# Avant-garde metal

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Subgenre of heavy metal music

"Art metal" redirects here. For other uses, see [Art metal (disambiguation)](/source/Art_metal_(disambiguation)).

"Experimental metal" redirects here. For experimental equipment, see [Prototype](/source/Prototype).

Avant-garde metal Other names Experimental metal avant-metal art metal Stylistic origins Heavy metal avant-garde experimental extreme metal progressive rock Cultural origins Mid-1980s, Scandinavia Switzerland Japan United States Subgenres Post-metal Regional scenes Norway United States Local scenes Boston Los Angeles Oslo San Francisco Bay Area Seattle Tokyo Other topics Artists alternative metal industrial metal mathcore neoclassical metal progressive metal

**Avant-garde metal** (also known as **avant-metal**, **experimental metal** and **art metal**) is a subgenre of [heavy metal music](/source/Heavy_metal_music) loosely defined by use of experimentation and innovative, [avant-garde](/source/Avant-garde_music) elements, including non-standard and unconventional sounds, instruments, song structures, playing styles, and vocal techniques. Avant-garde metal is influenced by [progressive rock](/source/Progressive_rock) and [extreme metal](/source/Extreme_metal), particularly [death metal](/source/Death_metal), and is closely related to [progressive metal](/source/Progressive_metal). Some local scenes include [Los Angeles](/source/Los_Angeles), the [San Francisco Bay Area](/source/San_Francisco_Bay_Area), [Boston](/source/Boston), and [Seattle](/source/Seattle) in the United States, [Oslo](/source/Oslo) in Norway, and [Tokyo](/source/Japanese_metal) in Japan.

## Characteristics

"Avant-garde metal" is interchangeable with "experimental metal"[1] and "avant-metal",[2][3] Avant-garde metal is related to [progressive metal](/source/Progressive_metal), but avant-garde metal often has more experimentation, while progressive metal usually has a tighter focus on [traditional metal](/source/Traditional_metal) instrumentation and higher levels of technical complexity.[4] Avant-garde metal also uses unusual sounds, breaks conventions, and often includes new elements.

The lyrics and visual presentation of the genre are eclectic as well.[4] According to Jeff Wagner in *[Mean Deviation](/source/Mean_Deviation_(book))*, electronic percussion and [drum machines](/source/Drum_machine) see widespread use by avant-garde metal bands, along with female vocals and [operatic](/source/Opera) elements, all of which he attributes to the influence of the band [Celtic Frost](/source/Celtic_Frost).[5] The Canadian group [Voivod](/source/Voivod_(band)) also influenced future bands in the genre, pioneering technique such as robotic vocal effects, unusual time signatures, and fractured, dissonant, unorthodox guitar sounds.[5]

## History

Atsuo of [Boris](/source/Boris_(band)) performing in 2011

According to [Ian Christe](/source/Ian_Christe), avant-garde metal emerged from [death metal](/source/Death_metal) as a number of musicians "abandoned the tightly wound structure of the music and experimented with abstractions of its founding elements".[6] [Progressive rock](/source/Progressive_rock) has also been cited as an influence.[7] Some early examples are the [King Crimson](/source/King_Crimson) releases *[Larks' Tongues in Aspic](/source/Larks'_Tongues_in_Aspic)* and *[Red](/source/Red_(King_Crimson_album))* in 1973 and 1974 respectively, with the latter album's title track defining an "avant-metal style" that [Robert Fripp](/source/Robert_Fripp) would revisit years later.[2][8] Another early example is the 1976 [Led Zeppelin](/source/Led_Zeppelin) album *[Presence](/source/Presence_(album))*.[9] [Celtic Frost](/source/Celtic_Frost) was an early pioneer of the genre;[10] the term "avant-garde metal" was coined to describe their 1987 release *[Into the Pandemonium](/source/Into_the_Pandemonium)*.[11] Other pioneers of avant-garde metal include [Gorguts](/source/Gorguts), [Boris](/source/Boris_(band)),[12] [Earth](/source/Earth_(American_band)),[13] [Helmet](/source/Helmet_(band)),[14] [Mayhem](/source/Mayhem_(band)),[15] [Maudlin of the Well](/source/Maudlin_of_the_Well),[16] [Neurosis](/source/Neurosis_(band)),[17] [Sunn O)))](/source/Sunn_O)))),[18] [Mr. Bungle](/source/Mr._Bungle),[19] [Today Is the Day](/source/Today_Is_the_Day), and [Voivod](/source/Voivod_(band)).[10]

In the late 1990s, [Misanthropy Records](/source/Misanthropy_Records) emerged as a promoter of Norwegian avant-garde metal until it folded in 2000,[20] and, according to Jeff Wagner, in the late 1990s and early 2000s, a so-called "new wave of avant-garde metal" was spearheaded by [The End Records](/source/The_End_Records).[20] Wagner states that "with the support of [Misanthropy and The End Records] and other specialty labels, metal's new avant-garde had arrived."[20] Some other record labels which promote avant-garde metal are Aurora Borealis,[21] [The Flenser](/source/The_Flenser),[22] [Holy Records](/source/Holy_Records),[23] [Hydra Head Records](/source/Hydra_Head_Records),[24] [Ipecac Recordings](/source/Ipecac_Recordings),[25] [Napalm Records](/source/Napalm_Records),[26] the Release Entertainment imprint of [Relapse Records](/source/Relapse_Records),[27] [Seventh Rule Recordings](/source/Seventh_Rule_Recordings),[28] and [Southern Lord Records](/source/Southern_Lord_Records).[29] In the United States, local avant-garde metal scenes have emerged in the [San Francisco Bay Area](/source/San_Francisco_Bay_Area) with bands such as [Giant Squid](/source/Giant_Squid_(band)), [Grayceon](/source/Grayceon), and [Ludicra](/source/Ludicra),[30] and in [Boston](/source/Boston), with bands such as [Isis](/source/Isis_(band)), [Kayo Dot](/source/Kayo_Dot), and [Maudlin of the Well](/source/Maudlin_of_the_Well).[31] Some regional scenes that developed in the mid-1990s included the cities of [Tokyo](/source/Tokyo), [Los Angeles](/source/Los_Angeles), and [Oslo](/source/Oslo).[12]

## See also

- [List of avant-garde metal artists](/source/List_of_avant-garde_metal_artists)

- [Category:Avant-garde metal albums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Avant-garde_metal_albums)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-bowar_1-0)** Bowar, Chad. ["*What Is Heavy Metal?*"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120204191926/http://heavymetal.about.com/od/heavymetal101/a/101_history.htm). [About.com](/source/About.com). Archived from [the original](http://heavymetal.about.com/od/heavymetal101/a/101_history.htm) on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2016.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-rs_avant-metal_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-rs_avant-metal_2-1) Fricke, David (29 March 2010). ["Alternate Take: King Crimson's Royal Remix Treatment"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140203103032/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/blogs/alternate-take/alternate-take-king-crimsons-royal-remix-treatment-20100329). *Rolling Stone*. Archived from [the original](https://www.rollingstone.com/music/blogs/alternate-take/alternate-take-king-crimsons-royal-remix-treatment-20100329) on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2012. ...later turned up on the 1973 avant-metal killer Larks' Tongues in Aspic.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-rollingstone_schizoid2_3-0)** Shteamer, Hank (1 October 2019). ["King Crimson's '21st Century Schizoid Man': 50 Years in the Life of a Gamechanging Song"](https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/king-crimson-21st-century-schizoid-man-influence-kanye-west-892305/). *Rolling Stone*. Retrieved 20 September 2021. Sol Niger Within, a 1997 avant-metal mindbender by Meshuggah guitarist Fredrik Thordendal that features bursts of piercing saxophone

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Freeborn_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Freeborn_4-1) Freeborn, Robert (June 2010). ["A Selective Discography of Scandinavian Heavy Metal Music"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120331041210/https://www.areditions.com/journals/notes/66.4Tear/Sound/09_SndRecRevs_pp840-850.pdf) (PDF). *Sound Recording Reviews*. p. 842. Archived from [the original](https://www.areditions.com/journals/notes/66.4Tear/Sound/09_SndRecRevs_pp840-850.pdf) (PDF) on 31 March 2012.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-commontechniques_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-commontechniques_5-1) Wagner 2010, pg. 124.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-soundofbeast_6-0)** [Christe, Ian](/source/Ian_Christe) (2004). *[Sound of the Beast: The Complete Headbanging History of Heavy Metal](/source/Sound_of_the_Beast%3A_The_Complete_Headbanging_History_of_Heavy_Metal)*. [Harper Paperbacks](/source/Harper_Paperbacks). p. [253](https://books.google.com/books?id=eWRv3E59V0YC&dq=%22avant+garde+metal%22&pg=PA253). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0380811278](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0380811278). Retrieved 6 August 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** [Peterik, Jim](/source/Jim_Peterik); Austin, Dave; Austin, Cathy & Lynn, Cathy (2 August 2010). [*Songwriting for Dummies*](https://books.google.com/books?id=v868l_IRu8QC) (2nd ed.). [John Wiley & Sons](/source/John_Wiley_%26_Sons). p. 37. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0470615140](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470615140). Retrieved 22 March 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-kingcrimson_8-0)** [Mojo](/source/Mojo_(magazine)) (1 November 2007). "4". [*The Mojo Collection*](https://books.google.com/books?id=AVQbF9lTBwgC) (4th ed.). [Canongate Books](/source/Canongate_Books). p. 337. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1847676436](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847676436). Retrieved 27 April 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ledzeppelin_9-0)** Fricke, David (5 December 1996). ["Aenima"](https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/aenima-19961205). *Rolling Stone*. Retrieved 27 April 2012. Still, the best parts of Ænima come when Tool just let the music rip and dip with the broiling, avant-metal ferocity of Led Zeppelin's Presence.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-pioneer_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-pioneer_10-1) Wagner 2010, pg. 109, 117.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Dome, Malcolm (10 August 2024). [""I will never forget the looks of horror from the label. They saw it as commercial suicide – which I suppose it was": the turbulent story of Celtic Frost's avant garde thrash masterpiece Into The Pandemonium"](https://www.loudersound.com/features/celtic-frost-into-the-pandemonium-album-story). *[Louder Sound](/source/Metal_Hammer)*. Retrieved 18 August 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-headymetal_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-headymetal_12-1) Wray, John (28 May 2006). ["Heady Metal"](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/28/magazine/28artmetal.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. Retrieved 28 March 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Earth_13-0)** Cummins, Johnson (1 March 2012). ["Album of the Week"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120404151554/http://www.montrealmirror.com/wp/2012/03/01/music-reviews-71/). *[Montreal Mirror](/source/Montreal_Mirror)*. [Quebecor](/source/Quebecor). Archived from [the original](http://www.montrealmirror.com/wp/2012/03/01/music-reviews-71/) on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-helmet_14-0)** Senft, Michael (6 July 2006). ["Warped Tour a hit in new digs"](http://www.azcentral.com/ent/music/articles/0706warpedrevu0705.html). *[The Arizona Republic](/source/The_Arizona_Republic)*. [Gannett Company](/source/Gannett_Company). Retrieved 28 March 2012. Early arrivals were able to see experimental metal pioneers Helmet as well as retro punks the Casualties.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Wagner 2010, pg. 252.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-maudlin_16-0)** Wagner 2010, pg. 308.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Q&A_17-0)** Guyre, Jen (8 February 2008). ["Exclusive: Neurosis Q&A"](http://blog.rhapsody.com/2008/02/exclusive-neurosis-qa.html). *[Rhapsody](/source/Rhapsody_(online_music_service))*. Retrieved 30 March 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Yuan, Henry (17 April 2010). ["Sunn O))) to Curate Roadburn Festival 2011"](http://www.revolvermag.com/news/sunn-o-to-curate-roadburn-festival-2011.html). *[Revolver](/source/Revolver_(magazine))*. [Future US](/source/Future_US). Retrieved 7 August 2011. Their metal-based drone experiments have proved groundbreaking and hugely influential for an entire new generation of musicians practicing the art of avant-garde metal, drone, post rock and psychedelia.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Deiterman, Corey (28 July 2015). ["Faith No More is Back...Could Mr. Bungle Be Next?"](http://www.houstonpress.com/music/faith-no-more-is-backcould-mr-bungle-be-next-7623675). *[Houston Press](/source/Houston_Press)*. [Voice Media Group](/source/Voice_Media_Group). Retrieved 10 October 2015.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-avantgardelabels_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-avantgardelabels_20-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-avantgardelabels_20-2) Wagner 2010, pg. 124, 301-302.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-aurora_21-0)** Wilson, Richard. ["The Haxan Cloak"](http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-haxan-cloak-mn0002687709). *[AllMusic](/source/AllMusic)*. [Rovi Corporation](/source/Rovi_Corporation). Retrieved 19 June 2013. Distributed by experimental metal label Aurora Borealis, the release earned Krlic a recording deal with the London-based company.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-flenser_22-0)** ["THE FLENSER to Release Debut from Animate Metal Sorcerers SEIDR"](http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=152931). *[Blabbermouth.net](/source/Blabbermouth.net)*. [Roadrunner Records](/source/Roadrunner_Records). 27 January 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-holy_23-0)** Wagner 2010, pg. 344.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-hydra_24-0)** Brown, August (26 August 2009). ["In a digital age, vinyl's making a comeback"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-apr-26-et-vinyl26-story.html). *[Los Angeles Times](/source/Los_Angeles_Times)*. p. 2. Retrieved 28 March 2012. ...said co-owner Mark Thompson, who also co-founded and runs the experimental-metal label Hydra Head Records.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ipecac_25-0)** Ruggiero, Bob (14 June 2007). ["Unsane"](http://www.houstonpress.com/2007-06-14/music/unsane/full/). *[Houston Press](/source/Houston_Press)*. [Voice Media Group](/source/Voice_Media_Group). Retrieved 19 June 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-draconian_26-0)** Palmerston, Sean (December 2003). ["Draconian Where Lovers Mourn"](http://exclaim.ca/Reviews/Metal/draconian-where_lovers_mourn). *[Exclaim!](/source/Exclaim!)*. Ian Danzig. Retrieved 27 March 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-relapse_27-0)** Reesman, Brian (1 December 2001). ["Hard Music Billboard Spotlight: Indies vs. Majors: Surviving in a Nu-Metal World"](https://books.google.com/books?id=JRIEAAAAMBAJ). *[Billboard](/source/Billboard_(magazine))*. Vol. 113, no. 48. [Nielsen Business Media](/source/Nielsen_Business_Media). p. 23. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0006-2510](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510). Retrieved 27 April 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-seventhrule_28-0)** Bowar, Chad. ["5 Questions with Wizard Rifle"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140413042714/http://heavymetal.about.com/b/2012/02/26/5-questions-with-wizard-rifle.htm). *[About.com](/source/About.com)*. [The New York Times Company](/source/The_New_York_Times_Company). Archived from [the original](http://heavymetal.about.com/b/2012/02/26/5-questions-with-wizard-rifle.htm) on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2013. We'd like to give a shout out to Seventh Rule and the striking, experimental metal acts coming from this label

1. **[^](#cite_ref-southernlord_29-0)** Martens, Todd (6 January 2007). ["Indies on the Verge"](https://books.google.com/books?id=mBIEAAAAMBAJ). *[Billboard](/source/Billboard_(magazine))*. Vol. 119, no. 1. [Nielsen Business Media](/source/Nielsen_Business_Media). p. 27. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0006-2510](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510). Retrieved 29 November 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-bayarea_30-0)** Smith, Chris (July 2011). ["Rehab of a strung-out musical scene"](https://web.archive.org/web/20111002172725/http://www.sanfranmag.com/story/rehab-of-a-strung-out-musical-scene). San Francisco Magazine. Archived from [the original](http://www.sanfranmag.com/story/rehab-of-a-strung-out-musical-scene) on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.; Smith, Chris (6 July 2011). ["Our avant-garde metal scene"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130116021353/http://www.ca-smith.net/blog/2011/07/our-avant-garde-metal-scene/). ca-smith.net. Archived from [the original](http://www.ca-smith.net/blog/2011/07/our-avant-garde-metal-scene/) on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Mier, P. D.; van den Hurk, J. J. (July 1975). "Lysosomal hydrolases of the epidermis. I. Glycosidases". *The British Journal of Dermatology*. **93** (1): 1–10. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1365-2133.1975.tb06468.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2133.1975.tb06468.x). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0007-0963](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-0963). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [30](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [221485240](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221485240).

## Sources

- Wagner, Jeff (2010). *[Mean Deviation](/source/Mean_Deviation_(book))*. [Bazillion Points Books](/source/Bazillion_Points). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0979616336](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0979616336).

## External links

- [Avantgarde-Metal.com](http://www.avantgarde-metal.com/) – website for avant-garde metal

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Avant-garde metal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde_metal) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde_metal?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.