# Aviatik C.I

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1915 German reconnaissance aircraft

C.I Aviatik C.I trainer (late series) General information Type Reconnaissance aircraft Manufacturer Aviatik History Introduction date 1915 First flight 1915 Retired 1917

The **Aviatik C.I** was an [observation](/source/Aerial_reconnaissance) aircraft designed and produced by the German aircraft manufacturer [Aviatik](/source/Aviatik). It was the first aircraft produced by the company to be mass-produced as well as one of the first German military aircraft of the [First World War](/source/First_World_War) to become fairly well known amongst the general public of the era.[1]

It was a development of the [Aviatik B.I](/source/Aviatik_B.I) and [B.II](/source/Aviatik_B.II) models, being one of first aircraft of the new German C class of armed [biplanes](/source/Biplane). On the C.I, the observer sat in front of the pilot; this arrangement was unique amongst the C class, which opted to place the pilot in the forward position instead.[1] The positions of the pilot and observer were reversed in last series of 50, ordered in 1917 solely for [training](/source/Training_aircraft) purposes.[2] There was only a single aircraft completed of the refined *C.Ia* version in May 1916, with armament still in a forward cab, serving as a prototype for the C.III.[2]

Operationally, the C.I was introduced in 1915; it was typically flown in flights of three to six aircraft; the destruction of one aircraft on 7 November 1915 was considered a such a feat that the [Royal Flying Corps](/source/Royal_Flying_Corps) pilot responsible was awarded the [Victoria Cross](/source/Victoria_Cross).[3] In response to demands for greater performance, Aviatik developed several derivatives of the aircraft, including the [Aviatik C.II](/source/Aviatik_C.II) and the [C.III](/source/Aviatik_C.III), which were equipped with more powerful engines and various refinements, although the airframes would typically have little modification. 548 Aviatik C.I were built in total: 402 by Aviatik (including 51 trainers and 1 C.Ia) and 146 by Hannover.[4]

## Design and development

Prior to the outbreak of the [First World War](/source/First_World_War), the German aircraft manufacturer [Aviatik](/source/Aviatik) had built up a favourable relationship for its early aircraft.[1] Following the start of the conflict, the company quickly turned its attention to Germany's wartime needs. The resulting aircraft from this endeavour, designed *C.I*, was the company's first aircraft be produced on a large scale.[1] Developed during late 1914 and early 1915, the C.I was powered by a single [Mercedes D.III](/source/Mercedes_D.III) six-cylinder in-line piston engine and armed with a single [machine gun](/source/Machine_gun) for self-defence purposes. The latter was operated by the aerial observer and clipped on a sliding mounting fitted on a rail at either side of the cockpit; a quick-release mechanism allowed for it to be readily swapped from one side of the cockpit to the other as required.[5][1] Unusually amongst German aircraft of the era, the observer was positioned in front of the pilot; this arrangement restricted the range of fire of the machine gun along with the field of vision for performing observations. Due to these shortcomings, the seating arrangement was reversed on later-built aircraft.[1]

In terms of its construction, the C.I was relatively orthodox for the era.[1] The fuselage had a box-girder structure comprising four [spruce](/source/Spruce) [longerons](/source/Longeron) and members that were [braced](/source/Bracing_(aeronautics)) using stranded [steel](/source/Steel) cables. It had a rounded top decking that tapered towards the rear to form a vertical knife-edge while the forward end terminated in a sheet plate that was fretted with lightening holes.[6] This plate, in conjunction with the first two formers, supported the engine bearers, which were further braced sing steel tubing. The engine was surrounded by curved [aluminium](/source/Aluminium) panels, although the cylinder block remained exposed; aluminium sheeting also covered the sides and underside of the nose while the majority of the fuselage was covered by [fabric](/source/Fabric).[7] The [exhaust manifold](/source/Exhaust_manifold) was an obstruction to forward visibility. Early-build C.Is had their [radiators](/source/Radiator_(engine_cooling)), however, the majority of aircraft were fitted with an improved Teeves and Braun-built unit that was mounted on the front of the center-section wing [struts](/source/Strut).[7]

The wings were rectangular, covered with fabric, and comprised all-wood construction except for the compression struts, which were made of steel tubing.[7] The primary [spars](/source/Spar_(aeronautics)) were produced in two halves and joined together with hardwood tongues to form hollow box-spars; the [trailing edge](/source/Trailing_edge) of the wing formed its characteristic scalloped outline. A set of unbalanced parallel-[chord](/source/Chord_(aeronautics)) were hinged directly to the rear spar at the upper wing tips.[7] The inverted trestle-type [cabane strut](/source/Cabane_strut) and every interplane strut was composed of [streamlined](/source/Streamliner) steel tubing and braced with stranded wires. The interplane bay featured unusual bracing, the forward wire being anchored to the rear spar junction of the fuselage while the rear wire was anchored to the inner struts and terminally anchored to the top longeron; this arrangement proved superior for the use of the aircraft's machine gun.[7]

A typical V-shaped [undercarriage](/source/Landing_gear) was used, the struts of which joined with a compact horizontal tube at its apex that functioned as the anchor point for a rubber chord that acted as a [shock absorber](/source/Shock_absorber).[8] The undercarriage was braced by stranded cables between the front legs while an elliptical tube spreader-bar joined the legs forward of the axle and a wire strained connected them behind the axle. Almost all of the tail surfaces, save for the wooden tail plane ribs, were composed of light-gauge steel tubing.[8] The tailplane had a distinctive [kidney](/source/Kidney) shape while the [rudder](/source/Rudder), which was balanced, had a [comma](/source/Comma) shape. A lengthy and narrow triangular [fin](/source/Fin) was also present, which was braced to the tailplane via a light steel strut; the underside of the tailplane was itself braced to the fuselage by a pair of light struts.[8]

During 1916, in response to military demands for superior performance, Aviatik developed the improved [C.III](/source/Aviatik_C.III).[8] It was a refined C.I, having cleaned up nose contours, a redesigned exhaust manifold, a new [aerofoil](/source/Aerofoil)-style radiator and an enlarged spinner fitted to the propeller. The wingspan was also reduced along with the chord of the ailerons, the fuel system was improved; however, the airframe was virtually identical to that of the C.I.[8] These changes resulted in the C.III being 18 kmph faster than its predecessor while also improving its forward visibility considerably.[8]

## Variants

**C.I**
- Primary model

**C.I(Han)**
- Primary model licence-built by Hannover, initially designated Hannover C.I

**C.I trainer**
- Last series of 50 plus a prototype manufactured in 1917, with a machine gun in rear cab.[2]

**C.Ia**
- Prototype for C.III, flown in May–June 1916.[2]

**C.II**
- This model was powered by a 149 kW (200 hp) [Benz Bz.IV](/source/Benz_Bz.IV) engine. it was not produced in quantity.[9]

**C.III**
- The C.III was a 1916 refinement which was operated until 1917.[9]

## Operators

**[Austria-Hungary](/source/Austria-Hungary)**

- [KuKLFT](/source/KuKLFT)

**[German Empire](/source/German_Empire)**

- [Luftstreitkrafte](/source/Luftstreitkrafte)

**[Romania](/source/Romania)**

- [Romanian Air Corps](/source/Romanian_Air_Corps)

**[Kingdom of Yugoslavia](/source/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia)**

- [Royal Yugoslav Air Force](/source/Royal_Yugoslav_Air_Force) - Postwar

## Specifications

*Data from* *German Aircraft of the First World War*[10]

**General characteristics**

- **Crew:** Two

- **Length:** 7.925 m (26 ft 0 in)

- **Wingspan:** 12.5 m (41 ft 0 in)

- **Height:** 2.95 m (9 ft 8 in)

- **Wing area:** 43 m2 (460 sq ft)

- **Empty weight:** 750 kg (1,653 lb)

- **Gross weight:** 1,340 kg (2,954 lb)

- **Powerplant:** 1 × [Mercedes D.III](/source/Mercedes_D.III) six-cylinder water-cooled in-line piston engine, 119 kW (160 hp)

- **Propellers:** 2-bladed fixed-pitch propeller

**Performance**

- **Maximum speed:** 142 km/h (88 mph, 77 kn)

- **Endurance:** Three hours

- **Service ceiling:** 3,500 m (11,500 ft)

- **Time to altitude:** 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in 12 minutes

- **Wing loading:** 31.2 kg/m2 (6.4 lb/sq ft)

- **[Power/mass](/source/Power-to-weight_ratio):** 0.089 kW/kg (0.054 hp/lb)

**Armament**

- **Guns:** 1x [Parabellum MG14](/source/Parabellum_MG14) mounted on cockpit side rails

## References

### Citations

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Gray_and_Thetford_p._59_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Gray_and_Thetford_p._59_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Gray_and_Thetford_p._59_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Gray_and_Thetford_p._59_1-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Gray_and_Thetford_p._59_1-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Gray_and_Thetford_p._59_1-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Gray_and_Thetford_p._59_1-6) Gray and Thetford 1962, p. 59.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-grosz5_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-grosz5_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-grosz5_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-grosz5_2-3) Grosz 1997, pp. 5-6.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Gray_and_Thetford_p._62_3-0)** Gray and Thetford 1962, p. 62.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-grosz532_4-0)** Grosz 1997, pp. 5-6, 32.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-vW_5-0)** van Wyngarden 2006, p. 6.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Gray_and_Thetford_pp._5960_6-0)** Gray and Thetford 1962, pp. 59-60.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Gray_and_Thetford_p._60_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Gray_and_Thetford_p._60_7-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Gray_and_Thetford_p._60_7-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Gray_and_Thetford_p._60_7-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Gray_and_Thetford_p._60_7-4) Gray and Thetford 1962, p. 60.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Gray_and_Thetford_p._61_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Gray_and_Thetford_p._61_8-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Gray_and_Thetford_p._61_8-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Gray_and_Thetford_p._61_8-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Gray_and_Thetford_p._61_8-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Gray_and_Thetford_p._61_8-5) Gray and Thetford 1962, p. 61.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Taylor_88_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Taylor_88_9-1) *Janes* 1989, p. 88.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Gray_and_Thetford_pp._5963_10-0)** Gray and Thetford 1962, pp. 59-63.

### Bibliography

- Gray, Peter; Thetford, Owen (1970). *German Aircraft of the First World War* (Second ed.). London, UK: Putnam. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-370-00103-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-370-00103-6).

- Grosz, Peter M. (1997). "Aviatik C.I". *Windsock Datafile no. 63*. Berkhamsted: Albatros Productions. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-948414-95-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948414-95-2).

- Herris, Jack (2023). *Aviatik Aircraft of WWI: A Centennial Perspective on Great War Airplanes*. Great War Aviation Centennial Series. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Aeronaut Books. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-953201-59-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-953201-59-1).

- Klaauw, Bart van der (March–April 1999). "Unexpected Windfalls: Accidentally or Deliberately, More than 100 Aircraft 'arrived' in Dutch Territory During the Great War". *Air Enthusiast* (80): 54–59. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0143-5450](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450).

- van Wyngarden, G. (2006). *Early German Aces of World War 1*. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-84176-997-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-997-5).

- Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). *Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation*. Portland House. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-517-69186-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-69186-8).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Aviatik C.I](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aviatik_C.I).

- [July 14, 2011 1915 Wrecked Aviatik C.I postcard](https://www:greatwarpostcards.blogsplot.com)

v t e Aviatik aircraft Aviatik aircraft B.I B.II B.III C.I C.II C.III C.V C.VI C.VIII C.IX D.II D.III D.IV D.V D.VI D.VII P13 P14 Aviatik (Berg) aircraft D.I D.II Aviatik (Austro-Hungary) aircraft C.I

v t e World War I aircraft of the Central Powers Fighters AEG D.I AEG Dr.I Albatros D.I Albatros D.II Albatros D.III Albatros D.V Aviatik D.I Aviatik C.VI Daimler L.6 Euler D.I Euler D.II Fokker D.I Fokker D.II Fokker D.III Fokker D.IV Fokker D.V Fokker D.VI Fokker D.VII Fokker D.VIII Fokker Dr.I Fokker E.I Fokker E.II Fokker E.III Fokker E.IV Fokker E.V Halberstadt D.II Hannover CL.II Hannover CL.III Hannover CL.IV Hannover CL.V Hansa-Brandenburg W.12 Hansa-Brandenburg W.29 Junkers D.I Kondor D.6 Kondor E.III Naglo D.II Pfalz D.III Pfalz D.XII Pfalz Dr.I Pfalz E.I Pfalz E.II Phönix D.I LFG Roland D.II LFG Roland D.VI Siemens-Schuckert D.I Siemens-Schuckert D.II Siemens-Schuckert D.III Siemens-Schuckert D.IV Zeppelin-Lindau D.I Bombers and ground attack AEG DJ.I AEG G.I AEG G.II AEG G.III AEG G.IV AEG G.V AEG J.I AEG J.II AEG R.I Friedrichshafen G.II Friedrichshafen G.III Gotha G.I Gotha G.II Gotha G.III Gotha G.IV Gotha G.V Gotha GL.VII Gotha G.IX Hannover CL.II Junkers CL.I Junkers J.I Rumpler G.I Rumpler G.II Rumpler G.III Siemens-Schuckert L.I Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.II Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.III Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.IV Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI Reconnaissance AEG B.I AEG B.II AEG B.III AEG C.I AEG C.II AEG C.III AEG C.IV AEG C.V AEG C.VI AEG C.VII AEG C.VIII AGO C.I AGO C.II AGO C.III AGO C.IV AGO C.VII AGO C.VIII Albatros B.I Albatros B.II Albatros C.I Albatros C.III Albatros C.V Albatros C.VII Albatros C.IX Albatros C.X Albatros C.XII Aviatik B.I Aviatik B.II Aviatik C.I Aviatik C.VI DFW C.V LFG Roland C.II LVG B.I LVG C.II Rumpler C.I Rumpler C.IV Rumpler Taube Trainers Euler D.I Prototypes Albatros C.II Fokker V.1 Fokker V.2 Junkers J 1 Junkers J 2 Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.I

v t e Idflieg C-, CL-, and CLS-class aircraft designations C- AEG C.I C.II C.III C.IV C.V C.VI C.VII C.VIII AGO C.I C.II C.III C.IV C.V C.VI C.VII C.VIII C.IX Albatros C.I C.II C.III C.IV C.V C.VI C.VII C.VIII C.IX C.X C.XI C.XII C.XIII C.XIV C.XV Aviatik C.I C.II C.III C.IV C.V C.VI C.VII C.VIII C.IX Caspar C.I DFW C.I C.II C.III C.IV C.V C.VI Fokker C.I C.II C.III Friedrichshafen C.I Germania C.I C.II C.III C.IV Halberstadt C.I C.II C.III C.V C.VII C.VIII C.IX Hannover C.I C.IV LFG Roland C.I C.II C.III C.V C.VIII LVG C.I C.II C.III C.IV C.V C.VI C.VII C.VIII C.IX OAW C.I C.II Otto C.I C.II Pfalz C.I Rumpler C.I C.II C.III C.IV C.V C.VI C.VII C.VIII C.IX C.X Sablatnig C.I C.II C.III Schütte-Lanz C.I Zeppelin C.I C.II CL- BFW CL.I CL.II CL.III CL.IV Daimler CL.I Halberstadt CL.II CL.IV Hannover CL.II CL.III CL.V Junkers CL.I Zeppelin-Lindau CL.I CL.II CLS- Albatros CLS.I Halberstadt CLS.I CLS.II CLS.X Junkers CLS.I

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Aviatik C.I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviatik_C.I) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviatik_C.I?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.