# Azd > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Azd > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Azd.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azd > Source revision: 1347467016 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Tribe of Sabaean Arabs For other uses, see [AZD](/source/AZD_(disambiguation)). Al-Azd ٱلْأَزْد Qahtanite Arab Tribe Banner of the Azd from the Battle of Siffin Ethnicity Arab Nisba Al-Azdī (ٱلْأَزْدي) Location South Arabia, Arabian Peninsula, Saudi Arabia and the Middle East Religion Paganism, Christianity,[1] later Islam The **Azd** ([Arabic](/source/Arabic_language): أَزْد), or **Al-Azd** ([Arabic](/source/Arabic_language): ٱلْأَزْد), is an ancient [Arabian tribe](/source/Tribes_of_Arabia) originating from Northern Arabia.[2] The lands of Azd occupied an area west of [Bisha](/source/Bisha) and [Al Bahah](/source/Al_Bahah) in what is today [Saudi Arabia](/source/Saudi_Arabia). ## Land of Azd ### Pre-Islamic Arabia Traces of a [pre-Islamic](/source/Pre-Islamic_Arabia) building built during the [Basus War](/source/Basus_War), Wadi Khaytan, [Al Bahah](/source/Al_Bahah) ([4](/source/4th_century)-[5th](/source/5th_century) centuries) [Pre-Islamic](/source/Pre-Islamic_Arabia) inscriptions, specifically [Sabaic](/source/Sabaic) inscriptions from **[Sha'r Awtar's](/source/Sha'r_Awtar)** reign ([210](/source/210)-[230](/source/230) CE), indicate that the land of Azd extended west of [Bīsha](/source/Bisha), in the south-western heights of [Saudi Arabia](/source/Saudi_Arabia), stretching between the regions of [al-Bāḥa](/source/Al_Bahah) and [ʿAsīr](/source/'Asir_Province).[3] ### Eve of Islam Qasr Bin Rugoosh of [Zahran](/source/Zahran_tribe), [Al-Bahah](/source/Al_Bahah) Al-Azd's land during the eve of [Islam](/source/Islam) was comparable to that of the contemporary Azd Sarāt, stretching from [Bīsha](/source/Bisha) to the [Tihāma shores](/source/Tihamah), the southern limit being approximately [al-Nimāṣ](/source/Al-Namas) and the northern one the modern town of [al-Bāḥa](/source/Al_Bahah).[4] In ancient times, Al Azd inhabited modern day provinces of ['Asir Province](/source/'Asir_Province) and [Al-Bahah Province](/source/Al-Bahah_Province) in modern-day [Saudi Arabia](/source/Saudi_Arabia), bordering [Sabaeans](/source/Sabaeans) in modern-day [Yemen](/source/Yemen). the Azd tribe have always inhabited the [Sarawat Mountains](/source/Sarawat_Mountains) in [Hejaz](/source/Hejaz); [Azd Shanū’ah](/source/Azd_Shanua) ([Zahran](/source/Zahran_tribe) & [Ghamid](/source/Ghamd_(tribe)))[5] [Bariq](/source/Bariq) inhabited [Tihamah](/source/Tihamah); and Azd Mazin ([Al Ansar](/source/Ansar_(Islam)) & [Ghassanids](/source/Ghassanids)) inhabited two different regions, where the [Ansaris](/source/Ansar_(Islam)) settled in [Medina](/source/Medina), [Hejaz](/source/Hejaz), while the [Ghassanids](/source/Ghassanids) settled in the far north of the [Arabian Peninsula](/source/Arabian_Peninsula).[6] ### Yemeni Folklore According to traditional medieval Yemeni folklore, the Azd tribal group originally lived in Yemen, until the collapse of the [Ma'rib Dam](/source/Ma'rib_Dam) when they began emigrating to other parts of the [Arabian Peninsula](/source/Arabian_Peninsula) due to the living conditions becoming unfavourable. This large movement out of Yemen has been dated to the late 3rd century CE. ## Anthropological and Genetic Background A genetic haplogroup often associated with Azdite tribes, J-BY74, has been indicated to have originated in [Northern Arabia](/source/Arabian_Peninsula) or the [Levant](/source/Levant).[2] Map of South Arabia ## Branches In the 3rd century C.E., the Azd branched into four sub-branches, each led by one of the sons of [Muzayqiya](/source/Muzayqiya).[7] ### Imran Bin Amr [Imran bin Amr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imran_bin_Amr&action=edit&redlink=1) and the bulk of the tribe went to Oman, where they established the Azdi presence in [Eastern Arabia](/source/Eastern_Arabia). Later they invaded [Karaman](/source/Karaman) and [Shiraz](/source/Shiraz) in Southern [Persia](/source/Iran), and these came to be known as "Azd Daba". Another branch headed west back to Yemen, and a group went further west all the way to [Tihamah](/source/Tihamah) on the [Red Sea](/source/Red_Sea). This group was to become known as "[Azd Uman](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azd_Uman&action=edit&redlink=1)" after the emergence of Islam.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] ### Jafna bin Amr [Jafna bin Amr](/source/Jafnah_ibn_Amr) and his family headed for [Syria](/source/Syria_(region)), where he settled and initiated the kingdom of the [Ghassanids](/source/Ghassanids). They were so named after a spring of water where they stopped on their way to Syria. This branch was to produce: - The [Ghassanid](/source/Ghassanid) dynasty in Syria - A Roman Emperor ([Philip the Arab](/source/Philip_the_Arab), a [Ghassanid](/source/Ghassanid) Arab from Syria, who ruled 244–249 C.E.)[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] - A Byzantine dynasty (the Byzantine Emperor [Leo III the Isaurian](/source/Leo_III_the_Isaurian), also known as the "Syrian", ruled from 717 to 741 C.E.)[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] ### Thalabah bin Amr [Thalabah bin Amr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thalabah_bin_Amr&action=edit&redlink=1) left his tribe for the Hijaz, and dwelt between [Thalabiyah](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thalabiyah&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Dhi Qar](/source/Dhi_Qar). When he gained strength, he headed for [Yathrib](/source/Yathrib), where he stayed. Of his seed are the [Aws](/source/Banu_Aws) and [Khazraj](/source/Khazraj), sons of Haritha bin Thalabah. These were to be the Muslim [Ansar](/source/Ansar_(Islam)) and were to produce the last Arab dynasty in Spain (the [Nasrids](/source/Nasrid_dynasty)). ### Haritha bin Amr Haritha bin Amr led a branch of the Azd Qahtani tribes. He wandered with his tribe in the Hijaz until they came to the Tihamah. He had three sons Adi, Afsa and Lahi. Adiy was the father of [Bariq](/source/Bariq), Lahi the father of [Khuza'a](/source/Banu_Khuza'a) and Afsa, the father of Aslam.[8][9] Azd | .--------------+------------. | | Mazin Shahnvah | | .----------+----------. .--------+-----------. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Samala (Banu) Daws Haddan Thalabah Haritha Jafna | | (Ghassanids/The Ghassinids) .--+----. | | | |_________________ (Banu) Aws (Banu) Khuza'a/Khazraj | | .-----+---+----------. | | | Adi Afsa Lohay | | | Bariq Aslam (Banu) Khuza'a | | Salaman Mustalik ### Zahran Main article: [Zahran tribe](/source/Zahran_tribe) The Zahran tribe is an [ancient Arabian](/source/Pre-Islamic_Arabia) offshoot of the Azdi tribe. ## Azd 'Uman The Azd 'Uman were the dominant Arab tribe in the eastern realms of the [Caliphate](/source/Caliphate) and were the driving force in the conquest of [Fars](/source/Fars_province), [Makran](/source/Makran) and [Sindh](/source/Sindh). They were the chief merchant group of [Oman](/source/Oman) and [Al-Ubulla](/source/Al-Ubulla), who organized a [trading diaspora](/source/Trading_diaspora) with settlements of Persianized Arabians on the coasts of Kirman and Makran, extending into Sindh since the days of [Ardashir](/source/Ardashir_I).[10] They were strongly involved in the western trade with India, and with the expansion of the [Muslim conquests](/source/Early_Muslim_conquests), they began to consolidate their commercial and political authority on the eastern frontier. During the early years of the [Muslim conquests](/source/Early_Muslim_conquests), the Azdi ports of [Bahrain](/source/Bahrain) and [Oman](/source/Oman) were staging grounds for Muslim naval fleets headed to Fars (Persia) and Hind (India). From 637 C.E., the conquests of Fars and Makran were dominated by the Azdi and allied tribes from Oman. Between 665 and 683 C.E., the Azdi 'Uman became especially prominent due in Basra on account of favors from [Ziyad ibn Abihi](/source/Ziyad_ibn_Abihi), the Governor of [Mu'awiya I](/source/Mu'awiya_I), and his son Ubaidullah. When a member of their tribe Abu Said [Al- Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra](/source/Mohalib) became governor their influence and wealth increased as he extended Muslim conquests to [Makran](/source/Makran) and [Sindh](/source/Sindh), where so many other Azdi were settled. After his death in 702, though, they lost their grip on power with the rise of [Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf](/source/Al-Hajjaj_ibn_Yusuf) as governor of [Iraq](/source/Iraq). Al-Hajjaj pursued a systematic policy of breaking [Umayyad](/source/Umayyad) power, as a result of which the Azd also suffered. With the death of Hajjaj and under [Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik](/source/Sulayman_ibn_Abd_al-Malik) as [Caliph](/source/Caliph), their fortunes reversed once again, with the appointment of [Yazid ibn al-Muhallab](/source/Yazid_ibn_al-Muhallab).[10] ## Influential people or branches - The [Ghassanids](/source/Ghassanids) - The [Banu Tanukh](/source/Tanukhids) - The [Banu Tayy](/source/Tayy) - The [Bani Sakher](/source/Bani_Sakher) - Banu [Ma'an](/source/Ma'an) (part of the Tanukhi tribal Confederation) - The [Nasrid](/source/Nasrid_dynasty) dynasty of [Al-Andalus](/source/Al-Andalus) - [Al Said](/source/Al_Said) dynasty of [Oman](/source/Oman) - [Bani Yas](/source/Bani_Yas) - [Al Nahyan](/source/Al_Nahyan_family) dynasty of [Abu Dhabi](/source/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi) in what is now the [U.A.E.](/source/United_Arab_Emirates)[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] - [Al Maktoum](/source/Al_Maktoum) dynasty of [Dubai](/source/Emirate_of_Dubai)[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] - [Abu Dawood](/source/Abu_Dawood), collector of *a[hadith](/source/Hadith)* - [Ibn Duraid](/source/Ibn_Duraid) - [Kuthayyir](/source/Kuthayyir),[11] Arab poet - [Jābir ibn Zayd](/source/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Zayd), the co-founder of the [Ibadi](/source/Ibadi) sect of [Islam](/source/Islam) - [Ghamid](/source/Ghamid) - [Bani Shehr](/source/Bani_Shehr) - [Zahran](/source/Zahran_tribe) - The [Rawadids](/source/Rawadid_dynasty) - Tribe of [Bariq](/source/Bariq) - [Jabir ibn Hayyan](/source/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan) (historicity uncertain; may also have been a non-Arab *[mawla](/source/Mawali)* or 'client' of the Azd)[12] - [Hudhayfah al-Bariqi](/source/Hudhayfah_al-Bariqi) - [Khalil ibn Ahmad](/source/Khalil_ibn_Ahmad) - [Urwah al-Bariqi](/source/Urwah_al-Bariqi) - [Arfaja al-Bariqi](/source/Arfaja_al-Bariqi) - [Humaydah al-Bariqi](/source/Humaydah_al-Bariqi) - [Ibn Al-Thahabi](/source/Ibn_Al-Thahabi) - [Ibn al-Banna](/source/Ibn_al-Banna) - [Jamilah bint Adwan](/source/Jamilah_bint_Adwan) - [Asma bint Adiy al-Bariqiyyah](/source/Asma_bint_Adiy_al-Bariqiyyah) - [Al Muhallab ibn Abi Suffrah](/source/Al_Muhallab_ibn_Abi_Suffrah) - [Mu'aqqir](/source/Mu'aqqir) - [Fatimah bint Sa'd](/source/Fatimah_bint_Sa'd) - [Suraqah al-Bariqi](/source/Suraqah_al-Bariqi) - [Ibn Al-Thahabi](/source/Ibn_Al-Thahabi) - [Banu Khazraj](/source/Banu_Khazraj) - [Billasmar](/source/'Asir_Region) (Al-Asmari) - [Jamilah bint Adwan](/source/Jamilah_bint_Adwan) - [Bani Amr](/source/Bani_Amr) (Al-Amri) - [Amr ibn Khalid](/source/Amr_ibn_Khalid) - [Umm al-Khair](/source/Umm_al-Khair) - [Al Dawasir](/source/Dawasir) - [Al Blooshi](/source/Al-Balushi) - [Al-Tahawi](/source/Al-Tahawi) - [Al-Fadl ibn Shadhan](/source/Al-Fadl_ibn_Shadhan) of [Nishapur](/source/Nishapur), [Iran](/source/Iran) - [Attar (caste)](/source/Attar_(caste)), India ## See also - [Adnanite](/source/Adnanites) [Ishamelite Arabs](/source/Ishmaelites) - [Tribes of Arabia](/source/Tribes_of_Arabia) ## References 1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** bury, john (January 1958). [*History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I. to the Death of Justinian, Part 2*](https://books.google.com/books?id=JxWifqqPtUcC&pg=PP1). courier dover publications. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780486203997](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486203997). {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date)) 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_2-1) Urasin; Waas; Nogueiro; Kull (April 2019). ["Haplogroup J-Z640: genetic insight into the Levantine Bronze Age"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332412562). *ResearchGate*. Based on the geographic dispersal, evidenced by the GIS analysis (Figure 3), the most likely area in which J-Z640 originated in is the Levant. This corresponds with other studies researching J-P58, an ancestral SNP to J-Z640 [25].The most likely alternative based on the GIS analysis was the Arabian Peninsula. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-:0_3-0)** Jérémie Schiettecatte, Mounir Arbach. [The political map of Arabia and the Middle East in the 3rd century AD revealed by a Sabaean inscription – a view from the South.](https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01388356/document) Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, 2016, 27 (2), pp.176-196. 10.1111/aae.12071 . halshs-01388356 1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** STRENZIOK 1960: 834 1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["تأريخ مكّة دراسات في السياسة والعلم والاجتماع والعمران"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200210053741/https://books.rafed.net/m/?type=c_fbook&b_id=2297). 2020-02-10. Archived from [the original](https://books.rafed.net/m/?type=c_fbook&b_id=2297) on 2020-02-10. Retrieved 2023-03-09. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** بيطار, أمينة. ["الموسوعة العربية |"](http://arab-ency.com.sy/details//). *الموسوعة العربية*. Retrieved 2023-03-09. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** علي/المسعودي, أبي الحسن علي بن الحسين بن (2012-01-01). [*مروج الذهب ومعادن الجوهر 1-4 ج2*](https://books.google.com/books?id=IoZ0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT190) (in Arabic). Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. p. 204. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** [*Constructing Al-Azd: Tribal Identity and Society in the Early Islamic Centuries*](https://books.google.com/books?id=2yROvV2N0QMC&dq=Bariq+Khuza'a+azd&pg=PA92). p. 92. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-549-63443-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-63443-0). Retrieved 2013-12-26.[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*] 1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** [*The Role of the Arab Tribes in the East During the Period of the Umayyads (40/660-132/749)*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0wxuAAAAMAAJ&q=azd+khuzaa). Al-Jamea's Press. 1978. pp. 35, 34. Retrieved 2013-12-26. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Wink1_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Wink1_10-1) Wink pg 51-52;"*It is not accident that, among the Arabs, the Tribe of the Azd 'Uman were instrumental in the conquest of Fars, Makran and Sind, and that for some time they became the dominant Arab tribe in the eastern caliphate.*" 1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** [Ibn Khallikan](/source/Ibn_Khallikan) *wafayat alayan* p. 524. [alwarraq edition](http://www.alwaraq.net). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** [Forster 2018](#CITEREFForster2018). [Ruska 1923](#CITEREFRuska1923), p. 57 still thought the attribution to Jabir of the name al-Azdi to be false, but later sources (from [Holmyard 1927](#CITEREFHolmyard1927) on) assume its authenticity. ### Sources used - Forster, Regula (2018). "Jābir b. Ḥayyān". In Fleet, Kate; [Krämer, Gudrun](/source/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer); Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; [Rowson, Everett](/source/Everett_K._Rowson) (eds.). *Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three*. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_32665](https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_32665). - [Holmyard, Eric J.](/source/Eric_John_Holmyard) (1927). "An Essay on Jābir ibn Ḥayyān". In [Ruska, Julius](/source/Julius_Ruska) (ed.). *Studien zur Geschichte der Chemie: Festgabe [Edmund O. v. Lippmann](/source/Edmund_Oscar_von_Lippmann)*. Berlin: Springer. pp. 28–37. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/978-3-642-51355-8_5](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-51355-8_5). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-642-51236-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-51236-0). {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date)) - [Ruska, Julius](/source/Julius_Ruska) (1923). ["Über das Schriftenverzeichnis des Ǧābir ibn Ḥajjān und die Unechtheit einiger ihm zugeschriebenen Abhandlungen"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/20773292). *Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin*. **15**: 53–67. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [20773292](https://www.jstor.org/stable/20773292). ### Further reading - Strenziok, G. (1960). ["Azd"](https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/azd-SIM_0946). In [Gibb, H. A. R.](/source/H._A._R._Gibb); [Kramers, J. H.](/source/Johannes_Hendrik_Kramers); [Lévi-Provençal, E.](/source/%C3%89variste_L%C3%A9vi-Proven%C3%A7al); [Schacht, J.](/source/Joseph_Schacht); [Lewis, B.](/source/Bernard_Lewis) & [Pellat, Ch.](/source/Charles_Pellat) (eds.). *[The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition](/source/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2).*Volume I:*A–B*. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 811–813. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [495469456](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469456). - Wink, Andre (2002). *Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World*. Brill Academic Publishers. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-391-04173-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-04173-8). v t e Historical Arab tribes These prefixes are ignored in the alphabetical ordering: Al, Bani, Banu. ʿĀd Adnan Akk Amila Banu Amr Anmar Banu Asad Ash'ar Aslam Azd Ansar Aws Khazraj Bariq Daws Ghamd Zahran Bajila Hamdan Al-Haram Hudhayl Judham Ju'fa Jurhum Banu Kanz Kahlan Khath'am Khuza'a Mustaliq Kinana Bakr ibn Abd Manat Damrah Ghifar Jadhima Quraysh Abd-Shams Umayya Adi Hashim Abbas Jumah Sahm Taym Zuhra Kinda Khuthir Lihyan Lakhm Ma'add Madhhaj Banu al-Hakam Ans Awd Nukha Zubaid Maqil Muzayna Rabi'a Abd al-Qays Anizah Bakr ibn Wa'il Banu Dhuhl Hanifa Ijl Shayban Taym Allah Banu Yashkur Taghlib Qahtan Qays Ghatafan Dhubyan Fazara Murra Tha'laba Abs Hawazin Sa'd ibn Nasr Thaqif Amir Hilal Ka'b Uqayl Khafaja Kilab Qushayr Sulaym Ghani Bahila Muharib Qedar Quda'a Bahra' Bali Balqayn Jarm Juhaynah Kalb Salih al-Samayda Sa'ida Shehr Shuja Tamim Hanzala Sa'd ibn Zayd Manat Tanukh Tayy Jarrah Al Fadl Thamud Yaman Part of Arab tribes --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Azd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azd) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azd?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.