# Automotive industry

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Organizations involved with motor vehicles

An automotive [assembly line](/source/Assembly_line) at [Opel Manufacturing Poland](/source/Opel_Manufacturing_Poland) in 2015

[SEAT](/source/SEAT), [Škoda](/source/%C5%A0koda_Auto), and [Volkswagen](/source/Volkswagen) cars being transported by train in [Kutná Hora](/source/Kutn%C3%A1_Hora), [Czech Republic](/source/Czech_Republic), in 2014

The **automotive industry** comprises a wide range of [companies](/source/Company) and [organisations](/source/Organisation) involved in the [design](/source/Design), [development](/source/Business_development), [manufacturing](/source/Manufacturing), [marketing](/source/Marketing), [selling](/source/Selling), [repairing](/source/Maintenance), and [modification](/source/Custom_car) of [motor vehicles](/source/Motor_vehicle).[1][2] It is one of the world's largest [industries](/source/Industry_(economics)) by [revenue](/source/Revenue) with global automotive market at ~$2.75 trillion in 2025.[3]

The word *automotive* comes from the [Greek](/source/Greek_language) *autos* (self), and [Latin](/source/Latin) *motivus* (of [motion](/source/Motion)), referring to any form of self-powered vehicle. This term, as proposed by [Elmer Sperry](/source/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry)[4][*[need quotation to verify](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability)*] (1860–1930), first came into use to describe automobiles in 1898.[5]

## History

Main article: [History of the automobile](/source/History_of_the_automobile)

The [Thomas B. Jeffery Company](/source/Thomas_B._Jeffery_Company) automobile factory in [Kenosha, Wisconsin](/source/Kenosha%2C_Wisconsin), around 1916

[Fiat 1800 and 2100](/source/Fiat_1800_and_2100) sedans being assembled at a [Fiat](/source/Fiat) factory in 1961

The automotive industry began in the 1860s with hundreds of manufacturers pioneering the [horseless carriage](/source/Brass_Era_car). Early car manufacturing involved manual assembly by a human worker. The process evolved from engineers working on a stationary car to a conveyor belt system where the car passed through multiple stations of more specialised engineers. In the 1960s, robotic equipment was introduced, and most cars are now mainly assembled by automated machinery.[6]

For many decades, the [United States](/source/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States) led the world in total automobile production, with the U.S. [Big Three](/source/Big_Three_(automobile_manufacturers)) [General Motors](/source/General_Motors), [Ford Motor Company](/source/Ford_Motor_Company), and [Chrysler](/source/Chrysler) being the world's three largest auto manufacturers for a time, and G.M. and Ford remaining the two largest until the mid-2000s. In 1929, before the [Great Depression](/source/Great_Depression), the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, of which the U.S. automobile enterprises produced more than 90%. At that time, the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons.[7] After 1945, the U.S. produced around three-quarters of the world's auto production. In 1980, the U.S. was overtaken by [Japan](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Japan) and then became a world leader again in 1994. Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production during 2006 and 2007, and in 2008 also [China](/source/Automotive_industry_in_China), which in 2009 took the top spot (from Japan) with 13.8 million units, although the U.S. surpassed Japan in 2011, to become the second-largest automobile industry. In 2024, China produced more than 31 million vehicles in a year, after breaking 30 million in 2023, reaching 29 million for the first time in 2017 and 28 million the year before. In 2024, China produced the most passenger cars in the world, with Japan, India, Germany, and South Korea trailing. This was achieved by Chinese car companies signing joint ventures with foreign manufacturers.[8] From 1970 (140 models) to 1998 (260 models) to 2012 (684 models), the number of automobile models in the U.S. has grown nearly twofold.[9]

## Safety

Main article: [Automobile safety](/source/Automobile_safety)

See also: [2009–2011 Toyota vehicle recalls](/source/2009%E2%80%932011_Toyota_vehicle_recalls), [General Motors ignition switch recalls](/source/General_Motors_ignition_switch_recalls), and [Firestone and Ford tire controversy](/source/Firestone_and_Ford_tire_controversy)

A 2010 [Hyundai Tucson](/source/Hyundai_Tucson) used for a [crash test](/source/Crash_test) by the [Insurance Institute for Highway Safety](/source/Insurance_Institute_for_Highway_Safety)

Safety is a state that implies being protected from any risk, danger, damage, or cause of injury. In the automotive industry, safety means that users, operators, or [manufacturers](/source/Manufacturers) do not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts. Safety for the automobiles themselves implies that there is no risk of damage.

Safety in the automotive industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated. [Automobiles](/source/Automobiles) and other [motor vehicles](/source/Motor_vehicles) have to comply with a certain number of regulations, whether local or international, in order to be accepted on the market. The standard [ISO 26262](/source/ISO_26262), is considered one of the best practice frameworks for achieving automotive [functional safety](/source/Functional_safety).[10]

In case of safety issues, danger, [product defect](/source/Product_defect),[11][12] or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle, the maker can request to return either a batch or the entire production run. This procedure is called [product recall](/source/Product_recall). Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production-related or stem from raw materials.

Product and operation tests and inspections at different stages of the [value chain](/source/Value_chain) are made to avoid these product recalls by ensuring end-user security and safety and compliance with the automotive industry requirements. However, the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls, which cause considerable financial consequences.

## Economy

See also: [Automotive industry by country](/source/Automotive_industry_by_country)

An advertisement for the [Pontiac 6](/source/Pontiac_6), c. 1928

In 2007, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road, consuming over 980 billion litres (980,000,000 m3) of [petrol](/source/Petrol) and [diesel fuel](/source/Diesel_fuel) yearly.[13] The automobile is a primary mode of [transportation](/source/Transport) for many developed economies. The Detroit branch of [Boston Consulting Group](/source/Boston_Consulting_Group) predicted that, by 2014, one-third of world demand would be in the four [BRIC](/source/BRIC_(economics_term)) markets (Brazil, Russia, India, and China). Meanwhile, in developed countries, the automotive industry has slowed.[14] It is also expected that this trend will continue, especially as the younger generations of people (in highly urbanised countries) no longer want to own a car, and prefer other modes of transport.[15] Other potentially powerful automotive markets are [Iran](/source/Iran) and [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia).[16] Emerging automobile markets already buy more cars than established markets. The industry's expansion has also led to specialised academic programs in automotive marketing and dealership management; for example, [Northwood University](/source/Northwood_University) in Michigan hosts the annual Northwood University International Auto Show, which is the largest student-run outdoor automotive exhibition in North America.[17]

According to a J.D. Power study, emerging markets accounted for 51 percent of the global [light-vehicle](/source/Light_commercial_vehicle) sales in 2010. The study, performed in 2010 expected this trend to accelerate.[18][19] However, more recent reports (2012) confirmed the opposite; namely that the automotive industry was slowing down even in BRIC countries.[14] In the United States, vehicle sales peaked in 2000, at 17.8 million units.[20]

In July 2021, the European Commission released its "[Fit for 55](/source/European_Green_Deal)" legislation package,[21] which contains important guidelines for the future of the automotive industry; all new cars on the European market must be [zero-emission vehicles](/source/Zero-emissions_vehicle) from 2035.[22]

The governments of 24 developed countries and a group of major car manufacturers including [GM](/source/General_Motors), [Ford](/source/Ford_Motor_Company), [Volvo](/source/Volvo), [BYD Auto](/source/BYD_Auto), [Jaguar Land Rover](/source/Jaguar_Land_Rover) and [Mercedes-Benz](/source/Mercedes-Benz) committed to "work towards all sales of new cars and vans being zero emission globally by 2040, and by no later than 2035 in leading markets".[23][24] Major car manufacturing nations like the United States, Germany, China, Japan and South Korea, as well as [Volkswagen](/source/Volkswagen), [Toyota](/source/Toyota), [Peugeot](/source/Peugeot), [Honda](/source/Honda), [Nissan](/source/Nissan) and [Hyundai](/source/Hyundai_Motor_Company), did not pledge.[25]

## Environmental impacts

Trucks' share of US vehicles produced, has tripled since 1975. Though vehicle fuel efficiency has increased within each category, the overall trend toward less efficient types of vehicles has offset some of the benefits of greater fuel economy and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions.[26] Without the shift towards SUVs, energy use per unit distance could have fallen 30% more than it did from 2010 to 2022.[27]

The global automotive industry is a major consumer of water. Some estimates surpass 180,000 L (39,000 imp gal) of water per car manufactured, depending on whether tyre production is included. Production processes that use a significant volume of water include surface treatment, painting, coating, washing, cooling, air-conditioning, and boilers, not counting component manufacturing. Paintshop operations consume especially large amounts of water because equipment running on water-based products must also be cleaned with water.[28]

In 2022, Tesla's [Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg](/source/Gigafactory_Berlin-Brandenburg) ran into legal challenges due to droughts and falling groundwater levels in the region. Brandenburg's Economy Minister Joerg Steinbach said that while water supply was sufficient during the first stage, more would be needed once Tesla expands the site. The factory would nearly double the water consumption in the Gruenheide area, with 1.4 million cubic meters being contracted from local authorities per year — enough for a city of around 40,000 people. Steinbach said that the authorities would like to drill for more water there and outsource any additional supply if necessary.[29]

## World motor vehicle production

World motor vehicle production[30]

Production volume (1000 vehicles)

**1960s**: Post-war increase

**1970s**: [Oil](/source/1970s_energy_crisis) crisis and tighter safety and emission regulation

**1990s**: Production started in [NICs](/source/Newly_industrialized_country).

**2000s**: Rise of China as a top producer

[Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010](/source/Automotive_industry_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%932010)

**To 1950**: US had produced more than 80% of motor vehicles.[31]

**1950s**: United Kingdom, Germany, and France restarted production.

**1960s**: Japan started expanding production and increased volume through the 1980s. United States, Japan, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom produced about 80% of motor vehicles through the 1980s.

**1990s**: South Korea became a volume producer. In 2004, Korea became No. 5 passing France.

**2000s**: China increased its production drastically, and became the world's largest-producing country in 2009.

**2010s**: India overtakes Korea, Canada, Spain to become 5th largest automobile producer.

**2013**: The share of China (25.4%), India, Korea, Brazil, and Mexico rose to 43%, while the share of United States (12.7%), Japan, Germany, France, and United Kingdom fell to 34%.

**2018**: India overtakes Germany to become 4th largest automobile producer.

World motor production (1997–2016)

### By year

See also: [List of countries by motor vehicle production](/source/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production)

Year Production Change Ref. 1997 54,434,000 — [32] 1998 52,987,000 2.7% [32] 1999 56,258,892 6.2% [33] 2000 58,374,162 3.8% [34] 2001 56,304,925 3.5% [35] 2002 58,994,318 4.8% [36] 2003 60,663,225 2.8% [37] 2004 64,496,220 6.3% [38] 2005 66,482,439 3.1% [39] 2006 69,222,975 4.1% [40] 2007 73,266,061 5.8% [41] 2008 70,520,493 3.7% [42] 2009 61,791,868 12.4% [43] 2010 77,857,705 26.0% [44] 2011 79,989,155 3.1% [45] 2012 84,141,209 5.3% [46] 2013 87,300,115 3.7% [47] 2014 89,747,430 2.6% [48] 2015 90,086,346 0.4% [49] 2016 94,976,569 4.5% [50] 2017 97,302,534 2.36% [51] 2018 95,634,593 1.71% [52] 2019 91,786,861 5.2% [53] 2020 77,621,582 16% [54] 2021 80,145,988 3.25% [55] 2022 85,016,728 6.08% [56]

Percentage of exported cars by country (2014)[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*][57]

Global automobile import and export in 2011

### By country

Main article: [Automotive industry by country](/source/Automotive_industry_by_country)

The [OICA](/source/Organisation_Internationale_des_Constructeurs_d'Automobiles) counts over 50 countries that assemble, manufacture, or disseminate automobiles. Of those, only 15 countries (**boldfaced** in the list below) currently possess the capability to design original production automobiles from the ground up, and 17 countries (listed below) have at least one million produced vehicles a year (as of 2023).[58]

- [Algeria](/source/Algeria)

- [Argentina](/source/Argentina)

- **Australia** ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Australia))

- [Austria](/source/Austria)

- [Azerbaijan](/source/Azerbaijan)

- [Bangladesh](/source/Bangladesh) ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Bangladesh))

- [Belarus](/source/Belarus) ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Belarus))

- [Belgium](/source/Belgium)

- Brazil ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Brazil))

- Bulgaria ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Bulgaria))

- Canada ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Canada))

- **China** ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_China))

- [Colombia](/source/Colombia)

- [Czech Republic](/source/Czech_Republic) ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_the_Czech_Republic))

- [Ecuador](/source/Ecuador)

- Egypt ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Egypt))

- [Finland](/source/Finland)

- **France** ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_France))

- [Ghana](/source/Ghana) ([*main page*](/source/Manufacturing_in_Ghana#Automobile_manufacturing))

- **Germany** ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Germany))

- [Hungary](/source/Hungary) ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Hungary))

- **India** ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_India))

- [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia) ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Indonesia))

- **Iran** ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Iran))

- **Italy** ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Italy))

- **Japan** ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Japan))

- [Jordan](/source/Jordan)

- [Kazakhstan](/source/Kazakhstan)

- [Kenya](/source/Kenya) ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Kenya))

- **Republic of Korea (South Korea)** ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_South_Korea))

- **Malaysia** ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Malaysia))

- [Mexico](/source/Mexico) ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Mexico))

- [Morocco](/source/Morocco) ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Morocco))

- [Netherlands](/source/Netherlands)

- Pakistan ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Pakistan))

- [Philippines](/source/Philippines) ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines))

- Poland ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Poland))

- [Portugal](/source/Portugal)

- [Romania](/source/Romania) ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Romania))

- **Russia** ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Russia))

- [Serbia](/source/Serbia) ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Serbia))

- [Slovakia](/source/Slovakia) ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Slovakia))

- [Slovenia](/source/Slovenia)

- South Africa ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_South_Africa))

- Spain ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Spain))

- **Sweden** ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Sweden))

- [Syria](/source/Syria)

- [Thailand](/source/Thailand) ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Thailand))

- [Tunisia](/source/Tunisia)

- [Turkey](/source/Turkey) ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey))

- [Ukraine](/source/Ukraine) ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Ukraine))

- **United Kingdom** ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom))

- **United States** ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States))

- [Uzbekistan](/source/Uzbekistan) ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Uzbekistan))

- [Venezuela](/source/Venezuela)

- [Vietnam](/source/Vietnam) ([*main page*](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Vietnam))

Country Produced vehicles 2023[59] China (plus Taiwan) 30,160,966 (30,446,928) USA 10,611,555 Japan 8,997,440 India 5,851,507 Republic of Korea 4,243,597 Germany 4,109,371 Mexico 4,002,047 Spain 2,451,221 Brazil 2,324,838 Thailand 1,841,663 Canada 1,553,026 France 1,505,076 Turkey 1,468,393 Czechia 1,404,501 Indonesia 1,395,717 Slovakia 1,080,000 U.K. 1,025,474

### By manufacturer

Main article: [List of automotive manufacturers by production](/source/List_of_automotive_manufacturers_by_production)

See also: [List of car brands](/source/List_of_car_brands)

#### Top 10 (2016–2020)

These were the ten largest manufacturers by production volume as of 2017,[60] of which the eight largest were in the top 8 positions since [Fiat's 2013 acquisition](/source/Fiat_Chrysler_Automobiles) of the [Chrysler](/source/Chrysler) Corporation (although the [PSA Group](/source/PSA_Group) had been in the top 8 1999 to 2012, and 2007 to 2012 one of the eight largest along with the seven largest as of 2017) and the five largest in the top 5 positions since 2007, according to OICA, which, however, stopped publishing statistics of motor vehicle production by manufacturer after 2017. All ten remained as the ten largest car makers by sales until [the merger between Fiat-Chrysler and the PSA Group in early 2021](/source/Stellantis); only [Renault](/source/Renault) was degraded to 11th place, in 2022, when being surpassed by both [BMW](/source/BMW) (which became the 10th largest in 2021) and [Chang'an](/source/Changan_Automobile).[61]

Rank[a] Group Country Produced vehicles (2017)[60] Sold vehicles (2018) Sold vehicles (2019)[62] 1 Toyota Japan 10,466,051 10,521,134 10,741,556 2 Volkswagen Group Germany 10,382,334 10,831,232 10,975,352 3 General Motors (except SAIC-GM-Wuling)[b] United States 9,027,658 (6,856,880) 8,787,233 7,724,163 4 Hyundai South Korea 7,218,391 7,437,209 7,189,893 5 Ford United States 6,386,818 5,734,217 5,385,972 6 Nissan Japan 5,769,277 5,653,743 5,176,211 7 Honda Japan 5,235,842 5,265,892 5,323,319 8 Fiat-Chrysler (now part of Stellantis) Italy / United States 4,600,847 4,841,366 4,612,673 9 Renault France 4,153,589 3,883,987 3,749,815 10 PSA Group (now part of Stellantis) France 3,649,742 4,126,349 3,479,152

#### Top 20 (2012–2013)

These were the twenty largest manufacturers by production volume in 2012 and 2013, or the 21 largest in 2011 (before [the Fiat-Chrysler merger](/source/Fiat_Chrysler_Automobiles)), of which the fourteen largest as of 2011 were in the top 14 in 2010, 2008 and 2007 (but not 2009, when Changan and Mazda temporarily degraded Chrysler to 16th place). The eighteen largest as of 2013 have remained in the top 20 as of 2017, except Mitsubishi which fell out of top 20 in 2016, while Geely fell out of the top 20 in 2014 and 2015 but re-entered it in 2016.

Rank[c] Group Country Produced vehicles (2013)[63] Produced vehicles (2012)[64] Produced vehicles (2011)[65] 1 Toyota Japan 10,324,995 10,104,424 8,050,181 2 General Motors United States 9,628,912 9,285,425 9,031,670 3 Volkswagen Group Germany 9,379,229 9,254,742 8,525,573 4 Hyundai South Korea 7,233,080 7,126,413 6,616,858 5 Ford United States 6,077,126 5,595,483 5,516,931 6 Nissan Japan 4,950,924 4,889,379 4,631,673 7 Fiat / FCA Italy 4,681,704 4 498 722[d] 2,336,954 8 Honda Japan 4,298,390 4,110,857 2,909,016 9 PSA Peugeot Citroën France 2,833,781 2,911,764 3,582,410 10 Suzuki Japan 2,842,133 2,893,602 2,725,899 11 Renault France 2,704,675 2,676,226 2,825,089 12 Daimler Germany 1,781,507 2,195,152 2,137,067 Chrysler United States part of FCA part of FCA 1,999,017 13 BMW Germany 2,006,366 2,065,477 1,738,160 14 SAIC China 1,992,250 1,783,548 1,478,502 15 Tata India 1,062,654 1,241,239 1,197,192 16 Mazda Japan 1,264,173 1,189,283 1,165,591 17 Dongfeng China 1,238,948 1,137,950 1,108,949 18 Mitsubishi Japan 1,229,441 1,109,731 1,140,282 19 Changan China 1,109,889 1,063,721 1,167,208 20 Geely China 969,896 922,906 897,107

## Inter-company relationships

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (December 2020)

This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: several of these have changed. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2024)

### Stakes

The following tables list automobile manufacturers that have stakes in other car makers:

Entity held Stake held (%) Voting rights (%) Stake owner Reference Perodua 25 Daihatsu [66] Daimler Truck 30.01 Mercedes-Benz Group 6.49 BAIC Group Fuso 89.29 Daimler Truck BAIC Group 12 Mercedes-Benz Group [67] Mercedes-Benz Group 5 BAIC Group 9.69 Geely Holding Group [68] PSA Group 12.23 19.94 Dongfeng Motor Haima Automobile 49 FAW Group FCA Srbija 67 Stellantis Tofaş 37.8 FCA 37.8 Koç Holding Zastava Trucks 54 Fiat Automobili Srbija 46 Fiat Industrial King Long 15 Fujian Motors Group London EV Company 23 Geely Automobile Proton Holdings 49.9 Geely Automobile [69] Lotus Cars 51 Geely Automobile Volvo 8.3 15.9 Geely Holding Group Industries Mécaniques Maghrébines 20 General Motors 10 Isuzu New Flyer Industries 19 Marcopolo Nissan Shatai 43 Nissan Volkswagen Group 53.3 Porsche SE AvtoVAZ 32.39 Rostec 67.61 Central Research and Development Automobile and Engine Institute Renault Korea 52.8 Renault Pars Khodro 51 SAIPA Jaguar Land Rover 100 Tata Motors Daihatsu 100 Toyota Hino 100 Toyota Isuzu 4.6 Toyota Mazda 5.05 Toyota [70] Subaru Corporation 16.7 Toyota Suzuki 4.94 Toyota [71] Toyota 0.25 Mazda 0.2 Suzuki [71] Audi Group 99.55 Volkswagen Group Scania 37.73 68.6 MAN SE 53.7 55.9 Tatra 19 Paccar Zhejiang Jonway 51 ZAP

Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance Entity held Stake held (%) Voting rights (%) Stake owner Owner parent Reference Nissan 43.4 Renault [72][73][74] Renault 15 Nissan Mitsubishi Motors 24 Nissan [75][76]

Mercedes-Benz Group held a combined 6.2% stake in the [Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance](/source/Renault%E2%80%93Nissan%E2%80%93Mitsubishi_Alliance), and the Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance also held a combined 6.2% stake in Mercedes-Benz Group until 2021.[77]

### Joint Ventures

Name Stakes held (%) Stake owners Reference Blue Diamond Truck 50 Ford 50 International Motors Ford Sollers 50 Ford 50 Sollers JSC Ford Otosan 50 Ford 50 Koç Holding Ford Lio Ho 70 Ford 30 Lio Ho Group GM Uzbekistan 25 General Motors 75 UzAvtosanoat GM-AvtoVAZ 41.61 GM 41.61 AvtoVAZ 16.76 EBRD Hyundai Assan Otomotiv 70 Hyundai Motor Company 30 Kibar Holding Anadolu Isuzu 50 Isuzu 50 Anadolu Group Isuzu Truck South Africa 50 Isuzu 50 General Motors Sollers-Isuzu 29 Isuzu 66 Sollers JSC 5 Imperial Sojitz Mahindra Trucks and Buses Limited 51 Mahindra & Mahindra 49 International Motors MAN Auto-Uzbekistan 49 MAN SE 51 UzAvtosanoat PSA AVTEC Powertrain Pvt. Ltd. 50 PSA 50 CK Birla Group (AVTEC) Ford Sollers Sollers JSC Ford Mazda Tata Motors Fiat Tata Marcopolo 51 Tata Motors 49 Marcopolo VE Commercial Vehicles 50 Volvo 50 Eicher Motors

#### China

Until 2022, China required foreign automotive firms to form joint ventures in order to access their market.[78] The policy led to quality improvement across the industry.[79][80]

Name Stakes held (%) Stake owners Reference Fujian Benz FMG Beijing Automotive Group China Motor Mercedes-Benz Group Soueast 50 FMG 25 China Motor 25 Mitsubishi Motors Beijing Benz 50 Beijing Automotive Group 50 Mercedes-Benz Group Beijing Foton Daimler Automobile Beijing Automotive Group Mercedes-Benz Group Beijing Hyundai 50 Beijing Automotive Group 50 Hyundai BMW Brilliance 50 BMW 40.5 Brilliance 9.5 Shenyang municipal government Changan PSA 50 Changan Automobile 50 PSA Group Changan Suzuki 50 Changan Automobile 50 Suzuki Changan Mazda 50 Changan Automobile 50 Mazda Changan Ford 50 Changan Automobile 50 Ford Jiangling Motor Holding Changan Automobile JMCG Chery Jaguar Land Rover 50 Chery [81] 50 Jaguar Land Rover Qoros 50 Chery 50 Israel Corporation Dongfeng Motor Company 50 Dongfeng Motor Corporation 50 Nissan Denza 50 Mercedes-Benz Group 50 BYD Auto smart Automobile 50 Mercedes-Benz Group [82] 50 Geely Holding Group Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën 50 Dongfeng Motor 50 Stellantis[e] Dongfeng Honda 50 Dongfeng Motor 50 Honda Dongfeng Renault 50 Dongfeng Motor 50 Renault FAW-GM 50 FAW Group 50 General Motors FAW-Volkswagen 50 FAW Group 50 Volkswagen Group Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor 50 FAW Group 50 Toyota Ranz FAW Group Toyota SAIC-GM General Motors SAIC Motor SAIC-GM-Wuling General Motors SAIC Motor Wuling Motors Anhui Jianghuai Navistar Navistar International JAC

#### Dissolved

Name Stakes held (%) Stake owners Reference Dongfeng Nissan-Diesel Dongfeng Motor Volvo Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile Czech 50 PSA 50 Toyota

## See also

- [2008–2010 automotive industry crisis](/source/2008%E2%80%932010_automotive_industry_crisis)

- [Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers](/source/Alliance_of_Automobile_Manufacturers)

- [Automotive industry by country](/source/Automotive_industry_by_country)

- [Automotive industry in the United States](/source/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States)

- [Big Three (automobile manufacturers)](/source/Big_Three_(automobile_manufacturers))

- [Effects of the 2008–10 automotive industry crisis on the United States](/source/Effects_of_the_2008%E2%80%9310_automotive_industry_crisis_on_the_United_States)

- [List of countries by motor vehicle production](/source/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production)

- [Automotive acronyms and abbreviations](/source/Automotive_acronyms_and_abbreviations)

- [Motocycle](/source/Motocycle)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Rank2017_62-0)** As of 2017

1. **[^](#cite_ref-SAIC-GM-Wuling_64-0)** OICA lists SAIC-GM-Wuling combined with G.M. until 2014 but separately from 2015. Including SAIC-GM-Wuling, G.M. would still be larger than Hyundai until 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Rank2012_65-0)** As of 2012

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FCA_69-0)** Fiat acquired Chrysler in 2012. However, Fiat and Chrysler was still listed separately by OICA in 2012, and combined first from 2013. Separately, the production by Fiat was 2,127,295 and by Chrysler 2,371,427.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Chrysler_87-0)** until 2021

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** [Automotive industry](https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45050) at the *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica)*

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Automobile Industry Introduction"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080118072914/http://plunkettresearch.com/Industries/AutomobilesTrucks/AutomobileTrends/tabid/89/Default.aspx). Plunkett Research. 2008. Archived from [the original](http://www.plunkettresearch.com/Industries/AutomobilesTrucks/AutomobileTrends/tabid/89/Default.aspx) on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2014.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["2014 Global Automotive Consumer Study: Exploring consumer preferences and mobility choices in Europe"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150704135550/http://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Manufacturing/gx-global-automotive-consumer-study-europe-final.pdf) (PDF). Deloittelcom. Archived from [the original](http://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Manufacturing/gx-global-automotive-consumer-study-europe-final.pdf) (PDF) on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Eisenstein, Paul A. (21 January 2010). ["Building BRIC's: 4 Markets Could Soon Dominate the Auto World"](http://www.thedetroitbureau.com/2010/01/building-brics-the-four-markets-that-could-soon-dominate-the-automotive-world/). *thedetroitbureau.com*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["North America's largest outdoor auto show speeds into Midland this weekend"](https://www.clickondetroit.com/news/north-americas-largest-outdoor-auto-show-speeds-into-midland-this-weekend/). *ClickOnDetroit*. WDIV-TV. 26 September 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2026.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["COP26: Deal to end car emissions by 2040 idles as motor giants refuse to sign"](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/8c4a1809-902f-4582-a29e-1c83a97b9dff). *Financial Times*. 8 November 2021. Archived from [the original](https://www.ft.com/content/8c4a1809-902f-4582-a29e-1c83a97b9dff) on 10 December 2022.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** ["COP26: Germany fails to sign up to 2040 combustion engine phaseout"](https://www.dw.com/en/cop26-germany-fails-to-sign-up-to-2040-combustion-engine-phaseout/a-59777202). *Deutsche Welle*. 10 November 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-EPA_AutomotiveTrends_202212_26-0)** ["Highlights of the Automotive Trends Report"](https://www.epa.gov/automotive-trends/highlights-automotive-trends-report). *EPA.gov*. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 12 December 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230902145941/https://www.epa.gov/automotive-trends/highlights-automotive-trends-report) from the original on 2 September 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-GlobalFuelEfficInit_202311_27-0)** Cazzola, Pierpaolo; Paoli, Leonardo; Teter, Jacob (November 2023). ["Trends in the Global Vehicle Fleet 2023 / Managing the SUV Shift and the EV Transition"](https://www.globalfueleconomy.org/media/792523/gfei-trends-in-the-global-vehicle-fleet-2023-spreads.pdf) (PDF). Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI). p. 3. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.7922/G2HM56SV](https://doi.org/10.7922%2FG2HM56SV). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231126092826/https://www.globalfueleconomy.org/media/792523/gfei-trends-in-the-global-vehicle-fleet-2023-spreads.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 26 November 2023.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** ["1999 Production Statistics"](http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/1999-statistics/). *oica.net*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** ["2000 Production Statistics"](http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2000-statistics/). *oica.net*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** ["2001 Production Statistics"](http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2001-statistics/). *oica.net*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** ["2002 Production Statistics"](http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2002-statistics/). *oica.net*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** ["2003 Production Statistics"](http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2003-statistics/). *oica.net*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** ["2004 Production Statistics"](http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2004-statistics/). *oica.net*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** ["2005 Production Statistics"](http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2005-statistics/). *oica.net*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** ["2006 Production Statistics"](http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2006-statistics/). *oica.net*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** ["2007 Production Statistics"](http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2007-statistics/). *oica.net*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** ["2008 Production Statistics"](http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2008-statistics/). *oica.net*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** ["2009 Production Statistics"](http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2009-statistics). *oica.net*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** ["2010 Production Statistics"](http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2010-statistics). *oica.net*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** ["2011 Production Statistics"](http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2011-statistics). *oica.net*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** ["2012 Production Statistics"](http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2012-statistics). *oica.net*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** ["2013 Production Statistics"](http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2013-statistics). *oica.net*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** ["2014 Production Statistics"](http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2014-statistics). *oica.net*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** ["2015 Production Statistics"](http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2015-statistics). *oica.net*.

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## Further reading

- Ajitha, P. V., and Ankita Nagra. "An Overview of Artificial Intelligence in Automobile Industry–A Case Study on Tesla Cars." *Solid State Technology* 64.2 (2021): 503–512. [online](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ankita-Nagra/publication/349298066_An_Overview_of_Artificial_Intelligence_in_Automobile_Industry_-A_Case_Study_on_Tesla_Cars/links/60290f534585158939a2b5e6/An-Overview-of-Artificial-Intelligence-in-Automobile-Industry-A-Case-Study-on-Tesla-Cars.pdf)

- Banerjee, Preeta M., and Micaela Preskill. "The role of government in shifting firm innovation focus in the automobile industry" in *Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Sustainability* (Routledge, 2017) pp. 108–129.

- Bohnsack, René, et al. "Driving the electric bandwagon: The dynamics of incumbents' sustainable innovation." *Business Strategy and the Environment* 29.2 (2020): 727–743 [online](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/bse.2430).

- Bungsche, Holger. "Regional economic integration and the automobile industry: automobile policies, division of labour, production network formation and market development in the EU and ASEAN." *International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management* 18.4 (2018): 345–370.

- Chen, Yuan, C-Y. Cynthia Lin Lawell, and Yunshi Wang. "The Chinese automobile industry and government policy." *Research in Transportation Economics* 84 (2020): 100849. [online](http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/lin/China_auto_mkt_JTRF_paper.pdf)

- Clark, Kim B., et al. "Product development in the world auto industry." *Brookings Papers on economic activity* 1987.3 (1987): 729–781. [online](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kim-Clark-2/publication/4909817_Product_Development_in_the_World_Auto_Industry/links/53fdfc560cf22f21c2f90e91/Product-Development-in-the-World-Auto-Industry.pdf)

- Guzik, Robert, Bolesław Domański, and Krzysztof Gwosdz. "Automotive industry dynamics in Central Europe." in *New Frontiers of the Automobile Industry* (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020) pp. 377–397.

- Imran, Muhammad, and Jawad Abbas. "The role of strategic orientation in export performance of China automobile industry." in *Handbook of Research on Managerial Practices and Disruptive Innovation in Asia* (2020): 249–263.

- Jetin, Bruno. "Who will control the electric vehicle market?" *International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management* 20.2 (2020): 156–177. [online](https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03193666/document)

- Kawahara, Akira. *The origin of competitive strength: fifty years of the auto industry in Japan and the US* (Springer Science & Business Media, 2012).

- Kuboniwa, Masaaki. "Present and future problems of developments of the Russian auto-industry." *RRC Working Paper* Series 15 (2009): 1–12. [online](https://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/rrc/Japanese/pdf/RRC_WP_No15.pdf)

- Lee, Euna, and Jai S. Mah. "Industrial policy and the development of the electric vehicles industry: The case of Korea." *Journal of technology management & innovation* 15.4 (2020): 71–80. [online](https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-27242020000400071&script=sci_arttext&tlng=p)

- Link, Stefan J. *Forging Global Fordism: Nazi Germany, Soviet Russia, and the Contest over the Industrial Order* (2020) [excerpt](https://www.amazon.com/Forging-Global-Fordism-Germany-Industrial/dp/0691177546/); influential overview

- Liu, Shiyong. "Competition and Valuation: A Case Study of Tesla Motors." *IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science* . Vol. 692. No. 2. (IOP Publishing, 2021) [online](https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/692/2/022103/pdf)

- Miglani, Smita. "The growth of the Indian automobile industry: Analysis of the roles of government policy and other enabling factors." in *Innovation, economic development, and intellectual property in India and China* (Springer, Singapore, 2019) pp. 439–463.

- Pavlinek, Petr (2025). [*Europe's Auto Industry: Global Production Networks and Spatial Change*](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/europes-auto-industry/8FB76CC4D668010A88C4871431C6320D). [Cambridge University Press](/source/Cambridge_University_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781009453196](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009453196).

- Qin, Yujie, Yuqing Xiao, and Jiawei Yuan. "The Comprehensive Competitiveness of Tesla Based on Financial Analysis: A Case Study." in *2021 International Conference on Financial Management and Economic Transition* (FMET 2021). (Atlantis Press, 2021). [online](https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/125961100.pdf)

- Rawlinson, Michael, and Peter Wells. *The new European automobile industry* (Springer, 2016).

- Rubenstein, James M. *The changing US auto industry: a geographical analysis* (Routledge, 2002).

- Seo, Dae-Sung. "EV Energy Convergence Plan for Reshaping the European Automobile Industry According to the Green Deal Policy." *Journal of Convergence for Information Technology* 11.6 (2021): 40–48. [online](https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO202118742188026.pdf)

- Shigeta, Naoya, and Seyed Ehsan Hosseini. "Sustainable Development of the Automobile Industry in the United States, Europe, and Japan with Special Focus on the Vehicles' Power Sources." *Energies* 14.1 (2021): 78+ [online](https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/1/78/pdf)

- Ueno, Hiroya, and Hiromichi Muto. "The automobile industry of Japan." on *Industry and Business in Japan* (Routledge, 2017) pp. 139–190.

- Verma, Shrey, Gaurav Dwivedi, and Puneet Verma. "Life cycle assessment of electric vehicles in comparison to combustion engine vehicles: A review." *Materials Today: Proceedings* (2021) [online](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shrey-Verma-5/publication/349693055_Life_cycle_assessment_of_electric_vehicles_in_comparison_to_combustion_engine_vehicles_A_review/links/610e40290c2bfa282a2b2fd6/Life-cycle-assessment-of-electric-vehicles-in-comparison-to-combustion-engine-vehicles-A-review.pdf).

- Vošta, M. I. L. A. N., and A. L. E. Š. Kocourek. "Competitiveness of the European automobile industry in the global context." *Politics in Central Europe* 13.1 (2017): 69–89. [online](https://www.politicsincentraleurope.eu/documents/file/PCE_2017_1_13.pdf#page=71)

- Zhu, Xiaoxi, et al. "Promoting new energy vehicles consumption: The effect of implementing carbon regulation on automobile industry in China." *Computers & Industrial Engineering* 135 (2019): 211–226. [online](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wu-Guangdong/publication/333622343_Promoting_new_energy_vehicles_consumption_The_effect_of_implementing_carbon_regulation_on_automobile_industry_in_China/links/5f81232d92851c14bcbc0a39/Promoting-new-energy-vehicles-consumption-The-effect-of-implementing-carbon-regulation-on-automobile-industry-in-China.pdf)

## External links

- The dictionary definition of [*automotive industry*](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/automotive_industry) at Wiktionary

- Media related to [Automotive industry](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Automotive_industry) at Wikimedia Commons

v t e Automotive industry Car Motor vehicle By country Africa Egypt Kenya Morocco Nigeria South Africa List of manufacturers Asia Bangladesh China manufacturers list, manufacturers detailed India manufacturers Indonesia Iran Japan manufacturers Malaysia manufacturers North Korea Pakistan Philippines Russia South Korea manufacturers Taiwan manufacturers Thailand Uzbekistan Vietnam List of manufacturers Europe Belarus Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic manufacturers France manufacturers Germany manufacturers Hungary Ireland Italy manufacturers Netherlands Poland manufacturers Romania Russia manufacturers Serbia Slovakia Spain manufacturers Sweden manufacturers Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom manufacturers List of manufacturers North America Canada manufacturers Mexico United States manufacturers South America Argentina manufacturers Brazil manufacturers Oceania Australia manufacturers New Zealand Data Automobile sales by model Best-selling automobiles Countries by motor vehicle production Countries by vehicles per capita Top manufacturers History Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010 History of the automobile History of the internal combustion engine History of the motorcycle Timeline of motor vehicle brands Manufacturers Automobile manufacturers marques by parent company Bus manufacturers Motorcycle manufacturers Truck manufacturers Minor automotive manufacturing groups Organisations Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems European Automobile Manufacturers Association Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles Related topics Auto and motor shows Automotive design Automotive engineering Facelift Rebadging list of vehicles Debadging Glossary Category List Portal

v t e Major industries by economic sector Primary sector or ′Natural sector′ (raw materials) Biotic Agriculture Arable farming Cereals Legumes Vegetables Fiber crops Oilseeds Sugar Tobacco Permanent crops Apples et al. Berries Citrus Stone fruits Tropical fruit Viticulture Cocoa Coffee Tea Nuts Olives Medicinal plants Spices Horticulture Flowers Seeds Animal husbandry Beef cattle Dairy farming Fur farming Horses Other livestock Pig Wool Poultry Beekeeping Cochineal Shellac Silk Hunting Fur trapping Forestry Silviculture Bamboo Logging Firewood Rattan Tree tapping Frankincense Gum arabic Gutta-percha Maple syrup Mastic Natural rubber Palm sugar, syrup, & wine Pine resin Wild mushrooms Fungiculture Truffles Aquatic Fishing Anchovies Herring Sardines Cod Haddock Pollock Mackerel Shark Swordfish Tuna Crabs Lobsters Sea urchins Squid Whaling Aquaculture Carp Catfish Tilapia Abalone Mussels Oysters Pearls Microalgae Seaweed Both Clams Sea cucumbers Scallops Salmon Shrimp Geological Fossil fuels Coal Peat Natural gas Oil shale Petroleum Tar sands Mining of ores Aluminum Copper Iron Gold Silver Palladium Platinum Lithium Rare-earth metals Uranium Other minerals Gemstones Phosphorus Potash Salt Sulfur Quarrying Gravel Sand Chalk Clay Gypsum Limestone Dimension stone Granite Marble Secondary sector or ′Industrial sector′ (goods manufacturing) Manufacturing Light industry Food Animal feed Baking Canning Dairy products Flour Meat Prepared Preserved Sweets Vegetable oils Beverages Beer Bottled water Liquor Soft drinks Wine Textiles Carding Dyeing Prints Spinning Weaving Carpets Lace Linens Rope Clothing Accessories Dressmaking Furs Hatmaking Sewing Shoemaking Tailoring Printing Bookbinding Embossing Engraving Secure Typesetting Media reproduction Cassette tapes Phonographs Optical discs Metal fabrication Boilermaking Builders' & household hardware Cutlery Gunsmithing Locksmithing Machining Other smithing Powder metallurgy Prefabrication Surface finishing Other fabrication 3D printing Blow molding Drawing Extrusion Glassblowing Injection moulding Pottery Sintering Stonemasonry Woodworking Furniture Other goods Baggage Bicycles Jewellery Medical supplies Musical instruments Office supplies Outdoors & sports equipment Personal protective equipment Toys Electrical & optical Electronics Components Circuit boards Semiconductors Computers Computer systems Parts & peripherals Blank storage media Communications equipment Mobile phones Network infrastructure Consumer electronics Televisions Video game consoles Instrumentation Clocks and watches GPS devices Scientific instruments Medical imaging systems Optical instruments Cameras Gun & spotting scopes Laser construction Lens grinding Microscopes Telescopes Electrical equipment Batteries Electrical & fiber optic cables Electric lighting Electric motors Home appliances Transformers Chemicals Coal & oil refining Bitumen Coke Diesel fuel Fuel oil Gasoline Jet fuel Kerosene Mineral oil Paraffin wax Petrochemicals Petroleum jelly Propane Synthetic oil Tar Commodity chemicals Fertilizers Industrial gases Pigments Pure elements Speciality chemicals Adhesives Agrochemicals Aroma compounds Cleaning products Cosmetics Explosives Fireworks Paints & inks Perfumes Soap Toiletries Fine chemicals Pharmaceuticals Antibiotics Blood products Chemical & hormonal contraceptives Generic drugs Illegal drugs Supplements Vaccines Materials Leather Liming & deliming Tanning Currying & oiling Wood Drying Sawmilling Engineered Lumber Composite Paper Sizing Cardboard Pulp Tissue Rubber Tires Vulcanized rubber Plastics Commodity Engineered Specialty Pellets Synthetic fibers Thermoplastics & thermosets Glass Borosilicate Fused quartz Soda-lime Float glass Glass fiber Glass wool & fiberglass Safety glass Ceramics Brick Earthenware Porcelain Refractory Tile Cement Mortar Plaster Ready-mix concrete Other mineral Abrasives Carbon fibers & advanced materials Mineral wool Synthetic gems Metal refining Iron Aluminum Copper Alloys Steel Formed metal Rolled Forged Cast metal Heavy industry Machinery Conveyors Heavy Hydraulic Machine tools Power & wind turbines Automobiles Other heavy vehicles Aerospace & space Rail vehicles Ships & offshore platforms Weapons Utilities Power Electric Gas distribution Renewable Water Sewage Waste management Collection Dumping Hazardous Recycling Remediation Telecom networks Cable TV Internet Mobile Satellite Telephone Construction Buildings Commercial Industrial Residential Civil engineering Bridges Railways Roads Tunnels Canals Dams Dredging Harbors Specialty trades Cabinetry Demolition Electrical wiring Elevators HVAC Painting and decorating Plumbing Site preparation Tertiary sector or ′Service sector′ (services) Sales Retail Car dealership Consumer goods General store Grocery store Department store Mail order E-commerce Online shopping Specialty store Wholesale Auction Brokerage Distribution Transport & Storage Cargo Air cargo Intermodal Mail Moving company Rail Trucking Passenger transport Airlines Car rentals Passenger rail Ridesharing Taxis Warehousing Self storage Hospitality Food service Drink service Cafés Catering Fast food Food delivery Restaurants Teahouses Hotels Asset 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[Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals):
- [Buses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Buses)
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- [Companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies)

Authority control databases International GND National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Israel Other NARA Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Automotive industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.