# Audio coding format

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Digitally coded format for audio signals

Comparison of coding efficiency between popular audio formats

An **audio coding format**,[1] or **audio compression format**, is a encoded format of [digital audio](/source/Digital_audio), such as in [digital television](/source/Digital_television), [digital radio](/source/Digital_radio) and in audio and video files. Examples of audio coding formats include [MP3](/source/MP3), [AAC](/source/Advanced_Audio_Coding), [Vorbis](/source/Vorbis), [FLAC](/source/FLAC), and [Opus](/source/Opus_(audio_format)). A specific software or hardware implementation capable of [audio compression](/source/Data_compression#Audio) and decompression to/from a specific audio coding format is called an *[audio codec](/source/Audio_codec)*; an example of an audio codec is [LAME](/source/LAME), which is one of several different codecs which implements encoding and decoding audio in the [MP3](/source/MP3) audio coding format in software.

Some audio coding formats are documented by a detailed [technical specification](/source/Technical_specification) document known as an **audio coding specification**. Some such specifications are written and approved by [standardization organizations](/source/Standardization_organization) as [technical standards](/source/Technical_standard), and are thus known as an **audio coding standard**. The term "standard" is also sometimes used for [*de facto* standards](/source/De_facto_standard) as well as formal standards.

Audio content encoded in a particular audio coding format is normally encapsulated within a [container format](/source/Container_format). As such, the user normally doesn't have a raw [AAC](/source/Advanced_Audio_Coding) file, but instead has a .m4a [audio file](/source/Audio_file_format), which is a [MPEG-4 Part 14](/source/MPEG-4_Part_14) container containing AAC-encoded audio. The container also contains [metadata](/source/Metadata) such as title and other tags, and perhaps an index for fast seeking.[2] A notable exception is [MP3](/source/MP3) files, which are raw audio coding without a container format. De facto standards for adding metadata tags such as title and artist to MP3s, such as [ID3](/source/ID3), are [hacks](/source/Hack_(computer_science)#In_computer_science) which work by appending the tags to the MP3, and then relying on the MP3 player to recognize the chunk as malformed audio coding and therefore skip it. In video files with audio, the encoded audio content is bundled with video (in a [video coding format](/source/Video_coding_format)) inside a [multimedia container format](/source/Multimedia_container_format).

An audio coding format does not dictate all [algorithms](/source/Algorithm) used by a [codec](/source/Codec) implementing the format. An important part of how lossy audio compression works is by removing data in ways humans can't hear, according to a [psychoacoustic model](/source/Psychoacoustic_model); the implementer of an encoder has some freedom of choice in which data to remove (according to their psychoacoustic model).

## Lossless, lossy, and uncompressed audio coding formats

[Spectral analysis](/source/Spectrum_analyzer) comparison between lossless [FLAC](/source/FLAC) (top) and lossy [Opus](/source/Opus_(audio_format)) (bottom) files for the same audio clip. The 20-24 kHz range is absent in the lossy audio file.

A [lossless](/source/Lossless_compression) audio coding format reduces the total data needed to represent a sound but can be de-coded to its original, uncompressed form. A [lossy](/source/Lossy_compression) audio coding format additionally reduces the [bit resolution](/source/Audio_bit_depth) of the sound on top of compression, which results in far less data at the cost of irretrievably lost information.

Transmitted (streamed) audio is most often compressed using lossy audio codecs as the smaller size is far more convenient for distribution. The most widely used audio coding formats are [MP3](/source/MP3) and [Advanced Audio Coding](/source/Advanced_Audio_Coding) (AAC), both of which are lossy formats based on [modified discrete cosine transform](/source/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform) (MDCT) and [perceptual coding](/source/Perceptual_coding) algorithms.

Lossless audio coding formats such as [FLAC](/source/FLAC) and [Apple Lossless](/source/Apple_Lossless) are sometimes available, though at the cost of larger files.

[Uncompressed audio](/source/Uncompressed_audio) formats, such as [pulse-code modulation](/source/Pulse-code_modulation) (PCM, or .wav), are also sometimes used. PCM was the standard format for [Compact Disc Digital Audio](/source/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio) (CDDA).

## History

Solidyne 922: The world's first commercial audio bit compression [sound card](/source/Sound_card) for PC, 1990

In 1950, [Bell Labs](/source/Bell_Labs) filed the patent on [differential pulse-code modulation](/source/Differential_pulse-code_modulation) (DPCM).[3] [Adaptive DPCM](/source/Adaptive_DPCM) (ADPCM) was introduced by P. Cummiskey, [Nikil S. Jayant](/source/Nikil_Jayant) and [James L. Flanagan](/source/James_L._Flanagan) at [Bell Labs](/source/Bell_Labs) in 1973.[4][5]

[Perceptual coding](/source/Perceptual_coding) was first used for [speech coding](/source/Speech_coding) compression, with [linear predictive coding](/source/Linear_predictive_coding) (LPC).[6] Initial concepts for LPC date back to the work of [Fumitada Itakura](/source/Fumitada_Itakura) ([Nagoya University](/source/Nagoya_University)) and Shuzo Saito ([Nippon Telegraph and Telephone](/source/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone)) in 1966.[7] During the 1970s, [Bishnu S. Atal](/source/Bishnu_S._Atal) and [Manfred R. Schroeder](/source/Manfred_R._Schroeder) at [Bell Labs](/source/Bell_Labs) developed a form of LPC called [adaptive predictive coding](/source/Adaptive_predictive_coding) (APC), a perceptual coding algorithm that exploited the masking properties of the human ear, followed in the early 1980s with the [code-excited linear prediction](/source/Code-excited_linear_prediction) (CELP) algorithm which achieved a significant compression ratio for its time.[6] Perceptual coding is used by modern audio compression formats such as [MP3](/source/MP3)[6] and [AAC](/source/Advanced_Audio_Codec).

[Discrete cosine transform](/source/Discrete_cosine_transform) (DCT), developed by [Nasir Ahmed](/source/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)), T. Natarajan and [K. R. Rao](/source/K._R._Rao) in 1974,[8] provided the basis for the [modified discrete cosine transform](/source/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform) (MDCT) used by modern audio compression formats such as MP3[9] and AAC. MDCT was proposed by J. P. Princen, A. W. Johnson and A. B. Bradley in 1987,[10] following earlier work by Princen and Bradley in 1986.[11] The MDCT is used by modern audio compression formats such as [Dolby Digital](/source/Dolby_Digital),[12][13] [MP3](/source/MP3),[9] and [Advanced Audio Coding](/source/Advanced_Audio_Coding) (AAC).[14]

## List of lossy formats

### General

Basic compression algorithm Audio coding standard Abbreviation Introduction Market share (2023)[15] Ref Production Streaming Modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) Dolby Digital (AC-3) AC3 1991 36–54%[n 1] 37–61%[n 1] [12][18] Dolby Digital Plus (E-AC-3) EAC3 2004 [19][20] Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding ATRAC 1992 Unknown Unknown [12] MPEG Layer III MP3 1993 15% 19% [9][21] Advanced Audio Coding (MPEG-2 / MPEG-4) AAC 1997 83% 87% [14][12] Windows Media Audio WMA 1999 Unknown Unknown [12] Ogg Vorbis Ogg 2000 6% 4% [22][12] Constrained Energy Lapped Transform CELT 2011 —N/a —N/a [23] Opus Opus 2012 12% 9% [24] Dolby AC-4 AC4 2014 Unknown Unknown [25] LDAC LDAC 2015 Unknown Unknown [26][27] Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation (ADPCM) aptX / aptX-HD aptX 1989 Unknown Unknown [28] Digital Theater Systems DTS 1990 8% 6% [29][30] Master Quality Authenticated MQA 2014 Unknown Unknown Sub-band coding (SBC) MPEG-1 Audio Layer II MP2 1993 Unknown Unknown [31] Musepack MPC 1997 SBC SBC 2003 Unknown Unknown [32]

### Speech

Further information: [Speech coding](/source/Speech_coding)

- [Linear predictive coding](/source/Linear_predictive_coding) (LPC) - [Adaptive predictive coding](/source/Adaptive_predictive_coding) (APC) - [Code-excited linear prediction](/source/Code-excited_linear_prediction) (CELP) - [Algebraic code-excited linear prediction](/source/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction) (ACELP) - [Relaxed code-excited linear prediction](/source/Relaxed_code-excited_linear_prediction) (RCELP) - [Low-delay CELP](/source/Low-delay_CELP) (LD-CELP) - [Adaptive Multi-Rate](/source/Adaptive_Multi-Rate_audio_codec) (used in [GSM](/source/GSM) and [3GPP](/source/3GPP)) - [Codec 2](/source/Codec_2) (noted for its lack of patent restrictions) - [Speex](/source/Speex) (noted for its lack of patent restrictions)

- [Modified discrete cosine transform](/source/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform) (MDCT) - [AAC-LD](/source/AAC-LD) - [Constrained Energy Lapped Transform](/source/CELT) (CELT) - [Opus](/source/Opus_(audio_format)) (mostly for real-time applications)

## List of lossless formats

- [Apple Lossless](/source/Apple_Lossless_Audio_Codec) (ALAC – Apple Lossless Audio Codec)

- [Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding](/source/ATRAC) (ATRAC)

- [Audio Lossless Coding](/source/Audio_Lossless_Coding) (also known as MPEG-4 ALS)

- [Direct Stream Transfer](/source/Super_Audio_CD#DST) (DST)

- [Dolby TrueHD](/source/Dolby_TrueHD)

- [DTS-HD Master Audio](/source/DTS-HD_Master_Audio)

- [Free Lossless Audio Codec](/source/FLAC) (FLAC)

- [Lossless discrete cosine transform](/source/Discrete_cosine_transform) (LDCT)

- [Meridian Lossless Packing](/source/Meridian_Lossless_Packing) (MLP)

- [Monkey's Audio](/source/Monkey's_Audio) (Monkey's Audio APE)

- [MPEG-4 SLS](/source/MPEG-4_SLS) (also known as HD-AAC)

- [OptimFROG](/source/OptimFROG)

- [Original Sound Quality](/source/Original_Sound_Quality) (OSQ)

- [RealPlayer](/source/RealPlayer) (RealAudio Lossless)

- [Shorten](/source/Shorten_(codec)) (SHN)

- TTA (True Audio Lossless)

- [WavPack](/source/WavPack) (WavPack lossless)

- [WMA Lossless](/source/Windows_Media_Audio_9_Lossless) (Windows Media Lossless)

## See also

- [Comparison of audio coding formats](/source/Comparison_of_audio_coding_formats)

- [Data compression#Audio](/source/Data_compression#Audio)

- [Audio file format](/source/Audio_file_format)

- [List of audio compression formats](/source/List_of_audio_compression_formats)

## Notes

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-MarketShareNote_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-MarketShareNote_18-1) The report combines AC-3 & E-AC-3 and separates [Dolby Atmos](/source/Dolby_Atmos) from its market share calculation. Dolby Atmos can be encoded either lossily with E-AC-3/[AC-4](/source/Dolby_AC-4)[16] or losslessly with [Dolby TrueHD](/source/Dolby_TrueHD). [Music](/source/Music_streaming_service) and [video streaming](/source/Video_on_demand) providers typically use Dolby Digital Plus augmented with Dolby Atmos, whereas [digital downloads](/source/Music_download) and [Blu-ray discs](/source/Blu-ray) typically use Dolby TrueHD augmented with Dolby Atmos.[17]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** The term "audio coding" can be seen in e.g. the name [Advanced Audio Coding](/source/Advanced_Audio_Coding), and is analogous to the term [video coding](/source/Video_coding_format)

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-11172-32_32-0)** ["ISO/IEC 11172-3:1993 – Information technology — Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s — Part 3: Audio"](http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=22412). ISO. 1993. Retrieved 2010-07-14.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-a2dp_33-0)** Bluetooth SIG, Specification of the Bluetooth System, Profiles, Advanced Audio Distribution Profile version 1.3. [https://www.bluetooth.org/docman/handlers/DownloadDoc.ashx?doc_id=260859&vId=290074](https://www.bluetooth.org/docman/handlers/DownloadDoc.ashx?doc_id=260859&vId=290074)

v t e Multimedia compression and container formats Video compression ISO, IEC, MPEG DV MJPEG Motion JPEG 2000 MPEG-1 MPEG-2 Part 2 MPEG-4 Part 2 / ASP Part 10 / AVC Part 33 / IVC MPEG-H Part 2 / HEVC MPEG-I Part 3 / VVC MPEG-5 Part 1 / EVC Part 2 / LCEVC ITU-T, VCEG H.120 H.261 H.262 H.263 H.264 / AVC H.265 / HEVC H.266 / VVC H.267 / Enhanced Compression Model SMPTE VC-1 VC-2 VC-3 VC-5 VC-6 TrueMotion and AOMedia TrueMotion S VP3 VP6 VP7 VP8 VP9 AV1 AV2 Chinese Standard AVS1 P2/AVS+ (GB/T 20090.2/16) AVS2 P2 (GB/T 33475.2,GY/T 299.1) HDR Vivid (GY/T 358) AVS3 P2 (GY/T 368) Others Apple Video AVS Bink Cinepak Daala DVI FFV1 Huffyuv Indeo Lagarith Microsoft Video 1 MSU Lossless OMS Video Pixlet ProRes 422 4444 QuickTime Animation Graphics RealVideo RTVideo SheerVideo Smacker Sorenson Video/Spark Theora Thor Ut WMV XEB YULS Audio compression ISO, IEC, MPEG MPEG-1 Layer II Multichannel MPEG-1 Layer I MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3) AAC HE-AAC AAC-LD MPEG Surround MPEG-4 ALS MPEG-4 SLS MPEG-4 DST MPEG-4 HVXC MPEG-4 CELP MPEG-D USAC MPEG-H 3D Audio ITU-T G.711 A-law µ-law G.718 G.719 G.722 G.722.1 G.722.2 G.723 G.723.1 G.726 G.728 G.729 G.729.1 IETF Opus iLBC Speex Vorbis FLAC 3GPP AMR AMR-WB AMR-WB+ EVRC EVRC-B EVS GSM-HR GSM-FR GSM-EFR ETSI AC-3 AC-4 DTS Bluetooth SIG SBC LC3 Chinese Standard AVS1 P10 (GB/T 20090.10) AVS2 P3 (GB/T 33475.3) Audio Vivid (GY/T 363) DRA (GB/T 22726) ExAC (SJ/T 11299.4) Others ACELP ALAC Asao ATRAC CELT Codec 2 iSAC Lyra MELP Monkey's Audio MT9 Musepack OptimFROG OSQ QCELP RCELP RealAudio SD2 SHN SILK Siren SMV SVOPC TTA True Audio TwinVQ VMR-WB VSELP WavPack WMA MQA aptX aptX HD aptX Low Latency aptX Adaptive LDAC LHDC LLAC TrueHD Image compression IEC, ISO, IETF, W3C, ITU-T, JPEG CCITT Group 4 GIF HEIC / HEIF HEVC JBIG JBIG2 JPEG JPEG 2000 JPEG-LS JPEG XL JPEG XR JPEG XS JPEG XT PNG APNG TIFF TIFF/EP TIFF/IT Others AV1 AVIF BPG DjVu EXR FLIF ICER MNG PGF QOI QTVR WBMP WebP Containers ISO, IEC MPEG-ES MPEG-PES MPEG-PS MPEG-TS ISO/IEC base media file format MPEG-4 Part 14 (MP4) Motion JPEG 2000 MPEG-21 Part 9 MPEG media transport ITU-T H.222.0 T.802 IETF RTP Ogg Matroska SMPTE GXF MXF Others 3GP and 3G2 AMV ASF AIFF AVI AU BPG Bink Smacker BMP DivX Media Format EVO Flash Video HEIF IFF M2TS Matroska WebM QuickTime File Format RatDVD RealMedia RIFF WAV MOD and TOD VOB, IFO and BUP Collaborations NETVC MPEG LA Alliance for Open Media Methods Entropy Arithmetic Huffman Modified LPC ACELP CELP LSP WLPC Lossless Lossy LZ DEFLATE LZW PCM A-law µ-law ADPCM DPCM Transforms DCT FFT MDCT Wavelet Daubechies DWT Lists Comparison of audio coding formats Comparison of video codecs List of codecs See Compression methods for techniques and Compression software for codecs

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Audio coding format](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_coding_format) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_coding_format?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.