Dryas%20Quatint%20.pdf) (PDF). *Quaternary International*. **242** (2): 313–327. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2011QuInt.242..313B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011QuInt.242..313B). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.quaint.2011.03.012](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2011.03.012).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsborn1915[httpswwwgutenbergorgfiles4382043820-h43820-hhtmPage_460_460]_Piette's_excavation_described,_[httpswwwgutenbergorgfiles4382043820-h43820-hhtmPage_464_464],_pebbles_2-0)** [Osborn 1915](#CITEREFOsborn1915), pp. [460](https://www.gutenberg.org/files/43820/43820-h/43820-h.htm#Page_460) Piette's excavation described, [464](https://www.gutenberg.org/files/43820/43820-h/43820-h.htm#Page_464), pebbles.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-tard_3-0)** ["Mesolithic Culture of Europe"](http://eacharya.inflibnet.ac.in/data-server/eacharya-documents/5717528c8ae36ce69422587d_INFIEP_304/122/ET/304-122-ET-V1-S1__file1.pdf) (PDF). e-Acharya INFLIBNET. Retrieved January 22, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Refoyo-Martínez, Alba; Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Fischer, Anders; Barrie, William; Ingason, Andrés; Stenderup, Jesper; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Pearson, Alice; Sousa da Mota, Bárbara; Schulz Paulsson, Bettina; Halgren, Alma; Macleod, Ruairidh; Jørkov, Marie Louise Schjellerup (2024-01-11). ["Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia"](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06865-0). *Nature*. **625** (7994): 301–311. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-023-06865-0). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0028-0836](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [10781627](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10781627). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [38200295](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38200295).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVillalba-Moucovan_de_LoosdrechtPosthMora2019_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVillalba-Moucovan_de_LoosdrechtPosthMora2019_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVillalba-Moucovan_de_LoosdrechtPosthMora2019_5-2) [Villalba-Mouco et al. 2019](#CITEREFVillalba-Moucovan_de_LoosdrechtPosthMora2019).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["The Thaïs Bone, France"](https://www3.astronomicalheritage.net/index.php/show-entity?identity=83&idsubentity=1). *UNESCO Portal to the Heritage of Astronomy*. The engraving on the Thaïs bone is a non-decorative notational system of considerable complexity. The cumulative nature of the markings together with their numerical arrangement and various other characteristics strongly suggest that the notational sequence on the main face represents a non-arithmetical record of day-by-day lunar and solar observations undertaken over a time period of as much as 3½ years. The markings appear to record the changing appearance of the moon, and in particular its crescent phases and times of invisibility, and the shape of the overall pattern suggests that the sequence was kept in step with the seasons by observations of the solstices. The latter implies that people in the Azilian period were not only aware of the changing appearance of the moon but also of the changing position of the sun, and capable of synchronizing the two. The markings on the Thaïs bone represent the most complex and elaborate time-factored sequence currently known within the corpus of Palaeolithic mobile art. The artefact demonstrates the existence, within Upper Palaeolithic (Azilian) cultures c. 12,000 years ago, of a system of time reckoning based upon observations of the phase cycle of the moon, with the inclusion of a seasonal time factor provided by observations of the solar solstices.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Osborn, Obermaier and others thanked in the Preface ix-x, Piette's excavation described 460, Scottish "stations" 475

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraus2008312_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraus2008312_8-1) [Straus 2008](#CITEREFStraus2008), p. 312.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Oban is also given as an Azilian site in *Prehistory: A Study of Early Cultures in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin* by [M. C. Burkitt](/source/M._C._Burkitt), [p. 115-116](https://books.google.com/books?id=gDBgtiFNLSoC&pg=PA115), originally 1921, reissued by Cambridge University Press in 2012, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1107696844](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1107696844), 9781107696846; [Map from a 1932 book showing British "Azilian" sites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_principal_Mesolithic_sites_in_Britain._Wellcome_M0016326.jpg)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJameson199997_10-0)** [Jameson 1999](#CITEREFJameson1999), p. 97.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraus2008312–313_11-0)** [Straus 2008](#CITEREFStraus2008), pp. 312–313.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJameson199997–98,_98_quoted_12-0)** [Jameson 1999](#CITEREFJameson1999), pp. 97–98, 98 quoted.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsborn1915[httpswwwgutenbergorgfiles4382043820-h43820-hhtmPage_463_463–464]_13-0)** [Osborn 1915](#CITEREFOsborn1915), pp. [463–464](https://www.gutenberg.org/files/43820/43820-h/43820-h.htm#Page_463).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** A. Moure, *El origen del hombre*, 1999. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [84-7679-127-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7679-127-5)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** F. Jordá Cerdá et al., *Historia de España 1: Prehistoria*, 1989. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [84-249-1015-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-249-1015-X)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** X. Peñalver, *Euskal Herria en la Prehistoria*, 1996. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-84-89077-58-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-89077-58-4)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFu2016_17-0)** [Fu 2016](#CITEREFFu2016).

### Sources

- Fu, Qiaomei (May 2, 2016). ["The genetic history of Ice Age Europe"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4943878). *[Nature](/source/Nature_(journal))*. **534** (7606). [Nature Research](/source/Nature_Research): 200–205. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2016Natur.534..200F](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.534..200F). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/nature17993](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature17993). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[10211.3/198594](https://hdl.handle.net/10211.3%2F198594). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [4943878](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4943878). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [27135931](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27135931).

- Jameson, Robert (1999). ["Azilian" and "Azilian pebbles"](https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofarch0000unse_y5w9/page/96/mode/2up). In [Shaw, Ian](/source/Ian_Shaw_(Egyptologist)); Jameson, Robert (eds.). *A Dictionary of Archaeology*. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-470-75344-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-75344-6). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [212123771](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/212123771) – via Internet Archive.

- [Osborn, Henry Fairfield](/source/Henry_Fairfield_Osborn) (1915). ["Men of the Old Stone Age: Their Environment, Life and Art"](https://www.gutenberg.org/files/43820/43820-h/43820-h.htm). New York: C. Scribner's Sons. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [271179658](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/271179658), [980865711](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/980865711) – via Project Guttenberg.

- Straus, Lawrence Guy (2008). "The Mesolithic of Atlantic Iberia". In Bailey, G. N.; Spikins, Penny (eds.). *Mesolithic Europe*. New York: Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-521-85503-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85503-7). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [85162222](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/85162222).

- Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; van de Loosdrecht, Marieke S.; Posth, Cosimo; Mora, Rafael; Martínez-Moreno, Jorge; Rojo-Guerra, Manuel; Salazar-García, Domingo C.; Royo-Guillén, José I.; Kunst, Michael; Rougier, Hélène; Crevecoeur, Isabelle; Arcusa-Magallón, Héctor; Tejedor-Rodríguez, Cristina; García-Martínez de Lagrán, Iñigo; Garrido-Pena, Rafael; Alt, Kurt W.; Jeong, Choongwon; Schiffels, Stephan; Utrilla, Pilar; Krause, Johannes; Haak, Wolfgang (2019). ["Survival of Late Pleistocene Hunter-Gatherer Ancestry in the Iberian Peninsula"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.02.006). *Current Biology*. **29** (7). Elsevier BV: 1169–1177.e7. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2019CBio...29E1169V](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019CBio...29E1169V). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.006](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.02.006). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[10261/208851](https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F208851). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0960-9822](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [30880015](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30880015).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Azilian](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Azilian).

v t e Prehistoric technology Prehistory Timeline Outline Stone Age Subdivisions New Stone Age Technology history Glossary Tools Farming Neolithic Revolution Founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle Terracing Food processing (Paleolithic diet) Fire Basket Cooking Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem Cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern-stone Storage pits Hunting Arrow Boomerang throwing stick Bow and arrow history Nets Spear spear-thrower baton harpoon Schöningen woomera Projectile points Arrowhead Transverse Bare Island Cascade Clovis Cresswell Cumberland Eden Folsom Lamoka Manis Mastodon Plano Systems Game drive system Buffalo jump Toolmaking Earliest toolmaking Oldowan Acheulean Mousterian Aurignacian Clovis culture Cupstone Fire hardening Gravettian culture Hafting Hand axe Grooves Langdale axe industry Levallois technique Lithic core Lithic reduction analysis debitage flake Lithic technology Magdalenian culture Metallurgy Microblade technology Mining Prepared-core technique Solutrean industry Striking platform Tool stone Uniface Yubetsu technique Other tools Adze Awl bone Axe Bannerstone Blade prismatic Bone tool Bow drill Burin Canoe Oar Pesse canoe Chopper tool Cleaver Denticulate tool Fire plough Fire-saw Hammerstone Knife Microlith Quern-stone Racloir Rope Scraper side Stone tool Tally stick Weapons Wheel illustration Architecture Ceremonial Kiva Pyramid Standing stones megalith row Stonehenge Dwellings Neolithic architecture long house British megalith architecture Nordic megalith architecture Burdei Cave Cliff dwelling Dugout Hut Quiggly hole Jacal Longhouse Mudbrick Mehrgarh Pit-house Pueblitos Pueblo Rock shelter Blombos Cave Abri de la Madeleine Sibudu Cave Roundhouse Stilt house Alp pile dwellings Stone roof Wattle and daub Water management Check dam Cistern Flush toilet Reservoir Well Other architecture Archaeological features Broch Burnt mound fulacht fiadh Causewayed enclosure Tor enclosure Circular enclosure Goseck Cursus Henge Thornborough Megalithic architectural elements Midden Oldest extant buildings Timber circle Timber trackway Sweet Track Arts and culture Material goods Baskets Beadwork Beds Chalcolithic Clothing/textiles timeline Cosmetics Glue Hides shoes Ötzi Jewelry amber use Mirrors Pottery Cardium Cord-marked Grooved ware Jōmon Linear Unstan ware Sewing needle Weaving Wine winery wine press Prehistoric art Art of the Upper Paleolithic Art of the Middle Paleolithic Blombos Cave List of Stone Age art Bird stone Cairn Carved stone balls Cave paintings Cup and ring mark Geoglyph Hill figure Golden hats Guardian stones Gwion Gwion rock paintings painting pigment Megalithic art Petroform Petroglyph Petrosomatoglyph Pictogram Rock art Rock cupule Stone carving Sculpture Statue menhir Stone circle list British Isles and Brittany Venus figurine Prehistoric music Evolutionary musicology music archaeology Alligator drum Paleolithic flute Divje Babe flute Gudi Prehistoric religion Evolutionary origin of religion Paleolithic religion Spiritual drug use Burial Burial mounds Bowl barrow Round barrow Mound Builders culture U.S. sites Chamber tomb Cotswold-Severn Cist Dartmoor kistvaens Clava cairn Court cairn Cremation Dolmen Great dolmen Funeral pyre Gallery grave transepted wedge-shaped Grave goods Jar burial Kuyavian long barrows Long barrow unchambered Grønsalen Megalithic tomb Mummy Passage grave Rectangular dolmen Ring cairn Simple dolmen Stone box grave Tor cairn Unchambered long cairn Other cultural Archaeoastronomy sites lunar calendar Behavioral modernity Origin of language Prehistoric counting Prehistoric medicine trepanning Prehistoric warfare Symbols symbolism

Authority control databases Historical Dictionary of Switzerland

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Azilian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azilian) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azilian?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.