# At sign

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The **at sign'*('***) is a [typographical symbol](/source/Typographical_symbol) used as an [accounting](/source/Accounting) and [invoice](/source/Invoice) abbreviation meaning "at a rate of" (e.g. 7 [widgets](/source/Widget_(economics)) @ £2 per widget = £14),[1] and now seen more widely in [email](/source/Email) addresses and [social media](/source/Social_media) platform [handles](/source/User_(computing)). In English, it is normally read aloud as "at", and is also commonly called the **at symbol**, **commercial at (commat)**, or **email address sign**[citation needed]. Most languages have [their own name](#Names_in_other_languages) for the symbol.

Although not included on the [keyboard layout](/source/Keyboard_layout) of the earliest commercially successful [typewriters](/source/Typewriter), it was on at least one 1889 model[2] and the very successful [Underwood](/source/Underwood_Typewriter_Company) models from the "Underwood No. 5" in 1900 onward. It started to be used in email addresses in the 1970s, and is now routinely included on most types of [computer keyboards](/source/Computer_keyboard).

## History

The earliest yet discovered symbol in this shape is found in a 1345 [Bulgarian](/source/Bulgarian_language) translation of a [Greek](/source/Greek_language) chronicle written by [Constantinos Manasses](/source/Constantine_Manasses). Held today in the Vatican Apostolic Library, the initial letter of the word амин [amen] looks like an at sign.[3]

The symbol has long been used in [Catalan](/source/Catalan_language), [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language) and [Portuguese](/source/Portuguese_language) as an abbreviation of *[arroba](/source/Arroba)*, a unit of weight equivalent to 25 pounds, and derived from the [Arabic](/source/Arabic) expression of "the quarter" (الربع pronounced *ar-rubʿ*).[4] A symbol resembling an @ is found in the Spanish *"Taula de Ariza"*, a registry to denote a wheat shipment from Castile to Aragon, in 1448.[5] The historian Giorgio Stabile reports having traced the @ symbol to the 16th century, in a mercantile document sent by [Florentine](/source/Florence) Francesco Lapi from [Seville](/source/Seville) to [Rome](/source/Rome) on May 4, 1536, stating that the symbol was interpreted to mean [amphora](/source/Amphora) (*anfora*), a unit of weight and volume based upon the capacity of the standard amphora jar since the 6th century. The document is about commerce with [Pizarro](/source/Pizarro), in particular the price of an @ of wine in [Peru](/source/Peru).[6]

The symbol could also mean *adi* (standard Italian *addì*, i. e. 'on the day of') as used on a health pass in Northern Italy in 1667.[7]

In 2010, the [Museum of Modern Art](/source/Museum_of_Modern_Art) (MoMA) added the @ symbol to its design collection.[8][9] In 2025, it was also included in MoMA's *[Pirouette: Turning Points in Design](/source/Pirouette:_Turning_Points_in_Design)*, an exhibition of "widely recognized design icons [...] highlighting pivotal moments in design history," alongside the [I ♥ NY](/source/I_Love_New_York) logo, [Google map pins](/source/Google_Maps_pin), and original 1980s [Mac GUI icons](/source/Classic_Mac_OS), and the [NASA *Worm* insignia](/source/NASA_insignia#"Worm"_logotype).[10][11][12][9]

## Name

The name of the symbol arises from its original use in showing quantities and their price per unit – for example, "10 widgets @ £1.50 each". The precise origin of the symbol is uncertain.[13]

The absence of a single English word for the symbol has prompted some writers to use the [French](/source/French_language) *arobase*,[14] to coin new words such as ***ampersat***[15] and ***asperand***,[16] or to use the (visual) onomatopoeia *[strudel](/source/Strudel)*,[17] but none of these have achieved wide use.

## Modern use

### Commercial usage

In contemporary English usage, @ is a commercial symbol, meaning *at* and *at the rate of* or *at the price of*. It has rarely been used in financial ledgers, and is not used in standard [typography](/source/Typography).[18]

### Trademark

In 2012, "@" was registered as a [trademark](/source/Trademark) with the German Patent and Trade Mark Office.[19] A cancellation request was filed in 2013, and the cancellation was ultimately confirmed by the German Federal Patent Court in 2017.[20]

### Email addresses

A common contemporary use of @ is in [email addresses](/source/Email_address) (using the [SMTP](/source/SMTP) system), as in jdoe@example.com (the user jdoe located *at* the domain example.com). [Ray Tomlinson](/source/Ray_Tomlinson) of [BBN Technologies](/source/BBN_Technologies) is credited for having introduced this usage in 1971.[16][21] This idea of the symbol representing *located at* in the form user@host is also seen in other tools and protocols; for example, it's used in some [command-line](/source/Command-line) utilities that connect to a remote host, such as [Secure Shell](/source/Secure_Shell) (ssh jdoe@example.net tries to establish an [ssh](/source/Ssh) connection to the computer with the [hostname](/source/Hostname) example.net using the username jdoe).

On web pages, organizations often obscure the email addresses of their members or employees by omitting the @. This practice, known as [address munging](/source/Address_munging), attempts to make the email addresses less vulnerable to spam programs that scan the internet for them.

### Social media

Further information: [Mention (blogging)](/source/Mention_(blogging))

On many social media platforms and forums, [usernames or handles](/source/User_(computing)) prefixed with an @ (in the form @johndoe) are interpreted as [mentions](/source/Mention_(blogging)) of that user and may be treated specially.

On online forums without [threaded discussions](/source/Threaded_discussion), @ is commonly used to denote a reply; for instance: @Jane to respond to a comment Jane made earlier. Similarly, in some cases, @ is used for "attention" in email messages originally sent to someone else. For example, if an email was sent from Catherine to Steve, but in the body of the email, Catherine wants to make Keirsten aware of something, Catherine will start the line @Keirsten to signal to Keirsten that the following sentence concerns her.[citation needed] This also helps with mobile email users who might not see bold or color in email.

In [microblogging](/source/Microblogging) (such as on [Twitter](/source/Twitter), [GNU social](/source/GNU_social)- and [ActivityPub](/source/ActivityPub)-based microblogs), an @ before the user name is used to send publicly readable replies (e.g. @otheruser: Message text here). The blog and client system interpret these as links to the user in question. When included as part of a person's or company's contact details, an @ symbol followed by a name is normally understood to refer to a Twitter handle. A similar use of the @ symbol was added to Facebook on September 15, 2009.[22] In [Internet Relay Chat](/source/Internet_Relay_Chat) (IRC), it is shown before users' nicknames to denote they have operator status on a channel.

### Computer languages

@ is used in various [programming languages](/source/Programming_language) and other [computer languages](/source/Computer_language), although there is not a consistent theme to its usage. For example:

- In [ActionScript](/source/ActionScript), @ is used in XML parsing and traversal as a string prefix to identify attributes in contrast to child elements.[23]
- In [Ada](/source/Ada_(programming_language)) 2022, @ is the *target name* symbol, an abbreviation of the [LHS](/source/Sides_of_an_equation) of an assignment; it is used to avoid repetition of potentially long names in assignment statements.[24] For example: A_Very_Long_Variable_Name := A_Very_Long_Variable_Name + 1; is shortened to A_Very_Long_Variable_Name := @ + 1;, increasing readability.
- In [ALGOL 68](/source/ALGOL_68), the @ symbol is *brief form* of the **at** [keyword](/source/Keyword_(computer_programming)); it is used to change the lower bound of an array. For example: arrayx[@88] refers to an array starting at index 88.[25]
- In Dyalog [APL](/source/APL_(programming_language)), @ is used as a functional way to modify or replace data **at** specific locations in an array.
- In the [ASP.NET MVC](/source/ASP.NET_MVC) [Razor](/source/Microsoft_ASP.NET_Razor_view_engine) template markup syntax, the @ character denotes the start of code statement blocks or the start of text content.[26][27]
- In [Assembly language](/source/Assembly_language), @ is sometimes used as a [dereference operator](/source/Dereference_operator).[28]
- In [CSS](/source/CSS), @ is used in special statements outside of a CSS block.[29]
- In [C#](/source/C_Sharp_(programming_language)), it denotes "verbatim strings", where no characters are escaped and two double-quote characters represent a single double-quote.[30] As a prefix it also allows keywords to be used as [identifiers](/source/Identifier_(computer_programming)),[31] a form of [stropping](/source/Stropping_(syntax)).
- In [D](/source/D_(programming_language)), it denotes function attributes: like: @safe, @nogc, user defined @('from_user') which can be evaluated at compile time (with __traits) or @property to declare properties, which are functions that can be syntactically treated as if they were fields or variables.[32]
- In [DIGITAL Command Language](/source/DIGITAL_Command_Language), the @ character was the command used to execute a command procedure. To run the command procedure VMSINSTAL.COM, one would type @VMSINSTAL at the command prompt.
- In the [Domain Name System](/source/Domain_Name_System) (DNS), @ is used to represent the $ORIGIN, typically the "root" of the domain without a prefixed sub-domain. (Ex: wikipedia.org vs. www.wikipedia.org)
- In [Forth](/source/Forth_(programming_language)), it is used to fetch values from the address on the top of the stack. The operator is pronounced as "fetch".
- In [Haskell](/source/Haskell), it is used in so-called *as-patterns*. This notation can be used to give aliases to [patterns](/source/Pattern_matching), making them more readable.
- in [HTML](/source/HTML), it can be encoded as @[33]
- In [J](/source/J_(programming_language)), denotes [function composition](/source/Function_composition).
- In [Java](/source/Java_(programming_language)), it has been used to denote [annotations](/source/Java_annotation), a kind of metadata, since version 5.0.[34]
- In [Julia](/source/Julia_(programming_language)), it denotes the invocation of a macro.[35]
- In [LiveCode](/source/LiveCode), it is prefixed to a parameter to indicate that the parameter is [passed by reference](/source/Pass_by_reference).
- In an [LXDE](/source/LXDE) autostart file (as used, for example, on the [Raspberry Pi](/source/Raspberry_Pi) computer), @ is prefixed to a command to indicate that the command should be automatically re-executed if it crashes.[36]
- In a [Makefile](/source/Makefile), @ specifies to not output the command before it is executed.
- In [ML](/source/ML_(programming_language)), it denotes list concatenation.
- In [modal logic](/source/Modal_logic), specifically when representing [possible worlds](/source/Possible_world), @ is sometimes used as a logical symbol to denote the actual world (the world we are "at").
- In [Objective-C](/source/Objective-C), @ is prefixed to language-specific keywords such as @implementation and to form string literals.
- In InterSystems [ObjectScript](/source/Cach%C3%A9_ObjectScript), @ is the indirection operator, enabling dynamic runtime substitution of part or all of a command line, a command, or a command argument.[37]
- In [Pascal](/source/Pascal_(programming_language)), @ is the "address of" operator (it tells the location at which a variable is found).
- In [Perl](/source/Perl), @ prefixes [variables](/source/Variable_(programming)) which contain [arrays](/source/Array_data_structure) @array, including array [slices](/source/Array_slicing#1987:_Perl) @array[2..5,7,9] and [hash](/source/Hash_table#Associative_arrays) slices @hash{'foo', 'bar', 'baz'} or @hash{qw(foo bar baz)}. This use is known as a *[sigil](/source/Sigil_(computer_programming))*.
- In [PHP](/source/PHP), it is used just before an [expression](/source/Expression_(programming)) to make the [interpreter](/source/Interpreter_(computing)) suppress errors that would be generated from that expression.[38]
- In [Python](/source/Python_(programming_language)) 2.4 and up, it is used to [decorate a function](/source/Python_syntax_and_semantics#Decorators) (wrap the function in another one at creation time). In Python 3.5 and up, it is also used as an [overloadable](/source/Overload_(programming)) [matrix multiplication](/source/Matrix_multiplication) operator.[39]
- In [R](/source/R_(programming_language)) and [S-PLUS](/source/S-PLUS), it is used to extract slots from S4 objects.[40]
- In [Razor](/source/ASP.NET_Razor), it is used for [C#](/source/C_Sharp_(programming_language)) code blocks.[41]
- In [Ruby](/source/Ruby_(programming_language)), it functions as a sigil: @ prefixes [instance variables](/source/Instance_variable), and @@ prefixes [class variables](/source/Class_variable).[42]
- In [Rust](/source/Rust_(programming_language)), it is used to bind values matched by a pattern to a variable.[43]
- In [Scala](/source/Scala_(programming_language)), it is used to denote annotations (as in Java), and also to bind names to subpatterns in pattern-matching expressions.[44]
- In [Swift](/source/Swift_(programming_language)), @ prefixes "annotations" that can be applied to classes or members. Annotations tell the compiler to apply special semantics to the declaration like keywords, without adding keywords to the language.
- In [T-SQL](/source/T-SQL), @ prefixes variables and @@ prefixes "niladic" system functions.
- In several [xBase](/source/XBase)-type programming languages, like [DBASE](/source/DBASE), [FoxPro](/source/FoxPro)/[Visual FoxPro](/source/Visual_FoxPro) and [Clipper](/source/Clipper_(programming_language)), it is used to denote position on the screen. For example: @1,1 SAY "HELLO" to show the word "HELLO" in line 1, column 1. - In FoxPro/Visual FoxPro, it is also used to indicate explicit [pass by reference](/source/Pass_by_reference) of variables when calling [procedures or functions](/source/Subroutine) (but it is not an [address](/source/Memory_address) [operator](/source/Operator_(programming))).[45]
- In a Windows [Batch file](/source/Batch_file), an @ at the start of a line suppresses the [echoing](/source/Echo_(command)) of that command. In other words, is the same as ECHO OFF applied to the current line only. Normally a Windows command is executed and takes effect from the next line onward, but @ is a rare example of a command that takes effect immediately. It is most commonly used in the form @echo off which not only switches off echoing but prevents the command line itself from being echoed.[46][47]
- In [Windows PowerShell](/source/Windows_PowerShell), @ is used as array operator for array and hash table literals and for enclosing here-string literals.[48]
- The [Vue](/source/Vue.js) template language uses @ as a short-hand for the v-on event handler directive[49]

### Gender neutrality in Spanish

Main article: [Gender neutrality in Spanish](/source/Gender_neutrality_in_Spanish)

In [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language), where many words end in "-o" when in the masculine [gender](/source/Grammatical_gender) and end "-a" in the feminine, @ is sometimes used as a [gender-neutral](/source/Gender-neutral_pronoun) substitute for the default "o" ending.[50] For example, the word *amigos* traditionally represents not only male friends, but also a mixed group, or where the genders are not known. The proponents of gender-inclusive language would replace it with *amig@s* in these latter two cases, and use *amigos* only when the group referred to is all-male and *amigas* only when the group is all female. The [Real Academia Española](/source/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola) disapproves of this usage.[51]

### Other uses and meanings

- In (especially English) scientific and technical literature, @ is used to describe the conditions under which data are valid or a measurement has been made. E.g. the density of saltwater may read *d* = 1.050 g/cm3 @ 15 °C (read "at" for @), density of a gas *d* = 0.150 g/L @ 20 °C, 1 bar, or noise of a car 81 dB @ 80 km/h (speed).[52]
- In [philosophical logic](/source/Philosophical_logic), '@' is used to denote the actual world (in contrast to non-actual possible worlds).[citation needed] Analogously, a 'designated' world in a [Kripke model](/source/Kripke_semantics) may be labelled '@'.[citation needed]
- In chemical formulae, @ is used to denote [trapped atoms](/source/Chemical_formula#Trapped_atoms) or molecules.[53] For instance, La@C60 means [lanthanum](/source/Lanthanum) inside a [fullerene](/source/Fullerene) cage. See article [Endohedral fullerene](/source/Endohedral_fullerene) for details.
- In [Malagasy](/source/Malagasy_language), @ is an informal abbreviation for the prepositional form *amin'ny*.[citation needed]
- In [Malay](/source/Malay_language), @ is an informal abbreviation for the word "atau", meaning "or" in English.[citation needed]
- In [genetics](/source/Genetics), @ is the abbreviation for [locus](/source/Locus_(genetics)), as in [IGL@](/source/IGL@) for *immunoglobulin lambda locus*.[54]
- In the [Koalib language](/source/Koalib_language) of [Sudan](/source/Sudan), @ is used as a letter in [Arabic](/source/Arabic) [loanwords](/source/Loanwords). The [Unicode Consortium](/source/Unicode_Consortium) rejected a proposal to encode it separately as a letter in [Unicode](/source/Unicode). [SIL International](/source/SIL_International) uses [Private Use Area](/source/Private_Use_Area) code points U+F247 and U+F248 for lowercase and capital versions, although they have marked this PUA representation as [deprecated](/source/Deprecated) since September 2014.[55]
- A [schwa](/source/Schwa), as the actual schwa character "ə" may be difficult to produce on many computers. It is used in this capacity in some [ASCII IPA schemes](/source/Comparison_of_ASCII_encodings_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet), including [SAMPA](/source/SAMPA) and [X-SAMPA](/source/X-SAMPA).[citation needed]
- In [leet](/source/Leet) it may substitute for the letter "A".[citation needed]
- It is frequently used in typing and [text messaging](/source/Text_messaging) as an abbreviation for "at".[56][52]
- In Portugal it may be used in typing and text messaging with the meaning "[french kiss](/source/French_kiss)" (*linguado*).[citation needed]
- In online discourse, @ is used by some [anarchists](/source/Anarchists) as a substitute for the traditional [circle-A](/source/Circle-A).[citation needed]
- Algebraic notation for the [Crazyhouse](/source/Crazyhouse) chess variant: An @ between a piece and a square denotes a piece dropped onto that square from the player's reserve.[57]
- In many [roguelike](/source/Roguelike) games, @ is used to represent the player character.
- In Spain and Portugal, the *[Arroba](/source/Arroba)*, abbreviated using the @ sign, is a customary unit of weight, mass or volume. The name *arroba* is used in both countries for the @ sign more generally.

## Names in other languages

In many languages other than English, although most typewriters included the symbol, the use of @ was less common before email became widespread in the mid-1990s. Consequently, it is often perceived in those languages as denoting "the Internet", computerization, or modernization in general. Naming the symbol after animals is also common.

- In [Afrikaans](/source/Afrikaans), it is called *aapstert*, meaning 'monkey tail', similarly to the [Dutch](/source/Dutch_language) use of the word (aap in *apenstaart*, is the word for 'monkey' or 'ape' in [Dutch](/source/Dutch_language), stert comes from the Dutch staart).
- In [Arabic](/source/Arabic), it is آتْ (*at*).
- In [Armenian](/source/Armenian_language), it is շնիկ (*shnik*), which means 'puppy'.
- In [Azerbaijani](/source/Azerbaijani_language), it is *ət* (æt) which means 'meat', though most likely it is a phonetic transliteration of *at*.
- In [Basque](/source/Basque_language), it is *a bildua* ('wrapped A').
- In [Belarusian](/source/Belarusian_language), it is called сьлімак (*sʹlimak*, meaning 'helix' or 'snail').
- In [Bengali](/source/Bengali_language), it is called হারে, meaning 'at a rate'.
- In [Bosnian](/source/Bosnian_language), it is *ludo a* ('crazy A').
- In [Bulgarian](/source/Bulgarian_language), it is called кльомба (*klyomba* – 'a badly written letter'), маймунско а (*maymunsko a* – 'monkey A'), маймунка (*maimunka* – 'little monkey'), or баница (*banitsa* – a pastry roll often made in a shape similar to the character)
- In [Catalan](/source/Catalan_language), it is called arrova (a unit of measure) or *[ensaïmada](/source/Ensa%C3%AFmada)* (a [Mallorcan](/source/Mallorca) pastry, because of the similar shape of this food).
- In [Chinese](/source/Chinese_language): - In [mainland China](/source/Mainland_China), it used to be called 圈 (pronounced *quān A*), meaning 'circled A' / '[enclosed A](/source/Enclosed_A)', or 花 (pronounced *huā A*), meaning 'lacy/flowered A', and sometimes as 小老鼠 (pronounced *xiǎo lǎoshǔ*), meaning 'little mouse'.[58] Nowadays, for most of China's youth, it is called 艾特 (pronounced *ài tè*), which is a phonetic transcription of *at*. - In [Taiwan](/source/Taiwan), it is 小老鼠 (pronounced *xiǎo lǎoshǔ*), meaning 'little mouse'. - In [Hong Kong](/source/Hong_Kong) and [Macau](/source/Macau), it is *at*.
- In [Croatian](/source/Croatian_language), it is most often referred to by the English word *at* (pronounced *et*), and less commonly and more formally, with the preposition pri (with the addressee in the [nominative case](/source/Nominative_case), not [locative](/source/Locative) as per usual [rection](/source/Rection) of *pri*), meaning 'at', '*chez*' or 'by'. Informally, it is called a manki, coming from the local pronunciation of the English word *monkey*. Note that the Croatian words for monkey, majmun, opica, *jopec*, *šimija* are not used to denote the symbol, except seldom the latter words regionally.
- In [Czech](/source/Czech_language) it is called zavináč, which means '[rollmops](/source/Rollmops)'; the same word is used in [Slovak](/source/Slovak_language).
- In [Danish](/source/Danish_language), it is snabel-a ('[elephant](/source/Elephant)'s trunk A'). It is not used for prices, where in Danish à means 'at (per piece)'.
- In [Dutch](/source/Dutch_language), it is called apenstaart ('monkey's tail'). The *a* is the first character of the Dutch word aap which means 'monkey' or 'ape'; apen is the plural of *aap*. However, the use of the English *at* has become common in Dutch.
- In [Esperanto](/source/Esperanto), it is called ĉe ('at' – for the email use, with an address like "zamenhof@esperanto.org" pronounced *zamenhof ĉe esperanto punkto org*), po ('each' – refers only to the mathematical use), or heliko (meaning 'snail').
- In [Estonian](/source/Estonian_language), it is called *ätt*, from the English word *at*.
- In [Faroese](/source/Faroese_language), it is kurla, hjá ('at'), *tranta*, or *snápil-a* ('[elephant's] trunk A').
- In [Finnish](/source/Finnish_language), it was originally called taksamerkki ("fee sign") or yksikköhinta ("unit price sign"), but these names are long obsolete and now rarely understood. Nowadays, it is officially ät-merkki, according to the national standardization institute [SFS](/source/Finnish_Standards_Association); frequently also spelled *at-merkki*. Other names include kissanhäntä ('cat's tail') and miuku mauku ('miaow-meow') or short: *miu-mau*.
- In [French](/source/French_language), it is now officially the arobase[59][60] (also spelled *arrobase* or arrobe), or *a commercial* (though this is most commonly used in French-speaking Canada, and normally only used when quoting prices). Its origin is the same as that of the [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language) word, which could be derived from the [Arabic](/source/Arabic) *ar-roub* (‏ربع‎). In France, it is also common (especially for younger generations) to say the English word *at* when spelling out an email address.[citation needed] In everyday [Québec French](/source/Qu%C3%A9bec_French), one often hears *a commercial* when sounding out an e-mail address, while TV and radio hosts are more likely to use *arobase*.
- In [Georgian](/source/Georgian_language), it is *at*, spelled *ეთ–ი* (კომერციული, *ḳomerciuli et-i*).
- In [German](/source/German_language), it has sometimes been referred to as *Klammeraffe* (meaning '[spider monkey](/source/Spider_monkey)') or *Affenschwanz* (meaning 'monkey tail'). *Klammeraffe* and *Affenschwanz* refer to the similarity of @ to the tail of a monkey.[61] More recently,[when?] it is commonly referred to as *at*, as in English.
- In [Greek](/source/Greek_language), it is called παπάκι meaning 'duckling'.
- In [Greenlandic](/source/Greenlandic_language), an Inuit language, it is called -usaq meaning 'A-like' or 'something that looks like A'.
- In [Hebrew](/source/Hebrew), it is colloquially known as ‏שטרודל‎ (*[shtrúdel](/source/Strudel)*), due to the visual resemblance to a cross-section cut of a [strudel](/source/Strudel) cake. The normative term, invented by the [Academy of the Hebrew Language](/source/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language), is ‏כרוכית‎ (*krukhít*), which is another Hebrew word for 'strudel', but is rarely used.
- In [Hindi](/source/Hindi), it is *at*, from the English word.
- In [Hungarian](/source/Hungarian_language), it is called kukac (a playful synonym for 'worm' or 'maggot').
- In [Icelandic](/source/Icelandic_language), it is referred to as merki ('the at sign') or hjá, which is a direct translation of the English word *at*.
- In [Indian English](/source/Indian_English), speakers often say *at the rate of* (with e-mail addresses quoted as "example *at the rate of* example.com").[citation needed]
- In [Indonesian](/source/Indonesian_language), it is usually *et*. Variations exist – especially if verbal communication is very noisy – such as bundar and bulat (both meaning 'circled A'), keong ('snail A'), and (most rarely) monyet ('monkey A').
- In [Irish](/source/Irish_language), it is ag (meaning 'at') or comhartha (meaning 'at sign').
- In [Italian](/source/Italian_language), it is chiocciola ('snail') or commerciale, sometimes *at* (pronounced more often ˈɛt and rarely [ˈat]) or ad.
- In [Japanese](/source/Japanese_language), it is called atto māku (アットマーク, from the English words *at mark*). The word is *[wasei-eigo](/source/Wasei-eigo)*, a loan word from the English language. It is also referred to in slang as narutomaki (なるとまき), the name for a [type of white fishcake with a pink swirl on the inside](/source/Narutomaki).[62]
- In [Kazakh](/source/Kazakh_language), it is officially called айқұлақ (*aıqulaq*, 'earlobe').
- In [Korean](/source/Korean_language), it is called *golbaeng-i* (골뱅이, meaning 'whelk'), a dialectal form of [whelk](/source/Whelk).
- In [Kurdish](/source/Kurdish_languages), it is *at* or *et* (Latin [Hawar script](/source/Kurdish_alphabets)), ئەت (Perso-Arabic [Sorani script](/source/Sorani_alphabet)) coming from the English word *at*.
- In [Latvian](/source/Latvian_language), it is pronounced the same as in English, but, since in Latvian æ is written as "e" (not "a" as in English), it is sometimes written as *et*.
- In [Lithuanian](/source/Lithuanian_language), it is pronounced *eta* (equivalent to the English *at*).
- In [Luxembourgish](/source/Luxembourgish) it used to be called *Afeschwanz* ('monkey tail'), but due to widespread use, it is now called *at*, as in English.
- In [Macedonian](/source/Macedonian_language), it is called мајмунче (*majmunče*, ˈmajmuntʃɛ, 'little monkey').
- In [Malaysia](/source/Malaysia), it is called *alias* when it is used in names and di when it is used in email addresses, *di* being the [Malay](/source/Malaysian_language) word for 'at'. It is also commonly used to abbreviate atau which means 'or', 'either'.
- In [Morse code](/source/Morse_code#Letters,_numbers,_punctuation,_prosigns_for_Morse_code_and_non-Latin_variants), it is known as a "[commat](/source/Prosigns_for_Morse_code)", consisting of the Morse code for the "A" and "C" which run together as one character: . The symbol was added in 2004 for use with email addresses,[63] the only official change to Morse code since [World War I](/source/World_War_I).
- In [Norwegian](/source/Norwegian_language), it is officially called *krøllalfa* ('curly [alpha](/source/Alpha)' or 'alpha twirl'), and commonly as *alfakrøll*. Sometimes *snabel-a*, the Swedish/Danish name (which means 'trunk A', as in 'elephant's trunk'), is used. Commonly, people will call the symbol [æt] (as in English), particularly when giving their email addresses. The computer manufacturer [Norsk Data](/source/Norsk_Data) used it as the command prompt, and it was often called *grisehale* (pig's tail).
- In [Persian](/source/Persian_language), it is ات, *at*, from the English word.
- In [Polish](/source/Polish_language), it is commonly called małpa ('monkey'). Rarely, the English word *at* is used.
- In [Portuguese](/source/Portuguese_language), it is called arroba (from the Arabic *ar-roub*, ‏ربع‎). The word *[arroba](/source/Arroba)* is also used for a weight measure in Portuguese. One arroba is equivalent to 32 old Portuguese pounds, approximately 14.7 kg (32 lb), and both the weight and the symbol are called *arroba*. In Brazil, [cattle](/source/Cattle) are still priced by the *arroba* – now rounded to 15 kg (33 lb). This naming is because the at sign was used to represent this measure.
- In [Romanian](/source/Romanian_language), it is most commonly called *at*, but also colloquially called coadă de maimuță ('monkey tail') or *a-rond*. The latter is commonly used, and it comes from the word *round* (from its shape), but that is nothing like the mathematical symbol *A-rond* (rounded A). Others call it *aron*, or *la* (Romanian word for 'at').

- In [Russian](/source/Russian_language), it is commonly called соба[ч]ка (*soba[ch]ka* – '[little] dog').
- In [Serbian](/source/Serbian_language), it is called луд (*ludo A* – 'crazy A'), мајмунче (*majmunče* – 'little monkey'), or мајмун (*majmun* – 'monkey').
- In [Slovak](/source/Slovak_language), it is called zavináč ('rollmop', a pickled fish roll, as in Czech).
- In [Slovenian](/source/Slovene_language), it is called *afna* (an informal word for 'monkey').
- In [Spanish-speaking](/source/Spanish_language) countries, it is called arroba (from the Arabic *ar-roub*, which denotes a pre-metric unit of weight).
- In [Sámi](/source/S%C3%A1mi_languages) ([North Sámi](/source/North_S%C3%A1mi)), it is called *bussáseaibi* meaning 'cat's tail'.
- In [Swedish](/source/Swedish_language), it is called snabel-a ('elephant's trunk A') or simply *at*, as in the English language. Less formally it is also known as kanelbulle ('[cinnamon roll](/source/Cinnamon_roll)') or *alfakrull* ('alpha curl').
- In [Swiss German](/source/Swiss_German), it is commonly called *Affenschwanz* ('monkey-tail'). However, the use of the English word *at* has become increasingly popular in Swiss German, as with Standard German.[citation needed]
- In [Tagalog](/source/Tagalog_language), the word at means 'and', so the symbol is used like an ampersand in colloquial writing such as text messages (e.g. *magluto @ kumain*, 'cook and eat').
- In [Thai](/source/Thai_language), it is commonly called *at*, as in English.
- In [Turkish](/source/Turkish_language), it is commonly called *et*, a variant pronunciation of English *at*.[citation needed]
- In [Ukrainian](/source/Ukrainian_language), it is commonly called ет (*et* – from English 'at') or равлик (*ravlyk*), which means 'snail'.
- In [Urdu](/source/Urdu), it is ایٹ (*at*).
- In [Uzbek](/source/Uzbek_language), it is commonly called *kuchukcha* ('little dog').[64]
- In [Vietnamese](/source/Vietnamese_language), it is called a còng ('bent A') in [the north](/source/Northern_Vietnam) and a móc ('hooked A') in [the south](/source/Southern_Vietnam).
- In [Welsh](/source/Welsh_language), it is sometimes known as a *malwen* or malwod (both meaning 'snail').

## See also

- [ASCII](/source/ASCII)
- [Circle-A](/source/Circle-A) – a symbol of Anarchism
- [Enclosed A](/source/Enclosed_A) (, )

## References

1. See, for example, Browns Index to Photocomposition Typography (p. 37), Greenwood Publishing, 1983, ISBN 0946824002

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1. ["crazyhouse"](http://www.freechess.org/Help/HelpFiles/crazyhouse.html). *FICS Help*. [Free Internet Chess Server](/source/Free_Internet_Chess_Server). 2008-02-28. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140416133658/http://www.freechess.org/Help/HelpFiles/crazyhouse.html) 2014-04-16 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2014-04-17.

1. Alice Rawsthorn (March 21, 2010). ["Why @ Is Held in Such High Design Esteem"](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/22/arts/design/22iht-design22.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100324133723/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/22/arts/design/22iht-design22.html) March 24, 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 25, 2010.

1. ["At last, France has a name for the @ sign"](http://www.iol.co.za/scitech/technology/at-last-france-has-a-name-for-the-sign-1.98600) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120819130731/http://www.iol.co.za/scitech/technology/at-last-france-has-a-name-for-the-sign-1.98600) 2012-08-19 at the Wayback Machine, December 9, 2002, iol.co.za

1. *Orthographe fixée par la Commission générale de terminologie et de néologie* (Journal officiel du 8 décembre 2002)

1. Paola Antonelli (March 22, 2010). ["@ at MoMA"](https://www.moma.org/explore/inside_out/2010/03/22/at-moma/). Retrieved April 5, 2018. Germans, Poles, and South Africans call @ "monkey's tail" in each different language.

1. Jacobs, Frank (July 25, 2014). ["Digital Monkeys and Virtual Ducks: What to Call the @"](http://bigthink.com/strange-maps/669-a-sad-and-beautiful-world). *Strange Maps #669 at bigthink.com*. Retrieved July 30, 2014.

1. ["Morse '@'; character official as of May 3"](http://www.arrl.org/arrlletter?issue=2004-04-30). *The ARRL Letter*. Vol. 23, no. 18. [American Radio Relay League](/source/American_Radio_Relay_League). April 30, 2004. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20111105113831/http://www.arrl.org/arrlletter?issue=2004-04-30) 2011-11-05 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2012-04-18.

1. ["@ belgisini nima uchun "kuchukcha" deb ataymiz?"](https://xabardor.uz/uz/x/455070) (in Uzbek). *Xabardor.uz*. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2024.

## External links

- ["The Accidental History of the @ Symbol "](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-accidental-history-of-the-symbol-18054936/), *[Smithsonian magazine](/source/Smithsonian_magazine)*, September 2012, Retrieved October 2021.
- The @-symbol, [part 1](http://www.shadycharacters.co.uk/2011/07/the-symbol-part-1-of-2/), [intermission](http://www.shadycharacters.co.uk/2011/07/the-symbol-intermission/), [part 2](https://web.archive.org/web/20141225121941/http://www.shadycharacters.co.uk/2011/08/the-symbol-part-2-of-2/), [addenda](http://www.shadycharacters.co.uk/2011/08/the-symbol-addenda/), *[Shady Characters ⌂ The secret life of punctuation](https://web.archive.org/web/20141221071159/http://www.shadycharacters.co.uk/)* August 2011, Retrieved June 2013.
- ["Daniel Soar on @"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090525133509/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n10/soar01_.html), *[London Review of Books](/source/London_Review_of_Books)*, Vol. 31 No. 10, 28 May 2009, Retrieved June 2013.
- [ascii64 – the @ book – free download (creative commons) – by patrik sneyd – foreword by luigi colani)](https://web.archive.org/web/20070120072115/http://www.ascii64.org/) November 2006, Retrieved June 2013.
- [A Natural History of the @ Sign](http://www.herodios.com/atsign.htm) The many names of the at sign in various languages, 1997, Retrieved June 2013.
- [Sum: the @ Symbol](https://linguistlist.org/issues/7/7-968/), *LINGUIST List 7.968* July 1996, Retrieved June 2013.
- [Where it's At: names for a common symbol](http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/whereat.htm) *[World Wide Words](http://www.worldwidewords.org/)* August 1996, Retrieved June 2013.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [At sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_sign) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_sign?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.