# Atomtronics

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{{Short description|Sub-field of ultracold atomic physics}}
'''Atomtronics''' is an emerging field concerning the quantum technology of matter-wave circuits which coherently guide propagating ultra-cold atoms.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Amico |first1=L. |last2=Boshier |first2=M. |last3=Birkl |first3=G. |last4=Minguzzi |first4=A. |author4-link=Anna Minguzzi|last5=Miniatura |first5=C. |last6=Kwek |first6=L.-C. |last7=Aghamalyan |first7=D. |last8=Ahufinger |first8=V. |last9=Anderson |first9=D. |last10=Andrei |first10=N. |last11=Arnold |first11=A. S. |last12=Baker |first12=M. |last13=Bell |first13=T. A. |last14=Bland |first14=T. |last15=Brantut |first15=J. P. |year=2021 |title=Roadmap on Atomtronics: State of the art and perspective |url=https://avs.scitation.org/doi/10.1116/5.0026178 |journal=AVS Quantum Science |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |page=039201 |doi=10.1116/5.0026178 |arxiv=2008.04439 |bibcode=2021AVSQS...3c9201A |s2cid=235417597 |issn=2639-0213}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Amico |first1=Luigi |last2=Anderson |first2=Dana |last3=Boshier |first3=Malcolm |last4=Brantut |first4=Jean-Philippe |last5=Kwek |first5=Leong-Chuan |last6=Minguzzi |first6=Anna|author6-link=Anna Minguzzi |last7=von Klitzing |first7=Wolf |date=2022-06-14 |title=''Colloquium'': Atomtronic circuits: From many-body physics to quantum technologies |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |volume=94 |issue=4 |article-number=041001 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.94.041001 |arxiv=2107.08561 |bibcode=2022RvMP...94d1001A }}</ref> The systems typically include components analogous to those found in [electronics](/source/electronics), quantum electronics or [optical](/source/optics) systems, such as [beam splitter](/source/beam_splitter)s, [transistor](/source/transistor)s, and atomic counterparts of superconducting quantum interference devices ([SQUID](/source/SQUID)s). Applications range from studies of fundamental [physics](/source/physics) to the development of practical devices such as quantum [superfluids](/source/superfluids) for the computation of large models for [artificial general intelligence](/source/artificial_general_intelligence). 

== Etymology ==
Atomtronics is a portmanteau of "atom" and "[electronics](/source/electronics)", in reference to the creation of atomic analogues of electronic components, such as [transistor](/source/transistor)s and [diode](/source/diode)s, and also electronic materials such as [semiconductor](/source/semiconductor)s.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Seaman | first1=B. T. | last2=Krämer | first2=M. | last3=Anderson | first3=D. Z. | last4=Holland | first4=M. J. | title=Atomtronics: Ultracold-atom analogs of electronic devices | journal=Physical Review A | publisher=American Physical Society (APS) | volume=75 | issue=2 | date=2007-02-20 | issn=1050-2947 | doi=10.1103/physreva.75.023615|arxiv=cond-mat/0606625  | article-number=023615| bibcode=2007PhRvA..75b3615S | s2cid=51313032 }}</ref> The field itself has considerable overlap with [atom optics](/source/atom_optics) and [quantum simulation](/source/quantum_simulator), and is not strictly limited to the development of electronic-like components.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Amico | first1=Luigi | last2=Osterloh | first2=Andreas | last3=Cataliotti | first3=Francesco | title=Quantum Many Particle Systems in Ring-Shaped Optical Lattices | journal=Physical Review Letters | volume=95 | issue=6 | date=2005-08-01 | issn=0031-9007 | doi=10.1103/physrevlett.95.063201 |arxiv=cond-mat/0501648 | article-number=063201| pmid=16090948 | bibcode=2005PhRvL..95f3201A | s2cid=16405096 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Labouvie | first1=Ralf | last2=Santra | first2=Bodhaditya | last3=Heun | first3=Simon | last4=Wimberger | first4=Sandro | last5=Ott | first5=Herwig | title=Negative Differential Conductivity in an Interacting Quantum Gas | journal=Physical Review Letters | volume=115 | issue=5 | date=2015-07-27 | issn=0031-9007 | doi=10.1103/physrevlett.115.050601 | article-number=050601| pmid=26274404 | arxiv=1411.5632 | bibcode=2015PhRvL.115e0601L | s2cid=5917918 }}</ref> However, this field develops into the research of ultra-cold atoms for the applied research implications of computations in [quantum science](/source/quantum_science).

== Methodology ==
Three major elements are required for an atomtronic circuit. The first is a [Bose-Einstein condensate](/source/Bose-Einstein_condensate), which is needed for its [coherent](/source/coherence_(physics)) and [superfluid](/source/superfluid) properties, although an ultracold [Fermi gas](/source/Fermi_gas) may also be used for certain applications. The second is a tailored trapping potential, which can be generated [optically](/source/optical_tweezers), [magnetically](/source/magnetic_trap_(atoms)), or using a combination of both. The final element is a method to induce the movement of atoms within the potential, which can be achieved in several ways, for various research advancements around fields not limited to [distributed computing](/source/distributed_computing), [supercomputing](/source/supercomputing), and [quantum computing](/source/quantum_computing). For example, a transistor-like atomtronic circuit may be realized by a ring-shaped trap divided into two by two moveable weak barriers, with the two separate parts of the ring acting as the drain and the source and the barriers acting as the gate. As the barriers move, atoms flow from the source to the drain.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Jendrzejewski | first1=F. | last2=Eckel | first2=S. | last3=Murray | first3=N. | last4=Lanier | first4=C. | last5=Edwards | first5=M. | last6=Lobb | first6=C. J. | last7=Campbell | first7=G. K. | title=Resistive Flow in a Weakly Interacting Bose-Einstein Condensate | journal=Physical Review Letters | publisher=American Physical Society (APS) | volume=113 | issue=4 | date=2014-07-25 | issn=0031-9007 | doi=10.1103/physrevlett.113.045305 | article-number=045305| pmid=25105631 | arxiv=1402.3335 | bibcode=2014PhRvL.113d5305J | s2cid=33303312 }}</ref> It is now possible to coherently guide matterwaves over distances of up to 40&nbsp;cm in ring-shaped atomtronic matterwave guide measurement.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Pandey | first1=Saurabh | last2=Mas | first2=Hector | last3=Drougakis | first3=Giannis | last4=Thekkeppatt | first4=Premjith | last5=Bolpasi | first5=Vasiliki | last6=Vasilakis | first6=Georgios | last7=Poulios | first7=Konstantinos | last8=von Klitzing | first8=Wolf | title=Hypersonic Bose–Einstein condensates in accelerator rings | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=570 | issue=7760 | year=2019 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1273-5| arxiv=1907.08521 | pages=205–209| pmid=31168098 | bibcode=2019Natur.570..205P | s2cid=174809749 }}</ref>

== Applications ==
The field of atomtronics is still very nascent and any schemes realized thus far are proof-of-concept. Applications include:
* [gravimetry](/source/gravimetry)
* rotational sensing via the [Sagnac effect](/source/Sagnac_effect)
* [quantum computing](/source/quantum_computing)

Obstacles to the development of practical sensing devices are largely due to the technical challenges of creating Bose-Einstein condensates. They require bulky lab-based setups not easily suitable for transportation. However, creating portable experimental setups is an active area of research.

==See also==
* [Unconventional computing](/source/Unconventional_computing)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite journal |title=Atom circuits a step closer |author=Elizabeth Gibney |url=http://www.nature.com/news/atom-circuits-a-step-closer-1.14709 |date=February 2014 |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/nature.2014.14709 |s2cid=100778947 |access-date=2015-05-07|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |title=Towards an Atomtronic Diode |author=Andrew J. Daley |url=http://physics.aps.org/articles/v8/72 |date=July 2015 |journal=Physics|volume=8 |page=72 |doi=10.1103/Physics.8.72 |bibcode=2015PhyOJ...8...72D |doi-access=free }}

{{emerging technologies|topics=yes|infocom=yes}}
{{Electronic systems}}

Category:Electronics

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Atomtronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomtronics) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomtronics?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.